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Period Packets – Period 5: 1844 – 1877 Unit 5 – Chapters 18-­‐22 Included in Each Period Packet: -­‐
Key Concepts – an overview of what you need to know -­‐
Main Themes – how the seven themes of the course apply to this period -­‐
Vocabulary – important terms, people, places, etc. -­‐
Chapter Reading Guide – pretty straight forward… -­‐
Crash Course Guide – video guide to watch (they will be amazingly helpful) -­‐
Review Concept Chart – how to get ready for the test. PERIOD 5: 1844-­‐1877 -­‐ Key Concepts As the nation expanded and its population grew, regional tensions, especially over slavery, led to a civil war — the course and aftermath of which transformed American society. Key Concept 1: The United States became more connected with the world as it pursued an expansionist foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere and emerged as the destination for many migrants from other countries. I. Enthusiasm for U.S. territorial expansion, fueled by economic and national security interests and supported by claims of U.S. racial and cultural superiority, resulted in war, the opening of new markets, acquisition of new territory, and increased ideological conflict. • The idea of Manifest Destiny, which asserted U.S. power in the Western Hemisphere and supported U.S. expansion westward, built on a belief in white racial superiority and a sense of American cultural superiority, and helped to shape the era’s political debates. • The acquisition of new territory in the West and the U.S. victory in the Mexican-­‐American War were accompanied by heated controversy over allowing or forbidding slavery in newly acquired territories. • The desire for access to western resources led to the environmental transformation of the region, new economic activities, and increased settlement in areas forcibly taken from American Indians. • U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives westward to Asia. II. Westward expansion, migration to and within the United States, and the end of slavery reshaped North American boundaries and caused conflicts over American cultural identities, citizenship, and the question of extending and protecting rights for various groups of U.S. inhabitants. •
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Substantial numbers of new international migrants — who often lived in ethnic communities and retained their religion, language and customs — entered the country prior to the Civil War, giving rise to a major, often violent nativist movement that was strongly anti-­‐Catholic and aimed at limiting immigrants’ cultural influence and political and economic power. Asian, African American and white peoples sought new economic opportunities or religious refuge in the West, efforts that were boosted during and after the Civil War with the passage of new legislation promoting national economic development. As the territorial boundaries of the United States expanded and the migrant population increased, U.S. government interaction and conflict with Hispanics and American Indians increased, altering these groups’ cultures and ways of life and raising questions about their status and legal rights. Key Concept 2: Intensified by expansion and deepening regional divisions, debates over slavery and other economic, cultural and political issues led the nation into civil war. I. The institution of slavery and its attendant ideological debates, along with regional economic and demographic changes, territorial expansion in the 1840s and 1850s, and cultural differences between the North and the South, all intensified sectionalism. • The North’s expanding economy and its increasing reliance on a free-­‐labor, manufacturing economy contrasted with the South’s dependence on an economic system characterized by slave-­‐based agriculture and slow population growth. •
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Abolitionists, although a minority in the North, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery, adopting strategies of resistance ranging from fierce argument against the institution and assistance in helping slaves escape to willingness to use violence to achieve their goals. States’ rights, nullification, and racist stereotyping provided the foundation for the Southern defense of slavery as a positive good. II. Repeated attempts at political compromise failed to calm tensions over slavery and often made sectional tensions worse, breaking down the trust between sectional leaders and culminating in the bitter election of 1860, followed by the secession of southern states. • National leaders made a variety of proposals to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-­‐Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision, but these ultimately failed to reduce sectional conflict. • The second party system ended when the issues of slavery and anti-­‐immigrant nativism weakened loyalties to the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the Republican Party in the North and Midwest. • Lincoln’s election on a free soil platform in the election of 1860 led various Southern leaders to conclude that their states must secede from the Union, precipitating civil war. Key Concept 3: The Union victory in the Civil War and the contested Reconstruction of the South settled the issues of slavery and secession, but left unresolved many questions about federal government power and citizenship rights. 1. The North’s greater manpower and industrial resources, its leadership, and the decision for emancipation eventually led to Union military victory over the Confederacy in the devastating Civil War. • Both the Union and the Confederacy mobilized their economies and societies to wage the war even while facing considerable home front opposition. • Lincoln’s decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation changed the purpose of the war, enabling many African Americans to fight in the Union Army, and helping prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers. • Although Confederate leadership showed initiative and daring early in the war, the Union ultimately succeeded due to improved military leadership, more effective strategies, key victories, greater resources, and the wartime destruction of the South’s environment and infrastructure. II. The Civil War and Reconstruction altered power relationships between the states and the federal government and among the executive, legislative and judicial branches, ending slavery and the notion of a divisible union, but leaving unresolved questions of relative power and largely unchanged social and economic patterns. • The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, bringing about the war’s most dramatic social and economic change, but the exploitative and soil intensive sharecropping system endured for several generations. • Efforts by Radical and Moderate Republicans to reconstruct the defeated South changed the balance of power between Congress and the presidency and yielded some short-­‐term successes, reuniting the union, opening up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, and temporarily rearranging the relationships between white and black people in the South. • Radical Republicans’ efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture and establish a base for their party in the South ultimately failed, due both to determined southern resistance and to the North’s waning resolve. III. The constitutional changes of the Reconstruction period led to new conflicts over American identity and citizenship, particularly regarding the rights of African Americans, women and other minorities. • Although citizenship, equal protection of the laws and voting rights were granted to African Americans in the 14th and 15th Amendments, these rights were progressively stripped away through segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions and local political tactics. • The women’s rights movement was both emboldened and divided over the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution. • The Civil War Amendments established judicial principles that were stalled for many decades but eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights Themes Identity Work, Exchange, and Technology Peopling Politics and Power America in the World Environment and Geography Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture PERIOD 5: 1844-­‐1877 -­‐ Main Themes Applied to this period Slavery vs. Free nation Civil Liberties in question during time of war – Habeas Corpus, etc. th
Citizenship and voting rights – 13-­‐15 amendments Sectionalism vs. Nationalism Industrialism of the North Plantations/Cash crops of the South, Sharecropping and Tenant Farming Transportation – Canals, Railroads Civil War Draft conscription of soldiers Role of women in the war Technology – mini-­‐ball and rifle, telegraph, ironclads, etc. Regional differences (Sectionalism) – political, social (including religious), economic – North vs. South vs. West Technology – Telegraph and Railroad Westward expansion – Conflict with Mexico, conflict with Indians and Europeans Slavery in the South Underground railroad slave population movement Movement of American Indians West Early immigration – Irish, Germans Movements in war – Northern troops to the South Post war movement – carpetbaggers and scalawags Federal vs State Rights! New Political Parties – around issue of slavery Nullification conflicts Gaining new land and territory expansion – creates power balance conflict Slave vs. Free state states fight for power! – Underground RR vs. Fugtive Slave Act New rules about elections/citizenship – Dred Scott, 13-­‐15th amendments The Civil War! – a police action, Emancipation Proclamation Leaders – presidents, union vs. confederate generals Mexican American War – Impact on America’s role in the Americas European vs. American interests – England’s decision to not intervene for the South in Civil War Industrialization of the North – pollution, urbanization, deforestation Plantations of the south – deforestation, large scale farming War destruction of the environment New ideas about Abolition – Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Underground RR, Fugitive Slave Act, Equality Movements realized – 13-­‐15 amendments Rejection of the Antebellum South PERIOD 5: 1844-­‐1877 -­‐ Vocabulary For each packet, you must define and EXPLAIN THE CONTEXTUAL SIGNIFNICANCE of each term below. These may or may not be in the book. Use other resources (online) to accomplish this if necessary. Manifest Destiny slave-­‐based agriculture slavery as a positive good Dred Scott case Second American party system Confederacy Emancipation Proclamation th
14 Amendment Mexican-­‐American War abolitionists secession Kansas-­‐Nebraska Act Abraham Lincoln Union th
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15 Amendment intensified sectionalism nullification Compromise of 1850 Republican Party free-­‐soil radical Republicans sharecropping system 1.
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PERIOD 5: 1844-­‐1877 -­‐ Reading Guide (Chapter Some of Seventeen and all of Eighteen) Create a graphic organizer that connects the following events or concepts: The Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo, The Wilmot Proviso, Popular Sovereignty, and the Free Soil Party. In your graphic organizer, be sure to explain the events and how they are connected. Describe the California Gold Rush. Be sure to include the Who, What, When, Where, How, and Significance of the event. How did the Underground Railroad intensify the fears of Southern slave holders and how did they respond to it? Complete the following organizer using pages 383-­‐387. People/Agencies Involved Problem California wants to enter the Union Events Solution/Resolution The Compromise of 1850 Setting Consequences to the Solution of the Problem 5. In one clear concise sentence summarize “Defeat and Doom for the Whigs.” 6. Complete the following chart on foreign Event Details America’s role/Impact on America Clayton-­‐Bulwer Treaty Ostend Manifesto The Opium War The Treaty of Wanghia The Treaty of Kanagawa The Gadsden Purchase 7. How did the Kansas-­‐Nebraska Act alter the precedent established by the Missouri Compromise? Be sure to include who was involved and how it impacted political parties. PERIOD 5: 1844-­‐1877 – Reading Guide (Chapter Nineteen) 1.
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Answer the following questions fully and completely. How did Uncle Tom’s Cabin impact support for the Abolitionist movement and further discredit southern slavery? Be specific. Create a timeline illustrating and explaining the events/leaders of “Bleeding Kansas.” Be sure to include the following events in your timeline: The New England Emigrant Aid Company, John Brown, The Lecompton Constitution, and Brooks-­‐Sumner Caning. 3. Complete the following chart on events that intensify the issue of slavery in America. Event Details How it intensified the issue of slavery? Pro-­‐North vs. Pro-­‐South The Election of 1856 The Dred Scott Decision The Panic of 1857 Tariff of 1857 The Lincoln Douglas Debates The Freeport Doctrine Harpers Ferry The Constitutional Union Party The Election of 1860 4. In one clear concise sentence summarize “The Secessionist Exodus”. 5. How was the Crittenden amendment a failed last attempt at compromise? Be specific. PERIOD 5: 1844-­‐1877 -­‐ Reading Guide (Chapter Twenty and Twenty-­‐One – use my Civil War PPT as well) 1.
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Answer the following questions fully and completely. List the states that succeeded. Who didn’t and what were they called? What happened with West Virginia? Create a T-­‐chart comparing the North and South in terms their preparedness to fight the Civil War. Be sure to include transportation/infrastructure systems, population numbers, and supply/technology access. Explain the war plans of the North (The Anaconda Plan) and South (Defensive Plan). Be specific and thorough. Create a graphic organizer comparing the Northern and Southern leaders of the war. Include the following leaders in your graphic organizer: A. Lincoln, G. Meade, G. McClellan, A. Burnside, J. Hooker, U. Grant, W. Sherman for the North, J. Davis, R. Lee, T. “Stonewall” Jackson in the South. Be sure to address the role, weaknesses, and strengths of each leader. Complete the chart on the major battles of the Civil War. Battle/Event Details Where? Leaders Outcome involved Who won and why? Fort Sumter First Bull run Peninsula Campaign Merrimack/Monitor Antietam Gettysburg Vicksburg Sherman’s March Appomattox th
What impact did the Emancipation Proclamation have on the war effort? Be specific and include the 13 amendment in your response. 7. Fill in the following graphic organizer about the political and economic stresses of the war using the terms below. Be sure to explain these terms in context of the impact on politics or the economy -­‐
Morrill Tariff Act -­‐
Greenbacks -­‐
National Banking System -­‐
Homestead Act -­‐
US Sanitary Act -­‐
The Fall of Cotton King -­‐
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13 Amendment -­‐
Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War -­‐
The Man without a Country -­‐
Election of 1864 Political activity Economic activity Evaluation the impact on the war outcome North South How did the Civil War impact civil liberties? Be sure to include the suspension of the writ of Habeas Corpus, the Copperheads, conscription/draft, the New York draft riots, and Andersonville, GA in your response. 9. What role did women, American Indians, and blacks play in the war? Give at least one specific example for each category. 10. Tell the story of the assassination of Abe Lincoln. Be sure to include the who, what, when, where, why, and significance. 11. How was America forever changed at the end of the Civil War? Include the social, economic, and political state of America immediately after the end of the war. 8.
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PERIOD 5: 1844-­‐1877 -­‐ Reading Guide (Chapter Twenty-­‐Two) Answer the following questions fully and completely. In one concise sentence, summarize “The Problems of Peace.” Describe the Freedman’s experience. Be specific. Use pages 466-­‐469 to answer this question. Create a Triple Venn diagram comparing the following plans for Reconstruction: Lincoln’s 10% Plan, the Wade-­‐Davis Plan, and Johnson’s Plan. Under the Venn, answer the following question: What differences did these plan illustrate between the executive and legislative branches’ view on Reconstruction How did congress and President Johnson clash during early reconstruction? Be sure to address the Pacific Railroad Act, the Civil th
Rights Bill, and the 14 amendment in your response. 5.
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Who were the Radical Republicans and what impact did they have on Reconstruction? Be sure to address Thaddeus Stevens, th
the Reconstruction Act, and the 15 amendment in your response. Create a T chart comparing how Reconstruction affected southerners? Be sure to address the impact on freed blacks (the Union, League, Black Codes, the Ku Klux, Klan) and whites (Scalawags, Carpetbaggers, Force Acts) in your comparison. What role did the Office of Tenure Act play in Johnson’s presidency? In one concise sentence, summarize “The Heritage of Reconstruction.” PERIOD 5: 1844-­‐1877 -­‐ Crash Course Videos For each period, watch the following videos. There are no questions to go with these videos, but they will be EMMENSLY VALUABLE in helping you contextualize and compare time periods! 1. War & Expansion: Crash Course US History #17 URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tkdF8pOFUfI&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s&index=17 2. The Election of 1860 & the Road to Disunion: Crash Course US History #18 URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roNmeOOJCDY&index=18&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s 3. Battles of the Civil War: Crash Course US History #19 URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=25HHVDOaGeE&index=19&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s 4. The Civil War, Part I: Crash Course US History #20 URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rY9zHNOjGrs&index=20&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s 5. The Civil War Part 2: Crash Course US History #21 URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzTrKccmj_I&index=22&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s 6. Reconstruction and 1876: Crash Course US History #22 URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nowsS7pMApI&index=23&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s PERIOD 5: 1844-­‐1877 -­‐ Theme Chart Review Identify what is happening in each of the seven themes in this period. Descriptions should not be more than two sentences. Recognize that certain themes will be more prominent in certain time periods than in others. Identify -­‐ Details, events, people, places, etc. Descriptions – The Big Picture Identity Work, Exchange, Technology Peopling Politics and Power America in the World Environment and Geography Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture