Download Sectionalism and the Civil War

SECTIONALISM
AND THE CIVIL
WAR
11 Pages…
SECTIONALISM
When people favor the interests of one
region over the interests of the country as a
whole
Tariffs
Slavery
Industry
Uses of land
Political Parties
North vs. South
A SPLITTING COUNTRY
 Various reasons and issues caused a rift in the country
 Tariffs:
 High tariffs helped the industrial North by making their
prices cheaper against imports – made people buy
American-made goods
 The South imported most non-agricultural goods, saw tariffs
as a burden imposed by the North – their main trade
partners were from Europe
 The West needed funding for roads, canals, railroads, etc.
This was funded by the tariffs.
NULLIFICATION CRISIS 1832
 A very high tariff had split the country
 Vice President John Calhoun left office
to go help his home state of South
Carolina
 South Carolina considered the tariff
null and void, threatened military
action, and threatened to secede from
the Union
 Henry Clay helped reach a
compromise tariff
 Both sides backed down and conflict
was avoided
 States’ Rights -Revolved around the
ability of a state to declare federal laws
unconstitutional
John C. Calhoun
Claimed that state
governments have the
right to reject federal
laws.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
 Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state
 Maine was admitted as a free state
 Any new states above the Missouri Compromise line would
be free states
 Maintain balance in the Senate
A SPLITTING COUNTRY
 Slavery:
 North – illegal since the Revolution
 Abolitionist societies and newspapers –
Underground Railroad
 Many didn’t know what was going on with
African Americans
 South – slaves viewed as property
 Needed to maintain their way of life
 Considered a state’s right issue
 Many fugitive slaves
 West – fight over whether to extend
slavery into the new territories
AFRICAN AMERICANS
Free African Americans could own
property and had some rights
Slaves had no rights at all
Discrimination happened in all areas of
the country
HENRY DAVID THOREAU
He disagreed with a country
that had slavery and fought in
wars
His writing – Civil
Disobedience – influenced
many people to refuse to obey
laws they considered unjust
Martin Luther King Jr. would
later use this philosophy
DEBATE OVER SLAVERY
Victory in the Mexican War in 1848 added more
than 500,000 square miles to the U.S.
This renewed the debate over the expansion of
slavery
Some northerners wanted to prohibit slavery in all
parts of the Mexican Cession
ELECTION OF 1848
Many candidates did not
take a stance on slavery
issues in the West
This was in favor to Whig
candidate Zachary Taylor
– Mexican War hero
Zachary Taylor
12th President
1849-1850
Whig
COMPROMISE OF 1850
 California gold rush caused a population spike that
caused it to apply directly to be a state
 This raised the issue of whether to admit it as a free
state or slave state – upset the balance
 Many Southerners were upset about it –
 Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi warned that
they were about to permanently destroy the balance of
power between the sections
 He and many others declared they would oppose the
admission of California as a free state
COMPROMISE OF 1850
 Henry Clay, nicknamed “The Great Compromiser” and
Daniel Webster stepped forward with another plan:
 -Urged Congress to let California enter as a free state
 -Called for the rest of the Mexican Cession to be organized
as a federal territory – popular sovereignty should decide
the status of slavery
 -Addressed a border dispute between Texas and New
Mexico – Texas gave up land – in exchange for US paying off
their debt.
 -Called for an end to slave trade – not slavery- in the
country’s capital
 -Called for a new, more effective fugitive slave law
DANIEL WEBSTER
Known as the “Great
Orator”
Worked to create
compromises with the
southern states that
would delay the start of
the Civil War
COMPROMISE OF 1850
 This was the last time a compromise worked
 (Henry Clay died in 1852.)
THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT
Required the return of
escaped slaves to their owners
Made it a federal crime to help
runaway slaves
This pleased the South, but
angered the North because
they felt it was immoral
DEATH OF ANOTHER PRESIDENT
Zachary Taylor died
suddenly after 16 months
in office
His successor was Millard
Fillmore
Millard Fillmore
13th President
Last Whig to be president
1850-1853
FRANKLIN PIERCE
14th President
Democrat
1853-1857
TROUBLE IN KANSAS
People wanted to build a railroad to
the Pacific
In order to do so, the rest of the
Louisiana Purchase had to be organized
into federal territories
In 1854 Stephen Douglas introduced
what became the Kansas-Nebraska
Act
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT
This would divide the rest of the Louisiana
Purchase into two territories – Kansas and
Nebraska
In each territory popular sovereignty would
decide the question of slavery
This did away with the Missouri Compromise
line
Anti-slavery Northerners were outraged
President Pierce was a supporter of this act and
got it signed into law
 Many issues start popping up in Kansas as pro and anti-
slavery groups rushed in to vote on the issue of slavery
 Fights between different groups “Bleeding Kansas”
REPUBLICAN PARTY
One effect of this bill
was to kill off the Whig
party who was wishywashy on the subject of
slavery
In its place came the
Republican Party, which
was strongly against the
spread of slavery
Supported the Union
JAMES BUCHANAN
15th President
Democrat
1857-1861
DRED SCOTT V. SANFORD
 Dred Scott was a slave owned by John
Sanford
 He traveled with John Sanford
throughout the northern part of the
Louisiana Purchase
 When he returned he sued John Sanford
for his freedom claiming he had been
living in free lands
 The Supreme Court decided Scott could
not be heard in federal courts because
he was not a citizen of the U.S. and
therefore had no protection under the
Constitution
 Congress had no authority over slavery
in the territories
SCOTT V. SANFORD
This court case confirmed slaves
as property and cannot bring
cases to federal court
Upon statehood each territory
would determine whether or not
it would be a slave state or a free
state
The South favored the decision,
but the North did not
This caused further tension
between the North and the
South
Roger Taney
Supreme Court Justice
Appointed by Andrew Jackson
SCOTT V. SANFORD
A Constitutional amendment would later be
passed which completely outlawed slavery
This could be considered a response from
Congress to the ruling in the case
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
16th President
Republican
1861-1865
He did not win a
single Southern
state’s electoral
vote.
BREAKING THE UNION
Many southern states believed that once in power,
Lincoln would move to abolish slavery
Just four days after Lincoln’s election South
Carolina’s legislature called a special convention
They were considering secession
After three days of speeches all delegates voted to
secede
LINCOLN’S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS
 Equality – promised to not interfere
with the rights of states and the
institution of slavery
 The Union – argued that the Union
could not be dissolved
 The Government – stated it was
against the law to secede from the
Union
 Liberty – “I have no purpose, directly
or indirectly, to interfere with the
institution of slavery in the states
where it exists. I believe I have no
lawful right to do so, and I have no
inclination to do so.”
CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA
 By February, 1861 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas had also seceded from the Union
 They established a new nation – The Confederate States of
America
 They passed their own constitution, closely resembling the
U.S. Constitution except that citizens could own slaves
JEFFERSON DAVIS
Elected president of the
Confederate States of America
– 1861
His inaugural address states
that the secession of the
Southern states was similar to
the colonists’ revolution
against Britain
Claimed that secession was a
“necessity, not a choice.”
JEFFERSON DAVIS
 Equality –
 Slaves were not even viewed as an issue of equality
 The Union –
 Davis explained breaking away was a “necessity” if they were to
continue to engage in commerce with the rest of the world
 The Government –
 Similar to the U.S. government
 Liberty –
 Contrasting Lincoln’s discussion of liberty for individual people
 Rights of person and property have not been disturbed
Jefferson Davis’
inauguration
Alabama State
Capital
THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
 Sectionalism:
 Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns
 Three different cultural and business practices were happening
in our country – North – South – West
 North – manufacturing and commerce, capital was invested in
factories and transportation
 South – cash-crop, capital was invested in slaves and overseas
markets
 West – depended on cheap land for expansion and good
transportation networks to keep in touch with eastern
businesses
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
 State’s Rights:
 The political position advocating a strict interpretation of
the Constitution
 The South turned to a states’ rights argument to protect
slavery
 Southerners claimed that the federal government was
prohibiting their 10th Amendment right
 Southerners also said the federal government was not
permitted to interfere with slavery in those states it already
existed
 Southern states thought they had the right to secede
 Issues: Right to own slaves as property and federal tariffs
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR
 Slavery:
 First began in Virginia during the Colonial era
 Throughout the first half of the 19th century Southern
politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of
the federal government
 The North had embraced industrialization, large urban
areas, experiencing high birth rates and large amounts of
immigrants
 This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to
maintain balance in the government
 They worried about the election of a Northern, anti-slavery
president
EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR
FIRING ON
FORT SUMTER
 April, 1861
 An important federal post was Fort Sumter, it controlled the
entrance to the Charleston Harbor, in South Carolina
 Running low on supplies, Abraham Lincoln decided to resupply
them
 South Carolina demanded that the Union troops leave the fort
 Union troops refused – Confederate guns opened fire on Fort
Sumter
 The Civil War had begun
FREDERICK DOUGLASS
 He persuaded the Union to permit
African Americans to fight in the army
 The number of African-Americans began
to outnumber the white volunteers for
the army.
Neither side was ready for a battle
Both relied on volunteers – the North had a
larger population, therefore more soldiers
General Winfield Scott developed the
Union’s two-part strategy
He wanted to destroy the South’s economy
through a naval blockade of southern
seaports and gain control of the Mississippi
river.
It would take time to succeed
The strategies of the North and South led
to a war fought on land and sea
HABEAS CORPUS:
 Constitutional protection
against unlawful imprisonment
 On April 27, 1861 Abraham Lincoln
suspended the right of habeas
corpus.
 He did this in response to riots,
local militia actions and the threat
that the border state of Maryland
would secede from the Union,
leaving the nation’s capital
surrounded by hostile territory.
 Lincoln acted without congressional
approval.
Chief Justice Taney
HABEAS CORPUS
U.S. Supreme Court case challenged the president’s rights
to suspend habeas corpus.
Ex parte Merryman – John Merryman
Taney ruled that President Lincoln’s suspension of habeas
corpus was unconstitutional. Lincoln ignored the ruling.
Lincoln defended his authorization for the suspension of
habeas corpus primarily because the nation was at war.
Congress authorized the Habeas Corpus Act in 1863 to
relieve the president from being held liable for acting
without congressional approval
ROBERT E. LEE
Chief General of
Confederacy
When the South seceded,
Lincoln offered Lee the
command of Union forces
He refused, resigned from the
U.S. Army and returned to
Virginia to serve with the
Confederate forces
In 1862 Lee was appointed
command of the Army of
North Virginia
His battle strategies are
admired to this day
STONEWALL JACKSON
Confederate General
Considered to be one of the most
gifted tactical commanders in U.S.
history
His death was a severe blow to
the Confederacy and his men’s
morale
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
 Maryland - 1862
 Confederate leaders hoped a victory on Northern soil
might break Union spirits and convince Europe to help
 Both sides began drafting soldiers to meet the demand of
troops
 The battle lasted for hours
 It was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war
 Union casualties – more than12,000
 Confederate casualties – more than 13,000
 Union victory
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
(JANUARY 1,1863)
Lincoln proclaimed all enslaved people in
Confederate lands to be forever free
The proclamation could not be enforced in rebel
areas, but as the Union took over rebel lands, slaves
were set free instead of returned to their masters
This was not a law passed by Congress
This changes the nature of the war from preserving
the Union to freeing the slaves
WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia became a state following the
Wheeling Conventions, in which 50 northwestern
counties of Virginia whose landowners owned few
to no slaves decided to break away from Virginia
during the American Civil War.
The new state was admitted to the Union on June
20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state.
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
Pennsylvania – 1863
92,000 Union troops
fought 76,000 Confederate
troops
The Union won
This turned back the
Confederate invasion
of the North
Considered the turning
point of the Civil War
ULYSSES S.
GRANT
Chief General of the
Union Army
He created an overall plan
concentrated on Sherman’s
march through Georgia and
his own assault on the
Confederate Army in Virginia
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS (FOUR MONTHS AFTER THE BATTLE)
 Lincoln’s speech: “Four score and seven years ago”
 Equality – “all men are created equal”
 The Union – Restore peace and keep the nation united
 The Government – “The government of the people, by
the people, and for the people shall not perish from the
earth.”
 Liberty – Principles of liberty and equality based on the
Declaration of Independence
SIEGE OF VICKSBURG
The North captured this strong hold to gain
control of the Mississippi River and divided the
Southern States
ABRAHAM LINCOLN – SECOND TERM
1865
LINCOLN’S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS
March 4, 1865
Equality – Denounces slavery
The Union – Restoration and peace for the
Union
The Government – Lincoln stated that there
were people trying to destroy the government
with or without war
Liberty – War will continue until slavery ceases to
exist
LEE’S SURRENDER
April 9, 1865
Appomattox Court
House
Brings the Civil War
to a close
Lee surrenders the
Confederate forces
of Virginia to Grant
UNITED STATES WAR CASUALTIES
American Revolution: 25,000
Civil War: 625,000
World War I: 116,000
World War II: 405,000
Korean War: 36,000
Vietnam War: 58,000
Afghanistan: 2,000
Iraq War: 4,000
War on Terror: 6,700
These are approximate counts. The numbers are
generally a bit higher.
ORIGINAL TARGETS – APRIL 14, 1865
A
Abraham Lincoln
President
Andrew Johnson
Vice President
William Seward
Secretary of State
FORD’S THEATRE
ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN
Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth
Southern Sympathizer
April 14, 1865
CONSPIRATORS
Lewis Powell
George Atzerodt
Mary Surratt
David Herold
LINCOLN/KENNEDY COINCIDENCES
 Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846
 John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946
 Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860
 John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960
 The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters
 Both were particularly concerned with civil rights
 Both wives lost children while living in the White House.
 Both presidents were shot on a Friday
 Both were shot in the head
 Both were assassinated by Southerners
 Both were succeeded by Southerners
 Both successors were named Johnson
 Andrew Johnson was born in 1808
 Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908
 Both assassins were known by their three names – John Wilkes Booth, Lee
Harvey Oswald
 Both names have 15 letters
 Both assassins were assassinated before their trials
QUALITIES OF LEADERS
Last photograph of Abraham Lincoln.
March 6, 1865
Abraham Lincoln
Led the U.S. as president
during the Civil War
Through his leadership
the Union was preserved
and slavery eventually
abolished after his
assassination in 1865
MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS
PHILIP BAZAAR
 Born in Chile
 In the Union Navy
 On board the USS Santiago
de Cuba
 During the assault on Fort
Fisher
 He bravely entered the fort
in the assault and
accompanied his party in
carrying dispatches at the
height of the battle
 He was one of the six men
who entered the fort from
the fleet
WILLIAM CARNEY
 54th Massachusetts Regiment
(Union)
 Battle of Fort Wagner
 He was the first black soldier
to receive the award
 When his regiment’s sergeant
was shot down, Carney
grabbed the flag, led the way
to the parapet, and planted
the colors
 When troops fell back he
brought off the flag, under
fierce fire – he was severely
wounded twice
 Maroon - States that seceded before April 15, 1861
 Red - States that seceded after April 15, 1861
 Yellow - Union states that permitted slavery
 Blue - Union states that forbade slavery
 Gray - Territories, unaffiliated