Download Astronomical Units and Light Years #2

Astronomical Units and Light Years
Content Standard: Students know how to use Astronomical Units and Light Years as measures of distance
between the Sun, Stars and Earth.
Part I: Astronomical Units (2 stamps) (Due 12/7-8)
Background Information:
1 AU = 149,597,870.691 kilometers
Definition: An astronomical unit (AU) is a measure of distance often used in astronomy, equal to the distance between
the Earth and the Sun. In terms of more common units of measurement, an astronomical unit is equal to about 93 million
miles (roughly 150 million km), or the distance light travels in a little over eight minutes. The symbol AU is most often
used to represent the astronomical unit, though less commonly you may see UA used instead.
Historical Background: Tycho Brahe estimated the distance between the Sun and the Earth at 8 million kilometers (5
million miles). Later, Johannes Kepler estimated the AU was at 24 million kilometers (15 million miles). Although
Kepler’s estimate is not accurate, Kepler is well known for his 3 laws of planetary motion. In 1672, Giovanni Cassini
made a much better estimate of an Astronomical unit by using Mars. Cassini calculated the AU to be at 140 million
kilometers (87 million miles), which is lower, but very close to the modern day number.
1. Define Astronomical Units in your own words. Why do you think we use Astronomical units when referring to
distances in space?
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2. Turn to textbook page 542-543. Copy Figure #5 into the box below. Include the names of the planets and label
the distance from the sun in both km and AU. Use color.
3. On textbook page 542, use the graph to answer questions #1-4 from “Math Analyzing Data”. Use complete
sentences.
1. ________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. ________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. ________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. ________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. Read textbook page 541-542. Describe Kepler’s 3 Laws of Motion.
1st Law:
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2nd Law:
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3rd Law:
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Light Years: Read and highlight the background information and answer the questions in complete sentences.
Background Information:
While the sun is often referred to as the most important star within our solar system, it is certainly not the only
one. There are too many stars for us to even begin to count. See how many you can count while gazing up at the
sky on a clear night. Not only are there too many stars to count but, the stars are beyond our imagination as to
how far away they are. They are so far away that standard units of measurement like miles and kilometers are
awkward to measure these distances, therefore a unit known as the light year is used.
A light year is defined as the distance that light travels in one Earth year. Light moves extremely fast, 300,000
km/s or 180,000 miles/second. In one second light can travel around Earth almost four times. Nothing travels
faster, establishing light as the ultimate speed limit. In 31,536,000 seconds--or one year--light will travel a
distance of 9.46 trillion kilometers or 5.86 trillion miles, or 240 million times around Earth. This distance
equals one light year.
Because light travels so very fast, everything appears to happen instantly in our everyday experience. If we are
watching the Baltimore Ravens kick a field goal, we assume that the ball was kicked right at the moment that
we saw it. In actuality we must see the light that is being reflected from the ball, and it does take time for the
light to travel from the ball to our eyes. If the distance from the ball to our eyes were 10 m, the light reflecting
off the ball would take only 300 millionths (.000003) of a second to reach our eyes, thus making it seem
instantaneous.
Stars are millions and millions of kilometers away. To see a star, that star’s light must travel across space to our
eyes. If the star is 5 light years away, then the light we are seeing from that star took five years to travel to our
eyes. It also means that what we see happening at that star is actually what happened five years ago, not what is
happening in the star’s present.
1. Suppose that a child is born on Earth in the year 2000.You are on an imaginary planet that is 94.6 trillion
kilometers away from Earth and looking through a very high powered telescope and you witness this
child’s third birthday party. How old is that child on Earth at the time you are watching the child’s third
birthday party? (Hint: Calculate the number of light years this planet is from Earth.)
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2. Are any of the 9 planets within our solar system a light year or more from Earth? Support your response
by giving the distances between the planets.
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Part II: Planet Distances Art Project (Due 1/27-28)
What is the purpose of this artistic activity?
Do visualize how far apart the planets are.
Will I be working with someone?
Yes, you will pick a partner…someone you don’t mind working with out of class at the media center or elsewhere.
What will I need?
Ruler, meter stick, machine tape, calculator, pencil, paper
What is the procedure?
1. Measure a piece of machine tape 4 meters long and cut it from the roll. (supplied by teacher)
2. Measure in 2.0 cm from the end of the roll and make a slightly curve line across the strip of paper. Label
this “The Sun”
3. From the edge of the Sun, plot the distances to each of the planets in astronomical units (AU). Use the
Table #1 below. You will need to convert the AU measurements into centimeters or meters.
4. Remember, 1 astronomical unit is the distance from the sun to the earth.
5. Use 0.1 m (10 cm) as equal to 1 AU (Hint: move decimal one place to right to convert AU to cm)
6. Use table #2 to draw the planets with correct diameters. Using a compass will help. Color and Label
the planets. Use the internet or the textbook (pgs. 552-559) to determine the colors and how each planet
appears. Make Earths diameter 5mm. Use Table #2 to draw the other planets to scale. Reminder:
Diameter = distance across.
Convert the AU measurements
7. Write 3 facts (list) beneath or to the side of each planet.
in Table #1 to cm by moving
decimal 1 place to right. For
example, .39 AU = 3.9 cm from
the Sun.
Table #1: Planet Distances
Planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Asteroid Belt
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Table #2: Planet Diameters
Planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Distance from the edge of the Sun in
Astronomical Units (AU)
.39
.72
1.0
1.5
2.5-2.8
5.2
9.2
19.2
30.0
39.4
Diameter (mm)
2.0
4.75
5.0
2.65
56.0
47.0
20.0
19.0
1.0
Centimeters from the Sun (move the
decimal one place to the right)
3.9
7.2
10.0
***Instructions: Print this rubric sheet and staple your stamped Part I directly behind it. In class today, you will sit next
to your partner while you watch October Sky. Students will roll out the planet strip across the desk and lay the rubric in
front of it. During October Sky, Mrs. Boman will walk around and grade your planet strips. Mrs. Boman will do the final
scoring below the dotted line for Total Points Earned in Independent Study #2***
Part II: (40 points) (Due 1/27-28)
Astronomical Units/Light Years Independent Study: Planet Strip Rubric
Self and Guardian Evaluation Sheet
Directions: Working in pairs, students will make a planet strip to help visualize how far apart our planets really are.
Students and guardians are asked to evaluate the work. A missing evaluation sheet is an automatic 3 Point deduction.
Evaluation Sheets without a Parent Signature is an automatic 2 point deduction.
Item
Points
Your Name, Your Partner’s Name, Date, Period
(On back of Planet Strip)
1 pt
Color & Labels for 9 planets + asteroid belt
(1 pt per planet)
10 points
Correct Distances for 9 planets + 1 asteroid belt
(1 pt for each planet distance)
10 points
Correct Diameters for 9 planets
(1/2 point for each planet diameter)
5 points
3 Facts neatly written beneath each Planet
10 points
Neatness/Effort
Low effort = 0 pts
Medium effort = 2 pts
High effort = 4 pts
4 pts
40 Total Possible Points
Self
_________
MY NAME:
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My Partner’s Name:
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My Parent’s Signature:
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Guardian
Teacher
_________
_________
Date: ________________
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TOTAL POINTS EARNED FOR INDEPENDENT STUDY #1:
Points for Part I: ________/10 + Points for Part II: ____________/40 = Total Points ___________/50