Download Chapter 6: Launching the New Nation George Washington becomes

Chapter 6: Launching the New Nation
George Washington becomes the first president. President Thomas
Jefferson doubles U.S. territory with the Louisiana Purchase. The
U.S. fights the British in the War of 1812.
Section
Section
Section
Section
1:
2:
3:
4:
Washington Heads the New Government
Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course
The War of 1812
Section 1: Washington Heads the New Government
President Washington transforms the ideas of the Constitution into
a real government.
I. The New Government Takes Shape
A. Judiciary Act of 1789
1. creates Supreme, 3 circuit, 13 district courts
2. State decisions may be appealed to federal courts
B. Washington Shapes the Executive Branch
1. elected first president of U.S. in 1789
a. executive branch is president, vice president
2. Congress creates State, War, Treasury Departments
3. Alexander Hamilton becomes secretary of treasury
4. Washington adds attorney general; these Department
heads are Cabinet
II. Hamilton and Jefferson Debate
A. Hamilton and Jefferson in Conflict
1. Hamilton: strong central government led by wealthy,
educated
2. Jefferson: strong state, local government; people’s
participation
3. Hamilton has Northern support; Jefferson has
Southern, Western
B. Hamilton’s Economic Plan
1. U.S. owes millions to foreign countries, private
citizens
2. Plan—pay foreign debt, issue new bonds, assume
states’ debt
3. Some Southern states have paid debts, against taxes
to pay for North
C. Plan for a National Bank
1. Hamilton proposes Bank of the United States:
a. funded by government, private investors
b. issue paper money, handle taxes
2. Disagreement over Congressional authority to
establish bank
a. strict and loose interpretation of Constitution?
3. The District of Columbia
a. To win Southern support for his debt plan,
Hamilton suggests:
a. moving nation’s capital from NYC to South
b. Washington, D.C. planned on grand scale;
government seat by 1800
III. The First Political Parties and Rebellion
A. Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
1. Split in Washington’s cabinet leads to first U.S.
political parties:
a. Jefferson’s allies: Democratic-Republicans
b. Hamilton’s allies: Federalists
2. Two-party system established as two major parties
compete for power
B. The Whiskey Rebellion
1. Protective tariff— import tax on goods produced
overseas
2. Excise tax charged on product’s manufacture, sale, or
distribution
3. In 1794, Pennsylvania farmers refuse to pay excise
tax on whiskey
a. beat up federal marshals, threaten secession
4. Federal government shows it can enforce laws by
sending in militia
Section 2: Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation
Events in Europe sharply divide American public opinion in the late
18th century.
I. U.S. Response to Events in Europe
A. Reactions to the French Revolution
1. Federalists pro-British; Democratic-Republicans proFrench
2. Washington declares neutrality, will not support
either side
a. Edmond Genêt, French diplomat, violates
protocol by appealing to Americans directly
B. Treaty with Spain
1. Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795, or Treaty of San Lorenzo,
signed:
a. Spain gives up claims to western U.S.
b. Florida-U.S. boundary set at 31st parallel
c. Mississippi River open to U.S. traffic
II. Native Americans Resist White Settlers
A. Fights in the Northwest
1. Native Americans do not accept Treaty of Paris;
demand direct talks
2. In 1790 Miami tribe chief, Little Turtle, defeats U.S.
army
B. Battle of Fallen Timbers
1. Gen. Anthony Wayne defeats Miami Confederacy at
Fallen Timbers, 1794
2. Miami sign Treaty of Greenville, get less than actual
value for land
C. Jay’s Treaty
1. Chief Justice John Jay makes treaty with Britain,
angers Americans
2. British evacuate posts in Northwest, but may continue
fur trade
III. Adams Provokes Criticism
A. First Party-Based Elections
1. 1796, Federalist John Adams elected president
a. Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, is vicepresident!
b. Result of sectionalism--placing regional
interests above nation
B. Adams Tries to Avoid War
1. French see Jay’s Treaty as violation of alliance; seize
U.S. ships
2. XYZ Affair—French officials demand bribe to see
foreign minister Talleyrand
3. Congress creates navy department; Washington called
to lead army
4. Undeclared naval war rages between France, U.S. for
two years
C. The Alien and Sedition Acts
1. Many Federalists fear French plot to overthrow U.S.
government
2. Federalists suspicious of immigrants because:
a. many are active Democratic-Republicans
b. some are critical of Adams
3. Federalists push Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
through Congress
a. Alien Acts raise residence requirements for
citizenship
i. permit deportation, jail
b. Sedition Act: fines, jail terms for hindering,
lying about government
4. Some Democratic-Republican editors, publishers,
politicians jailed
D. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
1. Jefferson, Madison see Alien and Sedition Acts as
misuse of power
2. Organize opposition in Virginia, Kentucky legislatures
a. Resolutions call acts violation of First
Amendment rights
3. Nullification—states have right to void laws deemed
unconstitutional
E. The Death of Washington
1. December 14, 1799
2. Improves relations with France
Section 3: Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course
The United States expands its borders during Thomas Jefferson’s
administration.
I. Jefferson Wins Presidential Election of 1800
A. Presidential Campaign of 1800
1. Bitter campaign between Adams and Jefferson; wild
charges hurled
B. Electoral Deadlock
1. Jefferson beats Adams, but ties running mate Aaron
Burr
a. House of Representatives casts 35 ballots
without breaking tie
b. Hamilton intervenes with Federalists to give
Jefferson victory
2. Reveals flaw in electoral process; Twelfth Amendment
passed:
a. electors cast separate ballots for president,
vice-president
II. The Jefferson Presidency
A. Simplifying the Presidency
1. Jefferson replaces some Federalists with DemocraticRepublicans
2. Reduces size of armed forces; cuts social expenses of
government
3. Eliminates internal taxes; reduces influence of Bank
of the U.S.
4. Favors free trade over government-controlled trade,
tariffs
B. Southern Dominance of Politics
1. Jefferson first to take office in new Washington, D.C.
2. South dominates politics; Northern, Federalist
influence decline
C. John Marshall and the Supreme Court
1. Federalist John Marshall is chief justice for more than
30 years
2. Adams pushes Judiciary Act of 1801, adding 16
federal judges
a. Appoints Federalist midnight judges on his last
day as president
3. Jefferson argues undelivered appointment papers are
invalid
D. Marbury v. Madison
1. Marbury v. Madison—William Marbury sues to have
papers delivered
a. Judiciary Act of 1789 requires Supreme Court
order
b. Marshall rules requirement unconstitutional
2. Important precedent: Judicial review—Supreme Court
able to declare laws unconstitutional
III. The United States Expands West
A. Westward Migration
1. From 1800–1810, Ohio population grows from
45,000 to 231,000
2. Most settlers use Cumberland Gap to reach Ohio,
Kentucky, Tennessee
3. In 1775, Daniel Boone leads clearing of Wilderness
Road
B. The Louisiana Purchase
1. Louisiana returned to France; Jefferson fears strong
French presence
2. Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from Napoleon
a. doubts he has constitutional authority
3. Louisiana Purchase doubles size of U.S.
C. Lewis and Clark
1. Jefferson appoints Lewis and Clark to lead Corps of
Discovery:
a. explore new territory, find route to Pacific
b. gather information about people, plants animals
2. Native American woman, Sacajawea, serves as
interpreter, guide
Section 4: The War of 1812
War breaks out again between the United States and Britain in 1812.
I. The War Hawks Demand War
A. British and French Rivalries
1. British blockade or seal French ports to prevent ships
from entering
2. Britain, France seize American ships, confiscate
cargoes
B. Grievances Against Britain
1. Impressment—seizing Americans, drafting them into
British navy
2. Chesapeake incident further angers Americans
3. Jefferson convinces Congress to declare embargo, or
ban on exports
a. Embargo, meant to hurt Europe, also hurts U.S.
i. Congress lifts it, except with Britain,
France
C. Tecumseh’s Confederacy
1. Gen. William Henry Harrison makes land deal with
Native American chiefs
2. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tries to form Native
American confederacy:
a. tells people to return to traditional beliefs,
practices
b. presses Harrison, negotiates British help; many
tribes don’t join
D. The War Hawks
1. Harrison is hero of Battle of Tippecanoe but suffers
heavy losses
2. War hawks—want war with Britain because natives
use British arms
II. The War Brings Mixed Results
A. The War in Canada
1. Madison chooses war, thinks Britain is crippling U.S.
trade, economy
2. U.S. army unprepared; early British victories in
Detroit, Montreal
3. Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British on Lake Erie; U.S.
wins battles
4. Native Americans fight on both sides; Tecumseh
killed in battle
B. The War at Sea
1. U.S. navy only 16 ships; 3 frigates sail alone, score
victories
2. British blockade U.S. ports along east coast
C. British Burn the White House
1. By 1814, British raid, burn towns along Atlantic coast
2. British burn Washington D.C. in retaliation for York,
Canada
D. War in the South: The Battle of New Orleans
1. General Andrew Jackson: Indian fighter, gains
national fame
2. Jackson defeats Native Americans at Battle of
Horseshoe Bend
a. destroys military power of Native Americans in
South
3. In 1815, defeats superior British force at Battle of
New Orleans
E. The Treaty of Ghent
1. peace agreement signed Christmas 1814
2. Declares armistice or end to fighting; does not
resolve all issues
3. Series of agreements follow…
a. 1815, commercial treaty reopens trade between
Britain and U.S.
b. 1817, Rush-Bagot agreement limits war ships
on Great Lakes
c. 1818, northern boundary of Louisiana Territory
set at 49th parallel
d. jointly occupy Oregon Territory for 10 years