Download Tax farming was the act of collecting taxes and other revenues from

Sophia Ashiqueali Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet: E [Economic]: (Chartered Companies) Tax farming was the act of collecting taxes and other revenues from the state population. The state gave the right of collecting taxes to private tax farmers who received a small fee in return for the services. Tax farmers made a lot of money because the amount of tax they collected exceeded the amount deposited by the state by two or three fold. Sometimes the tax farmer would be a government worker and would receive a fixed salary from the state. Most tax farmers would be outside parties that worked for the government. Tax farming occurs in precapitalist economies that aren’t doing well and don’t have good communication. General, regional, and special are the three types of tax farming that have developed. General encompasses the entire country and tax system, regional encompasses one city, and special deals with individuals. Tax farming was developed in Greece and Rome during the Middle Ages. Tax farming was widely used in the Ottoman empire during the 16th and 17th centuries. It was also used in the Mughal and Qing empires. Tax farming also became introduced in Russia in the 15th and 16th century. Tax farming in Russia was used to collect liquor revenues. Liquor tax played a bigger role in later centuries and provided forty percent of income in the state budget before it was abolished. Eventually the centralized form of a tax system was favored over the tax farming system. Mikhal Ben-Joseph
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Paket: E
Economic: Coureurs de Bois
The Coureurs de Bois were fur traders in north america from the 16-1700s. Their name
translates from french to “Carriers of the Woods”. They were mostly of French descent, but often
times would be mestizo-like mixes of french and amerindian ancestry. They were forest going
people who would often walk to trade beaver furs for european goods and along the way learned
a lot about native culture and traditions. The economic impact of
these traders was that the fur trade intensified in europe due to the
access to beaver pelts from the new world. This class of people
started off as explorers and interpreters, morphed into important
traders who provided internal access to New France lands in
Canada through their alliance with the Iroquois, and finally, their
business became so lucrative that the French government stepped
in to collect more money. This is illustrated by Jean Baptiste Colbert’s creation of the license
system for fur traders called the Cognes. This significantly improved governmental control over
the previously private fur trade. These unique people were
skilled at both wilderness survival and business negotiations.
Vincent Brando
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 3
Packet: E
[​Creation, Expansion, & Interaction of Economic​ Systems ]: (​Massachusetts Bay ​ Company)
During the era of exploration, England was one of the nations leading the helm, and once
Europe caught wind of Columbus’s discovery of the New World overseas, England formed the
Massachusetts Bay Company, a joint-stock trade company whose main purpose was to colonize
much of modern day New England. The territory was designated to be ​3 miles north of the
Merrimack River to 3 miles south of the Charles River. In order for the company, comprised
mainly of Puritans, to run itself independently of the investors and governors back at England,
the colonizers took the charter with them. Through bending the charter to better suit their needs,
the town became a religious commonwealth and was an overall successful colony. This lack of
influence was due not only to the charter, but to the English Civil War, which drew much of
England’s attention from the colony. Eventually, however, the Massachusetts Bay Colony
merged with other surrounding colonies like Plymouth, Maine, and New Jersey, and the religious
laws were repealed.
Gabi Coutinho
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period III
Packet E
Economic: Mercantilism
European empires adopted mercantilist policies during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and
eighteenth centuries with the discovery of the New World. They had exclusive right to trade with
its colonies, had American colonies import European products at higher costs, imported products
from the New World at lower costs, and thus accumulated great wealth in the form of precious
metals by increasing state power at the expense of other nations.
With mercantilism in the Early Modern Era, colonization’s biggest goal was having
money flow into the mother country, and Europe’s many tactics cared not for other peoples’
rights. England’s and France’s policies were respectively established in the Navigation Acts and
the Exclusif. Governments set up chartered companies that had monopoly over trade in specific
areas and shares owned by private investors, which made the companies safer, as profits and
debts were shared among them. The Atlantic trade consisted of three legs, including the Middle
Passage exporting slaves, who were transported in inhumane and overcrowded conditions to
increase profit, from Africa to New World colonies. The Dutch East India Company controlled
trade in the Indian Ocean, and the Royal African Company controlled trade between England
and West Africa. Governments competed for trade and
increased profits through use of military force as well.
The increased trade in the Atlantic and commercial
expansion gave rise to capitalism.
Abraham Garcia
AP World History
Hour 3
Economic: The Atlantic Circuit
The Atlantic Circuit was a
series of sea trade routes that
connected Europe, Africa, and the
Americas, North and South
America. The Atlantic circuit ran
clockwise and followed the Ocean
and wind currents of the Atlantic
Ocean. The Atlantic Circuit started off in Europe, then went to Africa, followed by the Americas,
and finished in Europe where the process would start over again. The ships sailing the Atlantic
Circuit would sail in this order because the travel patterns of the Atlantic made any other
direction of travel difficult.
Ships traveling from Europe would first bring processed goods to Africa such as cotton
and guns. These goods were traded for African goods such as slaves and ivory. The next portion
of the Atlantic Circuit brought African slaves to the New World where they were used on
plantations to farm cash crops. Finally, plantation goods were taken back to Europe along with
any other goods that had been picked up along the way.
The Atlantic Circuit was predominantly controlled by Europe, and it would often benefit
European nations the most.
Luis Garcia
Mr. Tavernia
Period 3
Packet: E
Economic: Encomienda
With the exploration of the Americas in the period from 1450 to 1750 emerged a new
form of coerced labor, the encomienda system. In Spanish colonies, colonists were granted
authority over groups of Amerindians that were exploited for cheap agricultural labor and
periodic payment. The Spanish participating in encomienda systems benefitted from the labor of
the Amerindians under the pretense that they would be “christianizing” the Amerindian
population.
Later
efforts,
such as
those by
Bartholome
w de la
Casas,
worked to
abolish the
practice of encomienda.
Theme 4: Joint-Stock Companies
A joint-stock company is ​a
company whose stock is owned
jointly by the shareholders. During
the global period joint-stock
companies were utilized in the
development of a colony. For
example, the Virginia Company
was a joint-stock company, chartered by King James I in 1606, in order to establish settlements
in the New World. Joint-stock companies are often thought of as the forerunners to modern
corporations. The process of
establishing a joint-stock
company in a faraway colony was
very risky for The Crown of
England. Many wealthy
individuals would invest into the
liability of establishing the
colony, and receive profit based
off of the amount of their initial
investment.
Rishab Jain
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/P.3
Packet E
[Economic]: Mercantilism
Mercantilism was a theory that was practiced in Europe starting in the 16th century. The
main idea of mercantilism was to empower the mother country to the fullest potential leaving
many the colonies poor and economically abused. The mother country would send people to
colonize some land in The New World providing raw materials that they could then sell for a
higher cost back to the colony or China. Mercantilism actually motivated colonial expansion as it
incentivized many countries to have multiple colonies all for the purpose of wealth and
resources. Mercantilism sought to ensure the nation produced as much volume and variety of
output as possible, so as to limit its dependence upon foreign suppliers. Mercantilist saw a large
population as a way to gain a lot of wealth leading to the development of bigger global markets
and armies. Jean-Baptiste Colbert work was the introduction of the idea of mercantilism but
many historians believe that mercantilism was common sense economical idea that was
implemented by countries naturally. Mercantilism was an economic system in which the
motherland got money and resources cheap from the colonies and then sold it for a big profit to
other countries.
Leah Kapela
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 3
Packet E
Economic: Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was a section of the triangular trade during the period of
1450-1700 that consisted of the time to travel from Africa to the Americas. This trip
would carry slaves captured or kidnapped to the Americas where they were sold as raw
materials. The whole voyage would last about six months or longer, depending on the
weather conditions. For about 200 years, the Portuguese had a monopoly on the slaves
coming from Africa.
In order to receive the maximum profit from the middle passage, slaves were
crammed into the cargo areas on ships. The cargo areas did not offer a lot of sun, and
with so many individuals in a tight area, breathing and disease became an issue. The
slaves were in horrible conditions even before they were put to work. Due to these
conditions, about fifteen percent of the slaves died before they reached the Americas,
making the need to cram more slaves in more important. The
death toll would increase of the trip was prolonged by difficult
weather conditions. An estimated two million indigenous
people to Africa died in the voyage of the middle passage. This
does not include the many slaves that would die once they
reached the Americas because of different climate, new
diseases, or a lack of proper health habits.
Abhitya Krishnaraj
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet E
Economic: Pirates
Piracy is an act of ​robbery​ or ​criminal​ ​violence​ by ship- or boat-borne attackers
upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other
valuable items or properties. Those who engage in acts of piracy are called pirates. The
earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the ​Sea
Peoples​, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the ​Aegean​ and ​Mediterranean
civilizations.
The classic era of piracy in the
Caribbean​ lasted from circa 1650 until
the mid-1720s.​ ​By 1650, ​France​,
England​ and the ​United Provinces
began to develop their colonial empires.
French buccaneers were established on
northern ​Hispaniola​ as early as 1625,
but lived at first mostly as hunters rather
than robbers; their transition to full-time
piracy was gradual and motivated in
part by Spanish efforts to wipe out both the buccaneers and the prey animals on which
they depended.
The growth of buccaneering on Tortuga was augmented by the English capture
of Jamaica from Spain in 1655. The early English governors of Jamaica freely granted
letters of marque to Tortuga buccaneers and to their own countrymen, while the growth
of ​Port Royal​ provided these raiders with a far more profitable and enjoyable place to
sell their booty.
Sam Marx
Mr. Tavernia
Ap World Period 3
Packet E
Economic- Zheng He
Zheng He was a great Chinese explorer and fleet commander. He went on seven
major expeditions to explore the world for the Chinese emperor and to establish
Chinese trade in new areas.
He was born in the Yunnan Province in 1371 and his father and grandfather were
Muslim leaders of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. However, when the Ming Dynasty took
over, Chinese soldiers captured Ma He and took him as a slave to one of the Emperor's
sons. Ma He served the prince well and rose in the ranks of the servants. Soon he was
one of the prince's closest advisors. He earned honor and the prince awarded him by
changing his name to Zheng He.
Zheng He would sailed non many missions over the rest of his life. He traveled to
many far away places, going all the way to the African coast and establishing trade
relations with over 25 countries. He brought back all sorts of interesting items including
diplomats from various countries to meet with the Chinese Emperor. It is believed that
he died during the seventh and final treasure mission.
Jacob Mass
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 3
Packet E
Economic: Potosi
Potosi, Bolivia, was one of the most popular silver sources during the
globalization period. This city
was originally created for
mining. However, the Spanish
realized that there was much
more silver than they could
handle, so the forced
Amerindians to help mine. Chattel slavery was also used for all of this mining. All of
this mining helped Potosi to rise in power, as it was one of the biggest sources of silver, a
commodity traded in great volume in the Old World. Over 40,000 tons of silver were
mined in and sent away from Potosi during the
globalization period. In the mines, mercury
was used for the process of mercury
amalgamation to even further maximize the
results. Potosi was a great source of wealth
for Spain, so Spain maintained control of this
city as long as possible, until Bolivia declared independence in 1825.
Isabel Mitre Mr. Tavernia AP World History/Period 3 Packet E Economic: Trade & Commerce The Atlantic Circuit is more commonly known as the triangular triangle. It is a clockwise network of sea routes. Europe to Africa is the first part of the journey. Manufactured goods from Europe were usually traded for West African gold, timber, and ivory, as well as slaves. The Middle Passage was the second leg. The dreaded Middle Passage was the journey from Africa to the Americas. Millions of slaves were transported along here in horrible conditions, and approximately 10-15% died on this journey. The last part of this journey was when the West African goods were traded for plantation goods from the colonies. Emily Moon
Period 3
Mr. Tavernia
Economic: Cash Crops
Cash crops are crops that are not farmed or made for eating, but rather made only
to sell and make a profit. Cash crops include coffee, cotton, and tobacco, and in the time
period between 1450-1750, more and more coerced labor would be used in order to
maximize profit and minimize production cost. This led to an increase in slave demand
and an increase in the amount of farms with slaves working. Slaves were an effective and
cheap way to make as much of whatever cash crop farmers grew as they could without
having to pay the workers.
Ephraim Oyetunji
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 3
Packet: E
Economic: Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the leg of the triangular trade that involved the transportation of
millions of African slaves across the Atlantic Ocean into the new world. Slaves were used in the
new world mostly for agricultural labor so the plantation owners could profit from the cash crops
made from free labor. Slave traders packed the ships with as many slaves as possible to make
more money per trip. As a result, slave ships were often overcrowded and prone to disease.
Many slaves didn’t survive the one to six month voyage to the plantations.
Emily Pallack
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 3
Packet E
Economic:Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system where those things that make money, like
land, factories, communications, and transportation systems, are owned by private
businesses and corporations which trade in a ‘free market’ of competition. This system
uses the investment of money, or ‘capital’, to produce profits. It leads to a small upper
class of people having the most wealth and the growth of large corporations. This leads
to economic inequality between rich and poor, which governments try to reduce by
various social schemes, regulations and activities. It is different to the system in the
Middle Ages, usually called feudalism, where control of land and the workers who were
bonded to that land was the key to making wealth.In other words, capitalism is the
system that allows rich people to invest their money in projects and make even more
money. It allows anybody who is rich enough to do this. The historian Eric Williams
argued that a huge amount of money was made by Europeans from their network of
colonies, and their plantations of sugar, cotton and tobacco. This wealth called capital,
had to be invested somewhere. It was used to pay for the industrialisation of Europe. So
the transatlantic slave trade and plantation
wealth
were the major causes of the growth of
capitalism
in Europe.
Austin Park
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History
4 February 2017
Theme 4: New World Crops
With the discovery of the New World, there was also the discovery of new crops.
One way these new crops were able to transfer to the Old World was through the
Columbian Exchange. The trading of crops from the Old World to the New World
increased the population for both areas. Also, New World crops such as the potato
heavily impacted many places in the Old World. One example of where it was so
important was in Ireland. It was very important in adding new nutrients to people’s diets
that they did not have before. In the 1840s, the cause of the Great Famine was because
there was a potato disease. These newly discovered crops sparked the conversion of
domestic slavery to chattel slavery. The demand for these new crops caused people to try
to produce a lot of them to trade them with the Old World.
Matthew Robbins
Tavernia
AP World History – Period 3
February 6, 2017
Economic - Joint-Stock Company
A joint-stock company is business entity in which shares in the company can be bought
and sold by shareholders. The earliest records of joint-stock companies were found in China
during the Song Dynasty in the post-Classical Era, but the modern concept of the joint-stock
company was seen in France around 1250. One of the more famous and powerful joint-stock
companies during the period of colonization was the English East India Company, a Royal
Charter granted by Elizabeth I in 1600 that effectively granted a 15-year monopoly on all trade in
the East Indies. Soon thereafter, in 1602, the Dutch launched their own joint-stock company, the
Dutch East India Company, which became the first “corporation” in intercontinental trade with
“locked in” capital and limited liability. The ability of joint-stock companies to spread the risk of
ventures among many investors also encouraged the English colonization of North America,
greatly contributing to their success.
Chey Sirota
Period 3
2/6/17
Packet: E
Theme 4: Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems
This time period saw the major expansion of over water trade systems. Trade
expanded to a point where it was the main source of income for some of the
prevailing empires and the elites of this time period.
After contact with the new world was established, a system was set up that
focused on the trade of crops, and other goods from the new world to the old world.
This soon became known as the Columbian exchange system that saw the facilitation
of trade, food, and goods that followed a triangular passage.
Coco Zheng
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History pd. 3
Packet E
Middle Passage
chained, women were not. Due to the filthy
conditions and malnutrition, diseases spread.
About 25 percent died.
People from all over Africa with different
languages and cultures managed to conspire
to overthrow the ship masters. Rebellions
were not uncommon onboard. They also
committed suicide or refused to eat to avoid
enslavement.
The Middle Passage was when Africans
were transported to the West Indies for slave
trade. The 6 to 8 week journey took place in
terrible, unclean conditions where there was
hardly room to turn around. Some went
insane in there.
Men and women were placed on
different ends of the ship. While men were