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EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE EARLY ATMOSPHERE • PRODUCED BY ERUPTING VOLCANOES • CONTAINED NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE • EARLY ORGANISMS RELEASED OXYGEN TODAY’S ATMOSPHERE • NITROGEN – 78% • OXYGEN – 21% • OTHER GASES – 1% • WATER VAPOR – UP TO 4% • DUST, POLLEN, AND SALT TROPOSPHERE • THE LOWEST LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE. • CONTAINS 99% OF THE ATMOSPHERES WATER VAPOR. • CONTAINS 75% OF THE ATMOSPHERES GASES. • EXTENDS UP TO 10 KILOMETERS ABOVE THE EARTH STRATOSPHERE • EXTENDS FROM 10 KM – 50 KM ABOVE THE EARTH. • CONTAINS THE GAS OZONE. MESOSPHERE • EXTENDS FROM 50 KM – 85 KM. • CONTAINS PART OF THE IONOSPHERE. THERMOSPHERE • EXTENDS BETWEEN 85 KM – 500 KM ABOVE THE EARTH. • THE THICKEST LAYER IN THE ATMOSPHERE. • HAS HIGH TEMPERATURES • ALSO CONTAINS PART OF THE IONOSPHERE EXOSPHERE • THE LAST LAYER. • WHERE THE SPACE SHUTTLE FLIES. • IT HAS FEW MOLECULES. • OUTER SPACE IS BEYOND THE EXOSPHERE. IONOSPHERE • A LAYER OF ELECTRICALLY CHARGED PARTICLES. • DURING THE DAY SUN ENERGY INTERACTS AND ABSORBS AM FREQUENCIES. • AT NIGHT, AM TRANSMISSIONS CAN TRAVEL GREAT DISTANCES. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE • GRAVITY PULLS GASES TOWARDS THE EARTH’S SURFACE. • THE AIR IS DENSER AS IT GETS CLOSER TO THE EARTH. • MORE FORCE OR PRESSURE IS FELT NEARER THE EARTH. TEMPERATURE • THE EARTH’S SURFACE WARMS UP THE TROPOSPHERE. • AS YOU CLIMB HIGHER IT GETS COOLER. • OZONE MOLECULES ABSORB THE SUN’S ENERGY AND RAISES THE STRATOSPHERE TEMPERATURE AS IT GOES HIGHER TEMPERATURE • THE TEMPERATURE GOES DOWN THROUGH THE MESOSPHERE. • THERMOSPHERE AND EXOSPHERE TEMPERATURES GO UP THE FARTHER YOU GO. OZONE LAYER • IN THE STRATOSPHERE. • MADE OF 3 OXYGEN ATOMS TOGETHER. • SHIELDS US FROM THE SUN’S HARMFUL RAYS (ULTRAVIOLET). CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (CFCs) • CHEMICALS USED IN REFRIGERATORS, AIR CONDITIONERS, FOAM PACKAGING, AND HAIR SPRAYS. • BLAMED FOR DESTROYING THE OZONE. EXOSPHERE THERMOSPHERE MESOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE ENERGY TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERE CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION CONDUCTION • THE TRANSFER OF ENERGY FROM ONE MOLECULE TO ANOTHER. • THE TRANSFER HAPPENS WHEN THE MOLECULES HIT AGAINST EACH OTHER • TAKES PLACE IN SOLID, LIQUIDS, AND GASES BUT WORKS BEST IN MATERIALS WITH SIMPLE MOLECULES LIKE METAL CONVECTION • THE MOVEMENT OF HEAT BY A LIQUID OR A GAS. • THE LIQUID OR GAS CARRY THE HEAT WITH IT AS IT MOVES. • THE MOVEMENT OF A MASS OF HEATED WATER OR AIR IS CALLED A CURRENT. RADIATION • THE TRANSFER OF HEAT BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. • WHEN WE FEEL THE HEAT FROM THE SUN OR AROUND LIGHT BULBS, IRONS, OR THE OVEN. THE WATER CYCLE • SUN ENERGY CAUSES THE EVAPORATION OF WATER WATER + HEAT FROM SUN = GAS IF THE WATER VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE COOLS IT CHANGES BACK TO A LIQUID WHICH IS CONDENSATION WATER VAPOR + COOL AIR = LIQUID HYDROSPHERE • ALL OF THE WATERS OF THE EARTH CONDENSATION WHEN WATER VAPOR IN THE ATMOSPHERE COOLS ENOUGH IT CHANGES BACK TO LIQUID. CLIMATES OF THE WORLD • THE CLIMATES OF AN AREA ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE ANNUAL AND MONTHLY AVERAGES OF TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION, WHICH IS AFFECTED BY THE WATER CYCLE. WIND • WHEN WARMER AIR EXPANDS IT LOWERS IN DENSITY. • COLDER AIR HAS A HIGHER PRESSURE AND MOVES INTO THE LOWER PRESSURE AREAS CREATING WIND. HEATED AIR • BECAUSE THE EARTH IS CURVED EVERY AREA DOES NOT RECEIVE THE SAME AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT. • THE AIR AT THE EQUATOR IS LESS DENSE AND IS DISPLACED BY COLDER AIR CREATING CONVECTION CURRENTS. CORIOLIS EFFECT • THE ROTATION OF EARTH CAUSES MOVING AIR AND WATER TO APPEAR TO TURN. • NORTH OF THE EQUATOR IT TURNS RIGHT. • SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR IT TURNS LEFT. SURFACE WINDS • • • • TRADE WINDS WESTERLIES POLAR EASTERLIES EQUALATORAL DOLDRUMS JET STREAM • STRONG WINDS NEAR THE TOP OF THE TROPOSPHERE. • MOVE STORMS ACROSS THE COUNTRY. • PILOTS USE THE JET STREAM TO SAVE TIME AND FUEL WHEN FLYING EAST. SEA BREEZE • CREATED DURING THE DAY WHEN SOLAR RADIATION WARMS THE LAND MORE THAN THE SEA. • THE COOLER AIR OVER THE SEA BLOWS TOWARD THE LAND. LAND BREEZE • AT NIGHT THE AIR OVER LAND COOLS FASTER THAN THAT OVER WATER. • MOVEMENT OF AIR TOWARD THE SEA FROM THE LAND. QUESTIONS?