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PHOTOSYNTHESIS SOURCE: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/Photosynthesis/Photosynthesi s/Photosynthesis.htm Water is split to produce oxygen gas The energy from the absorbed light is transferred to make ATP and an electron carrier NADPH; which is then used to make sugar Inorganic carbon is fixed into an organic molecule to make sugar and C-C bonds NET CHEMICAL REACTION: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Æ 6 O2 + C6H12O6 ____________________________________________________ The reaction occurs in the chloroplast in TWO parts: LIGHT REACTION CALVIN CYCLE (light independent or dark reaction) http://mrskingsbioweb.com/Photosynthesis.htm Structure of a Chloroplast SOURCE: http://www.ftexploring.com/photosyn/chloroplast.html Chloroplast http://www.rsc.org/education/teachers/learnnet/cfb/photosynthesis.htm http://www.rsc.org/education/teachers/learnnet/cfb/photosynthesis.htm http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html#Chlorophyll STRUCTURES IN A CHLOROPLAST Chloroplast Double membrane Thylakoid disks Grana (Granum) Stroma fluid pH Photosynthetic pigments Separate the reaction into steps STEP-1: Light-dependent reaction STEP-2: Calvin Cycle (Dark or Light-indep. reaction) SOURCE: http://www.ftexploring.com/photosyn/chloroplast.html http://www.ftexploring.com/photosyn/chloroplast.html Light-Reaction: Thylakoid membranes Chlorophyll Splits water Makes oxygen Accumulates: -ATP -NADPH Plant pigment are in the Thylakoid membrane and the energy triggers the light-dependent reactions Pigments absorb certain wavelengths of light Pigments are located on the thylakoid membrane Process: There is a Photosystem I and II that transfer electrons and eventually activate a pump Final products Intermediate products Pigments: SOURCE: http://dipin.kent.edu/chlorophyll.htm Chlorophyll Carotene SOURCE: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html#Chlorophyll Pigments: Chlorophyll -a vs -b http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html#Chlorophyll Pigments: Carotenoids: are a class of hydrocarbons (carotenes) and their oxygenated derivatives (xanthophylls). About 600 carotenoids have been isolated from natural sources beta-Carotene SOURCE: http://www.food-info.net/uk/caro/occ.htm SOURCE: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/Photosynthesis/Photosynthesi s/Photosynthesis.htm Light-Reaction: Thylakoid membrane Ether with acetone were used as solvents Pattern will vary with different solvents Source: http://www.hsu.edu/content.aspx?id=7261 SOURCE: http://www.modares.ac.ir/elearning/Dalimi/Proto/Lectures/week2/pigment .gif Chlorophyll absorbs some wavelengths and transmits others http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html#Chlorophyll Process: SOURCE: http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/conn.river/photosyn.html Light reaction “dark” reaction Calvin Cycle Light Reaction http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/metabolism/photosynthesis.swf ANIMATION REACTANTS H2O PRODUCTS + LIGHT Photosystem-II Æ Æ Æ O2 (gas) frees electrons that go to Photosystem-I Æ NADPH Æ to Calvin H+ - accumulation inside the thylakoid lumen drives ATP-synthase Æ ATP Æ to Calvin Calvin Cycle Builds up carbon chains In the stroma fluid (between grana (thylakoid dics and inner membrane) Products: glucose Uses-reactants: CO2 ATP – from light reaction NADPH – from light reaction Calvin Cycle –wow ! – it cycles SOURCE: https://www.msu.edu/~smithe44/calvin_cycle_process.htm Animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHU2 7qYJNU0&NR=1 GOOD OVERVIEW FIGURE: http://porpax.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/phts/c8.10x21.overvi ew.jpg Calvin Cycle – IN THE STROMA FLUID REACTANTS CO2 PRODUCTS + rubisco Calvin Cycle – C3 cycle Æ C6H12O6 NADPH returns as NADP+ and H+ Æ to light reaction Provide electrons and Energy ATP returns as ADP and P to light reaction released into the stroma: Æ H+ to stroma Æ ADP to light reaction Æ NADP+ to light reaction Summary: ANIMATION: http://www.compulink.co.uk/~argus/Drea mbio/photosynthesis/photosynthsis%20a nimation.htm PHOTOSYNTHESIS: summary SOURCE: http://www.universe-review.ca/I10-22a-photo.jpg
