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P.I.G.'s Participles, Infinitives, and Gerunds are all parts of speech called verbals. Remember: A regular verb is a word that expresses action (run, carried, declared) or state of being (is, are, seemed). 1 A verbal is a word that looks like a verb, but functions as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. There are three types of verbals: participles, infinitives, and gerunds. Definition for Modifier: A word, a phrase, or a clause that limits or describes another word or group of words. 2 Participle Definition: A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in ing or ed. A participle is based on a verb and therefore expresses action HOWEVER.... They function as ADJECTIVES and modify nouns or pronouns. Examples: The farmhands harvesting corn are tired. (Harvesting functions as an adj. by modifying farmhands.) The cribs full of harvested cobs are evidence of their hard work. (Harvested functions as an adjective by modifying cobs.) 3 Participles Continued... Participial Phrase: a group of words consisting of a participle and its modifiers Placement: In order to prevent confusion, a participial phrase must be placed as close to the noun it modifies as possible. If not, you could be creating a dangling modifier. Dangling modifier: modifiers that appear to modify the wrong word or a word that is not in the sentence. Example: • • Rolling around in the slop, Jane watched the pig. (Why is this a dangling modifier?) Jane watched the pig that was rolling around in the slop. * 4 Participles Continued... Punctuation: When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma should be placed after the phrase. • Arriving at the barn, I found that the pigs were gone. If the participle or participial phrase comes in the middle of a sentence, it should be set off with commas only if the information is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. They function as ADJECTIVES and modify nouns or pronouns. • The barn, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt. Note that if the participial phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no commas should be used: • The guy wearing the pig costume is my cousin. 5 Infinitives Definition: An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb and functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Examples: • To fly through the skies must be a thrill (noun). • The urge to fly in the sky is more common then you think (adj.). • If it were easy to fly, more pigs would do it (adv.) To infinitive and beyond! 6 Infinitives Continued... Be sure not to confuse an infinitive—consisting of to plus a verb— with a prepositional phrase, which consists of to plus a noun or pronoun. Examples: • • Infinitives: to fly, to draw, to become, to enter, etc. Prepositional Phrases: to him, to my house, to us, etc. The Pigs drove to the store. To improve their driving, the pigs practiced squealing their tires. 7 Infinitives Continued... Examples: Punctuation: If the infinitive is used as an adverb and is the beginning phrase in a sentence, it should be set off with a comma; otherwise, no punctuation is needed for an infinitive phrase. • To buy a basket of apples Piglet went to the store. Underline the infinitive and put in the comma. 8 Gerunds Definition: A gerund is a verbal that ends in ing and functions as a NOUN. Since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, and object of preposition. Gerund as subject: Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences. (The gerund has been removed.) Gerund as direct object: They do not appreciate my singing. They do not appreciate my assistance. (The gerund has been removed) Gerund as object of preposition: The police arrested him for speeding. The police arrested him for criminal activity. (The gerund has been removed.) 9 Gerunds Continued... Punctuation A gerund virtually never requires any punctuation with it. Examples: Flying is my favorite pastime. (Subject) I began flying at the age of six months. (Direct Object) Because of flying, I'm in good condition. (Object of preposition) 10 p I G 1. Surfing is fun. 2. Francisco enjoys swimming more than anything. 3. Valerie’s cooked chicken burned the tip of my tongue. 4. A house heated with solar energy is economical. 5. Jessie, crying in defeat, needs to learn that checkers is just a game. 6. No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look. 11 P.I.G. Worksheet Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl. 2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file. 8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April. 9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores. 10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read. 13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field. 14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G. Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain 2.I: to run after the bus 3.G: getting up in the morning 12 P.I.G. Worksheet Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl. 2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file. 8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April. 9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores. 10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read. 13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field. 14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G. Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain 2.I: to run after the bus 3.G: getting up in the morning 13 P.I.G. Worksheet Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl. 2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file. 8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April. 9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores. 10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read. 13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field. 14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G. Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain 2.I: to run after the bus 3.G: getting up in the morning 14 P.I.G. Worksheet Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl. 2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file. 8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April. 9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores. 10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read. 13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field. 14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G. Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain 2.I: to run after the bus 3.G: getting up in the morning 15 P.I.G. Worksheet Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl. 2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file. 8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April. 9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores. 10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read. 13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field. 14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G. Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain 2.I: to run after the bus 3.G: getting up in the morning 16 P.I.G. Worksheet Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl. 2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file. 8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April. 9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores. 10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read. 13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field. 14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G. Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain 2.I: to run after the bus 3.G: getting up in the morning 17