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P.I.G.'s
Participles, Infinitives, and Gerunds
are all parts of speech called verbals.
Remember: A regular verb is a word that expresses
action (run, carried, declared) or state of being (is,
are, seemed).
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A verbal is a word that looks like a verb, but
functions as a noun, an adjective, or an
adverb.
There are three types of verbals: participles, infinitives, and
gerunds.
Definition for Modifier:
A word, a phrase,
or a clause that
limits or describes
another word or
group of words.
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Participle
Definition: A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective
and most often ends in ­ing or ­ed.
A participle is based on
a verb and therefore
expresses action
HOWEVER....
They function as ADJECTIVES and modify
nouns or pronouns.
Examples:
The farmhands harvesting corn are tired.
(Harvesting functions as an adj. by modifying farmhands.) The cribs full of harvested cobs are evidence of
their hard work.
(Harvested functions as an adjective by modifying cobs.)
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Participles Continued...
Participial Phrase: a group of words consisting of a
participle and its modifiers
Placement: In order to prevent confusion, a participial
phrase must be placed as close to the noun it modifies as
possible. If not, you could be creating a dangling modifier.
Dangling modifier: modifiers that appear to modify the
wrong word or a word that is not in the sentence.
Example:
•
•
Rolling around in the slop, Jane watched the pig.
(Why is this a dangling modifier?)
Jane watched the pig that was rolling around in the slop. *
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Participles Continued...
Punctuation: When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a
comma should be placed after the phrase.
• Arriving at the barn, I found that the pigs were gone.
If the participle or participial phrase comes in the middle of a sentence, it
should be set off with commas only if the information is not essential to
the meaning of the sentence.
They function as ADJECTIVES and modify
nouns or pronouns.
•
The barn, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt.
Note that if the participial phrase is essential to the meaning of the
sentence, no commas should be used:
•
The guy wearing the pig costume is my cousin.
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Infinitives
Definition: An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to
plus a verb and functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Examples:
•
To fly through the skies must be a thrill (noun).
•
The urge to fly in the sky is more common then you
think (adj.).
•
If it were easy to fly, more pigs would do it (adv.)
To infinitive and beyond! 6
Infinitives Continued...
Be sure not to confuse an infinitive—consisting of to plus a verb—
with a prepositional phrase, which consists of to plus a noun or
pronoun.
Examples:
•
•
Infinitives: to fly, to draw, to become, to enter, etc.
Prepositional Phrases: to him, to my house, to us, etc.
The Pigs drove to the store.
To improve their driving, the pigs practiced
squealing their tires.
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Infinitives Continued...
Examples:
Punctuation: If the infinitive is used as an adverb and is the
beginning phrase in a sentence, it should be set off with a
comma; otherwise, no punctuation is needed for an infinitive
phrase.
•
To buy a basket of apples Piglet went to the
store.
Underline the infinitive and put in the comma. 8
Gerunds
Definition: A gerund is a verbal that ends in ­ing and functions as a
NOUN.
Since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some
positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for
example: subject, direct object, and object of preposition.
Gerund as subject:
Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences.
The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new
experiences. (The gerund has been removed.)
Gerund as direct object:
They do not appreciate my singing.
They do not appreciate my assistance. (The gerund has been
removed)
Gerund as object of preposition:
The police arrested him for speeding.
The police arrested him for criminal activity. (The gerund has been
removed.)
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Gerunds Continued...
Punctuation
A gerund virtually never requires any punctuation with it.
Examples:
Flying is my favorite pastime. (Subject)
I began flying at the age of six months.
(Direct Object)
Because of flying, I'm in good condition.
(Object of preposition)
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p
I
G
1. Surfing is fun. 2. Francisco enjoys swimming more than anything.
3. Valerie’s cooked chicken burned the tip of my tongue. 4. A house heated with solar energy is economical.
5. Jessie, crying in defeat, needs to learn that checkers is just a game.
6. No matter how fascinating the biology dissection is, Emanuel turns his head and refuses to look.
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P.I.G. Worksheet
Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl.
2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file.
8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April.
9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores.
10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read.
13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field.
14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G.
Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain
2.I: to run after the bus
3.G: getting up in the morning
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P.I.G. Worksheet
Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl.
2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file.
8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April.
9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores.
10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read.
13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field.
14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G.
Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain
2.I: to run after the bus
3.G: getting up in the morning
13
P.I.G. Worksheet
Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl.
2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file.
8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April.
9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores.
10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read.
13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field.
14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G.
Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain
2.I: to run after the bus
3.G: getting up in the morning
14
P.I.G. Worksheet
Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl.
2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file.
8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April.
9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores.
10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read.
13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field.
14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G.
Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain
2.I: to run after the bus
3.G: getting up in the morning
15
P.I.G. Worksheet
Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl.
2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file.
8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April.
9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores.
10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read.
13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field.
14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G.
Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain
2.I: to run after the bus
3.G: getting up in the morning
16
P.I.G. Worksheet
Directions: How many P.I.G.s can you find? In each sentence, locate the participles, gerunds, and infinitives by writing P (participle), I (infinitive), or G (gerund) on the line provided. After you label the sentence, underline the word(s) that make it a participle, infinitive, or gerund. Some sentences may have more than one verbal. 1. _____ Their singing caused the dogs to howl.
2. _____ Records, cracked and warped, were in the old trunk in the attic. 3. _____ I control my weight by walking a mile each day. 4. _____ She expected to finish the race, but not to win. 5. _____ To forgive does not always mean to forget. 6. _____ Uncle Eli’s specialty is barbecuing on the outdoor grill. 7. _____ The papers, aged and yellowed, are kept in the file.
8. _____ The best time to visit Florida is December through April.
9. _____ Studying usually pays off in higher scores.
10._____ For centuries the ruins remained there, still undiscovered. 11._____ Bill’s goal is to become a psychiatrist someday. 12._____ If you want information about computers, that is the magazine to read.
13._____ The charging bull thundered across the field.
14._____ Recently released, the movie has not yet come to our local theaters. 15._____ The caravan stopped at the oasis to rest. Create your own P.I.G.
Directions: Use each of the following phrases in a sentence of your own. Then, create two of your own sentences using participles, infinitives, or gerunds. Write your answers clearly on the back of this worksheet. You will have five (5) total sentences. 1.P: waiting for the bus in the rain
2.I: to run after the bus
3.G: getting up in the morning
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