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BIOL 256 SI, Molly Exam 3 Review 3/27/16 1.) Sketch a sarcomere below (this will be useful for later questions). Label each filament, zone, disc, and line. 2.) Sketch the relationship between calcium, troponin, and tropomyosin below. 3.) A motor neuron and all the myofibers it innervates is called a: a. Neuromuscular junction b. Motor end plate c. Motor unit d. Sarcomere 4.) As a review from last unit, what was the role of calcium in a neuron? Is it the same function in muscle contractions? If not, explain. In a neuron, calcium triggered the release of vesicles filled with neurotransmitters. In muscle contractions, calcium binds troponin and pulls tropomyosin off the myosin binding sites on the actin filament. 5.) In 4 steps, describe the role of ATP in a cross-bridge cycle. a. ATP is bound to myosin, releasing the myosin head from the actin filament b. Hydrolysis of ATP causes myosin head to cock back and bind actin c. Release of Pi causes a power stroke d. Release of ADP from the myosin head leaves myosin bound to actin 6.) Discuss with those around you if a muscle would contract in each of the following scenarios. If not, explain. a. ATP and calcium were available - Yes b. No ATP or calcium were available – No, myosin couldn’t bind to actin c. ATP was available but calcium wasn’t – No, myosin couldn’t bind to actin d. Calcium was available but ATP wasn’t – No, myosin head wouldn’t release from actin 7.) Describe the difference between isometric and isotonic contractions. Give an example of each. Isometric contractions – load doesn’t move/ muscle stays the same length Isotonic contractions – load moves/ muscle shortens 8.) Place the following ques in the correct boxes. They may be used more than once. red, white, fast, slow, oxidative, glycolytic, many mitochondria, few mitochondria, lots of myoglobin, little myoglobin, many blood vessels, few blood vessels, fatigue resistant, fatigue quickly Type I Red Slow Oxidative Lots of myoglobin Many mitochondria Many blood vessels Fatigue resistant Type IIa Red Fast Oxidative Lots of myoglobin Lots of mitochondria Many blood vessels Fatigue resistant/quickly Type IIb White Fast Glycolytic Few mitochondria Little myoglobin Few blood vessels Fatigue quickly 9.) Muscle fatigue occurs when the strength of a muscle contraction becomes weaker and weaker until it no longer responds to the stimulus. What factors contribute to muscle weakness? Decrease in oxygen, ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen, and release of Ach by motor neuron Increase in lactic acid 10.) In smooth muscles, how is muscle contraction similar and different than in skeletal muscles? Smooth muscles don’t have sarcomeres, but they still have actin and myosin that slide over each other. Also in smooth muscles, calcium ions bind calmodulin, not troponin like in skeletal muscles. 11.) Blood is: __55_ % plasma __45_ % formed elements __8_ % of body weight 12.) Fill in the missing terms or definitions. e. __Oxyhemoglobin__ - hemoglobin bound to oxygen f. Carboxyhemoglobin – carbon monoxide competes with oxygen at the heme, turning it cherry red, blocking ability of oxygen to bind_____ g. __Carbaminohemoglobin___ - CO2 bound to AA of the hemoglobin h. __Cyanohemoglobin_ - cyanide binds hemoglobin, turning heme blue i. Deoxyhemoglobin - ____hemoglobin after losing oxygen______ 13.) What happens when there’s too few/too many red blood cells? Too few = tissue hypoxia Too many = blood viscosity 14.) Anemia is blood with _abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity____. Describe the differences among: a. Polycythemia – increase in RBC – viscous blood and increased blood pressure b. Hemorrhagic anemia – result of acute or chronic loss of blood c. Hemolytic anemia – premature rupture of RBC – increases the rate of RBC destruction, inherited or acquired, due to fragile RBC or problems with Hb d. Aplastic anemia – destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow – rare, cause unknown, deficiency of RBC, WBC, and platelets 15.) Myelolasts develop into: eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils 16.) Monoblasts develop into: monocytes 17.) Lymphoblasts develop into: lymphocytes 18.) Hemostasis is the process your body goes through to stop bleeding. There are three phases involved. Name and describe them below: e. (Phase 1) Vascular spasms – immediate vasoconstriction in response to injury f. (Phase 2) Platelet plug formation – Damaged blood vessels secrete the Von Willebrand factor that allows platelets to adhere to the collagen and form a plug g. (Phase 3) Coagulation (blood clotting) – blood changes from liquid to gel which blocks the release of blood from the blood stream 19.) What’s the difference between a thrombus and an embolus? Thrombus is a clot that is stationary. Embolus is a thrombus or other objects that have broken away and entered the blood stream. 20.) Describe the path of electrical impulses through the heart. Drawing a diagram may be helpful! SA node (atria contract via atria contracting fibers) atria conducting fibers AV node bundle of His bundle splits into 2 pathways (right and left) and carry impulse to apex Purkinje fibers carry impulse from apex to ventricular walls and up (ventricles contract via ventricular contracting fibers) 21.) How does the “all-or-none” law apply to myocardial cells? In the case of myocardial cells, the “all-or-none” response applies to all the atria or ventricles contract at the same time, or none of them contract. 22.) Heart block is due to damage of the ___atrioventricular __ node. 23.) Normal heart sounds resemble a “lub-dub” noise. What are the sounds that are abnormal “lubdub” noises? Heart murmur 24.) Draw out an electrocardiogram output. Label each wave, complex, and interval. Below the output, describe what is happening at each position listed above. P wave = depolarization of SA node and atrial contraction QRS complex = ventricles depolarize and contract/ atria repolarize and relax, but this part on the graph is masked by the larger ventricles peak T wave = ventricles repolarize and relax/ chambers are filling P-Q interval = time impulse from SA node to atria to AV node S-T segment = ventricles depolarize to the beginning of repolarization 25.) T or F: The heart’s biggest danger is running out of fuel for energy to its cells. 26.) Fill in the blank: Reduced blood flow to cardiomyocytes usually occurs due to ___atherosclerosis___. This results in ______decrease of oxygen to the cells____, which in turn increases ____lactic acid___. The intracellular H+ and Ca2+ increase, which causes the __gap__ junctions to close, isolating the injured cardiomyocytes. As a result, the individual feels ___angina pectoris___. Eventually, those isolated cells __die_, causing ____fibrosis___, or weakening of the heart. If the weakening of the heart persists, the end result is ____myocardial infarction___. 27.) Distinguish among arrhythmias, fibrillation, and ectopic focus. Arrhythmias are uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions. Fibrillations are rapid, irregular contractions due to the SA node not regulating the heartbeat. Ectopic focus occurs when the SA node loses the control as pacemaker. Typically the AV node takes over and sets the rhythm. 28.) Average stroke volume is ____70___ mL/beat. Average cardiac output is ____5.2___ L/min. 29.) Do preload, contractility, and afterload increase or decrease stroke volume as each of them INCREASES? As preload increases, SV increases. As contractility increases, SV increases. As afterload increases, SV decreases. 30.) Positive chronotropic factors _______increase____ heart rate, while negative chronotropic factors ______decrease___ heart rate. 31.) Normal heart rate changes with age and with the type of exercise. How does endurance exercise effect resting heart rate? Endurance exercise lowers the resting heart rate through hypertrophy of the heart muscle. 32.) Describe angiogenesis. Angiogenesis is the creation of new blood vessels by either increasing the number of blood vessels or by enlarging the existing blood vessels. 33.) When body temperature increases, blood vessels near the skin will (vasodilate/vasoconstrict). 34.) An increase in peripheral resistance causes an increase in blood pressure. Place “increase” or “decrease” beside each of the factors that affect peripheral resistance when each of them INCREASES. a. Blood viscosity - increase b. Total blood vessel length - increase c. Blood vessel diameter – decrease 35.) List the chemicals that increase blood pressure. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), angiotensin II, endothelin, prostaglandin-derived growth factor 36.) List the chemicals that decrease blood pressure. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), nitric oxide (NO), histamine, prostacyclin, kinins, alcohol