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These words are often categorized as “irregular” Making Sense of ‘Irregular’ Words Sue Hegland Structured Language Tutor says gone they been said what does there move goes where of done their is 2 Let’s start with these: says been does Why are these considered irregular? What is actually driving their spelling? 4 The spelling of <says> The spelling of <says> say drive play drive + s --> drives play + s --> plays say + s --> says 5 Making Sense of “Irregular” Words, May 11, 2016 6 [email protected] The spelling of <been> Many “irregular” words are complex I will ______. past participle I have ______. take rise fall eat drive be take/ + en rise/ + en fall + en eat + en drive/ + en be + en taken risen fallen eaten driven been *bin? *ben? do go do + ing --> doing do + es --> does do + ne --> done ing es ne go + ing --> going go + es --> goes go + ne --> gone See Pete Bowers’ work for more on this 7 Why do we consider these words irregular? says does gone been done goes 8 Why do we consider these words irregular? Assumption: The purpose of the spelling system is to represent pronunciation directly speech --> text Assumption: The purpose of the spelling system is ____________________. 9 Why do we consider these words irregular? 10 Why do we consider these words irregular? Assumption: The purpose of the spelling system is to represent pronunciation directly Assumption: The purpose of the spelling system is to represent pronunciation directly speech --> text speech --> text What does the evidence show? We teach frequency of grapheme usage right away; we teach morphology later say + s do + es go + ne be + en do + ne go + es 11 Making Sense of “Irregular” Words, May 11, 2016 12 [email protected] <c> / k/ before a, o, u cat, cubic / s/ before e, i, y cent, circus, cycle / sh/ /ʃ/ <ea> /ē/ /iː/ heal, feat /ĕ/ /ɛ/ dealt, head / ā / /eɪ/ before e, i, (y?) special, ocean 3 common words: break, steak, great Why do we consider these words irregular? Assumption: The purpose of the spelling system is to represent pronunciation directly “...the simple fact is that the present orthography is not merely a letter-to-sound system riddled with imperfections, but, instead, a more complex and more regular relationship wherein phoneme and morpheme share leading roles.” speech --> text Source: Venezky, Richard L. “English Orthography: Its Graphical Structure and Its Relation to Sound” in Reading Research Quarterly, Vol 2, No. 3 (Spring 1967) pp. 75-105 15 Meaning Morphology Etymology Phonology Meaning Morphology Etymology Phonology source: realspelling.fr source: realspelling.fr 17 Making Sense of “Irregular” Words, May 11, 2016 18 [email protected] A better way to spell? Homophone Principle • hEr When two or more words in English are pronounced the same but mean different things, whenever possible they will be spelled differently. • here, hear Source: Venezky, Richard L. The American Way of Spelling, The Guilford Press, 1999 Homophone Principle or way aisle tax guest aloud praise tease tense I scream your analysis prey predator oar weigh I’ll tacks guessed allowed preys teas tents ice cream urinalysis pray A better way to spell? ore whey isle • hEr • here, hear • Homophones allow for rapid differentiation of meaning comprehension prays tees obey they hey survey obey obedient *obay • Spelling connects us to meaning through morphemes and graphemes The etymology of <said> lay pay lays pays laid paid <ay> say says <ai> said *sed *siad *sez Making Sense of “Irregular” Words, May 11, 2016 [email protected] The synchronic etymology of <there> hear heard herd here there where their possessive them object they subject When? Then. Where? There. Whence? Thence. “Buy one word, get lots more free” We can make sense of “irregular” words “easily confused words” Source: Gina Cooke When? Where? Whence? What? Then. There. Thence. That. Source: Gina Cooke Etymology drives grapheme choice hear here Clarification questions? prey move Making Sense of “Irregular” Words, May 11, 2016 [email protected] Mini Matrix-Maker Results ed Twin base from Latin <movere> ness com de e ile ity ion al pro re ed mote ive or o ion Mini Matrix-Maker Results or "move" aut ate able boat man mouth way ed s cycle ist im re move ed un "move" ing al er s ment go er ie s Multiple spellings for /oo/- /uː/ <oo> food <ew> flew <u> tuba ----<u-e> prelude <ou> you <ue> clue <ui> juice <eu> neutral s re + move --> remove re + mote --> remote ing ly <o> do, to, two Word sums (9) re + move + er +s move + ment + s im + move + able move + ie + s un + move + ed move + s move + ing + ly re + move + al + s move + ie + go + er + s We can make sense of “irregular” words “easily confused words” remote remove of IF we study them in relationship to words that share structure and meaning. That is how English spelling works! off Making Sense of “Irregular” Words, May 11, 2016 [email protected] of • Lexical (content) words: nouns, verbs, adjective, adverbs off • “dictionary” words • carry meaning in text • stressed in connected speech function word lexical (content) word • “open class” - new words added all the time • Function words: articles, conjunctions, pronouns, prepositions, auxiliary verbs • “grammar” words • often unstressed in connected speech • “closed class” - English has roughly 300 Conventions • Function words can be written with as few letters as phonology allows, often 2 letters: <as>, <in>, <on>, <go>, <by>, <I>, <a> • Content words must be at least 3 letters: <egg>, <odd>, <ebb>, <awe>, <err>, <dye> • When function and content words are homophones, content word will be longer when possible Source: realspelling.fr Function and content words of off function word content word to too in inn by bye be bee do due but butt buy dew Why do we consider these words irregular? “The gift that keeps on giving” • Assumption: primary purpose of spelling is to represent pronunciation directly - Gina Cooke, Linguist~Educator Exchange What about: • What does the evidence in our writing system show us? is, has No English function word contains a <z> 41 Making Sense of “Irregular” Words, May 11, 2016 [email protected] Written English What are the implications for instruction? • Is an ordered system that is logical and understandable • Start with the written form • Is morphophonemic - phonology essential, and is understood within morphological framework • Systematic, direct, explicit study and instruction • Study words with meaningful relationships - expands and deepens comprehension of words along with spelling • Start with meaning, morphology, etymology and THEN phonology 44 Meaning Morphology Etymology Phonology Webinars at ida-umb.org • Structured Word Inquiry - Pete Bowers, Word Works Kingston • Insights into ‘Sight Words’ - Gina Cooke, Linguist-Educator Exchange source: realspelling.fr 45 46 Resources Websites: realspelling.fr wordworkskingston.com linguisteducatorexchange.com etymonline.com Contact: Teacher blogs: Lyn Anderson’s Early Years Blog - Beyond the Word http://wordsinbogor.blogspot.com Scot Caldwell’s Grade 1 Blog (archived) https://smallhumansthinkbig.wordpress.com Mary Beth Steven’s Grade 5 Blog http://mbsteven.edublogs.org Dan Allen’s Grade 5 Blog (archived) http://blogs.zis.ch/dallen/category/languagespellingword-study/ Ann Whiting’s Grade 7 Blog https://wordinquiry.wordpress.com [email protected] More info on spelling: realspellers.org soundliteracy.com/blog/ - and see Sound Literacy on Facebook Questions? Books/Study Resources LEX Grapheme cards, linguisteducatorexchange.com LEX Word Matrices and InSight Word Cards, linguisteducatorexchange.com Morphology: Henry, Marcia, Unlocking Literacy: Effective Decoding and Spelling Instruction, Second Edition. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing, 2010. 47 Making Sense of “Irregular” Words, May 11, 2016 48 [email protected]