Download development - El Camino College

DEVELOPMENT
Development Indicators
Countries grouped as…
More Developed Countries – MDC
Less Developed Countries – LDC
Indicators of Development…
Economic
Social
Demographic
Gross Domestic Product
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)…
Total value of Goods & Services
produced in a Country
GDP/capita…
Divide GDP by total population
GDP Purchasing Parity
GDP PPP…
GDP Purchasing Power Parity…
• Equalizes cost of buying same Goods &
Services within different Countries
GDP PPP / capita…
Common statistic for income per person
Population Data Sheet
World Population Data Sheet…
Population Reference Bureau
• www.prb.org – for 2009
Source of most Country Data
PRB Data
Demographic…
Population
• Current & Projected
Birth & Death Rates, NIR
IMR, TFR
Life Expectancy, HIV/AIDS
Contraception
% Urban
PRB Data
Economic…
GNI PPP/capita
Poverty
Environmental…
CO2 emissions
/capita
Development Indicators
Economic indicators…
GDP per Capita
Types of Jobs
Raw materials
Consumer goods
Development Indicators
Social indicators…
Education
Literacy
Health and Welfare
Development Indicators
Demographic indicators…
Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality Rate
Natural Increase Rate
Crude Birth Rate
Human Development Index
4 Factors for HDI…
Economic – 1/3
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)/capita
Social (Education) – 1/3…
• Adult Literacy (2/3)
• School Enrollment (1/3)
Demographic – 1/3
• Life Expectancy
Index scale from 0 Æ 1.0
Human Development
HDI varies for regions…
Highest?
• MDC…
Lowest?
• LDC…
Human Development
HDI varies for Countries…
Highest?
Lowest?
HDI – Country Rank
Rank
Country
HDI
Rank
Country
HDI
1
Norway
0.971
44
Chile
0.878
2
Australia
0.970
49
Argentina
0.866
4
Canada
0.966
53
Mexico
0.854
6
Netherlands
0.964
71
Russia
0.817
8
France
0.961
75
Brazil
0.813
9
Switzerland
0.960
92
China
0.772
10
Japan
0.960
105
Philippines
0.751
13
U.S.A.
0.956
111
Indonesia
0.734
15
Spain
0.955
134
India
0.612
18
Italy
0.951
141
Pakistan
0.572
20
New Zealand
0.950
146
Bangladesh
0.543
21
United Kingdom 0.947
158
Nigeria
0.511
22
Germany
181
Afghanistan
0.352
0.947
GDP per Capita
Highest?
Lowest?
Worker Productivity
Manufacturing value added per worker
Highest?
Lowest?
Consumer Goods
Land-line Phones
Cell Phones
Adult Literacy
School Enrollment
Highest?
Lowest?
Health – Undernourished
Highest?
Lowest?
Health – Calories/Capita
Healthcare
Physicians
Healthcare $
Gender Development (GDI)
Gender Development Index
Highest?
Lowest?
Women & Education
Female vs. Male
Literacy
College Women
Gender Empowerment
Female vs. Male
Income
Women – % of
National Legislature
MDC vs. LDC Trends
Both improved, but Gap continues…
NIR – National Increase Rate (Pop. Growth)
IMR – Infant Mortality Rate
GDP/capita • Gap Increasing
GLOBALIZATION
Economic Globalization
Political Economy…
Interaction between…
• Economic & Political Systems
Comparative study of global economic
and political changes
Economic Globalization
Since 1960’s…
Capitalist
Multi-national
corporations
Free Trade…
• WTO
Consumerism
Economic Development
2 historical paths to Development…
Self-Sufficiency
Where?
• Former USSR…
• India 20 years ago
Problems?
• Inefficient Production
• Defective Products
No longer pursued
Global Trade
Where?
• East Asia
• Latin America
Problems?
• Uneven resources
• Market stagnation
• MDC Dependence
Rostow Development Model
1. Traditional Society
Agriculture dominant
2. Preconditions for Takeoff
Elite initiates innovations (investment/technology)
3. Takeoff
Rapid growth in a few industries (textiles, food)
4. Drive to Maturity
Broadens to other industries
5. Age of Mass Consumption
Shift from heavy industry to consumer goods
Foreign Trade
Products Manufactured in…
LDC where cheapest Labor
Shipped to MDC consumers
Financed by MDC…
Foreign investment
Core vs. Periphery
MDC…
Transnational
Corporation HDQ
Decision controls
Capital
Markets for
consumption
Profit gain
LDC…
Raw Materials
Cheap Labor
Industrial site
locations
Industrial pollution
Resource depletion
Profit drain
Core vs. Periphery
Core
Advancing
MDC…
• USA & Canada
• Europe
• Australia & NZ
• Japan &
East Asia
“Tigers”
Periphery
Falling behind
LDC…
• Africa
Semi-Periphery
Emerging ???
• Latin America
• South Asia ?
Fair Trade
Production & Trade…
Standards that
protect workers…
• Minimum Wage
• Union organizing
• Environmental safety