Composite list of countries
... According to the World Bank web-page the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI). These tables classify all World Bank member countries (184) and all other economies with populations of more than 30, 000. The following list reflects the 2005 GNI per capit ...
... According to the World Bank web-page the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI). These tables classify all World Bank member countries (184) and all other economies with populations of more than 30, 000. The following list reflects the 2005 GNI per capit ...
Composite list of countries
... According to the World Bank web-page the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI). These tables classify all World Bank member countries (184) and all other economies with populations of more than 30, 000. The following list reflects the 2005 GNI per capit ...
... According to the World Bank web-page the World Bank’s main criterion for classifying economies is gross national income (GNI). These tables classify all World Bank member countries (184) and all other economies with populations of more than 30, 000. The following list reflects the 2005 GNI per capit ...
0 (a) - CSUNEcon.com
... demand curve. The plan for the remainder of the class is to look closer at the economic forces underlying the supply and demand curves. The demand curve shows how much of a good a person or group of people will buy at any given price ceteris paribus (other things equal). What happens when “other thi ...
... demand curve. The plan for the remainder of the class is to look closer at the economic forces underlying the supply and demand curves. The demand curve shows how much of a good a person or group of people will buy at any given price ceteris paribus (other things equal). What happens when “other thi ...
PDF
... percentage of GDP, ϕat denotes volatility of gross aid. The aid variables are classified into short impact, long impact and humanitarian aid, and aid volatility variables are also classified into three in similar way. Then, cajt is vector of classified aid variables as percentage of GDP which includ ...
... percentage of GDP, ϕat denotes volatility of gross aid. The aid variables are classified into short impact, long impact and humanitarian aid, and aid volatility variables are also classified into three in similar way. Then, cajt is vector of classified aid variables as percentage of GDP which includ ...
Does School Education Reduce the Likelihood of Societal Conflict in
... been minimised by successive African governments since independence, see for instance, Arnim et al (2007) and Langer (2007), implying paradoxically, that con‡icts should have reduced on the continent. On the other hand, the aspirations school of thought, whose proponents are mainly recruited from th ...
... been minimised by successive African governments since independence, see for instance, Arnim et al (2007) and Langer (2007), implying paradoxically, that con‡icts should have reduced on the continent. On the other hand, the aspirations school of thought, whose proponents are mainly recruited from th ...
Indicators of Sustainability: Indicators in Various Scientific Disciplines
... and vague. This appendix reviews some of the important indicators in wide fields of scientific research and in four other broad fields: technology, society and politics, natural environment, economy. In addition, it examines the relation of these indicators to sustainable development. This raises th ...
... and vague. This appendix reviews some of the important indicators in wide fields of scientific research and in four other broad fields: technology, society and politics, natural environment, economy. In addition, it examines the relation of these indicators to sustainable development. This raises th ...
3-4
... The average of Jim’s two test scores must be at least 90 to make an A in the class. Jim got a 95 on his first test. What grades can Jim get on his second test to make an A in the class? Let x represent the test score needed. The average score is the sum of each score divided by 2. First test score ...
... The average of Jim’s two test scores must be at least 90 to make an A in the class. Jim got a 95 on his first test. What grades can Jim get on his second test to make an A in the class? Let x represent the test score needed. The average score is the sum of each score divided by 2. First test score ...
Resource productivity, competitiveness and environmental policies
... indicator of competitiveness. As observed by others, energy productivity and competitiveness are correlated suggesting that resource productivity can enhance competitiveness. However, we show that both competitiveness and energy productivity themselves are better explained by reference to income lev ...
... indicator of competitiveness. As observed by others, energy productivity and competitiveness are correlated suggesting that resource productivity can enhance competitiveness. However, we show that both competitiveness and energy productivity themselves are better explained by reference to income lev ...
Marginal Utility Theory of Household Behavior
... THE LAW OF DEMAND: A rise in the price of one commodity (with income and the prices of all other commodities constant) will lead to a decrease in the quantity of the commodity demanded by each household. <> No, it
depends upon the margin ...
... THE LAW OF DEMAND: A rise in the price of one commodity (with income and the prices of all other commodities constant) will lead to a decrease in the quantity of the commodity demanded by each household. <
1 New Theoretical Perspectives on the Distribution of Income and
... is an increase in the value of rents associated with intellectual property. But that forces the analysis back one step: how do we explain the increase in the magnitudes of rents and the value of these assets? And what is the relationship between the increase in the value of these assets and t ...
... is an increase in the value of rents associated with intellectual property. But that forces the analysis back one step: how do we explain the increase in the magnitudes of rents and the value of these assets? And what is the relationship between the increase in the value of these assets and t ...
Saving and the National Economy
... 6. There is a case for further adjustments to measures of saving to reflect use of exhaustible resources on the one hand, and accumulation of intangible capital on the other hand. 7. This point is illustrated further with specific examples. These show that, once consumption plans are shown in balanc ...
... 6. There is a case for further adjustments to measures of saving to reflect use of exhaustible resources on the one hand, and accumulation of intangible capital on the other hand. 7. This point is illustrated further with specific examples. These show that, once consumption plans are shown in balanc ...
PDF - Real
... Century. A concise statement of the essential elements of Piketty’s framework is presented, and the way in which DeLong’s ω, ρ, and λ parameters enter into this framework is examined. It is argued that by expanding DeLong’s concept of the wedge to include its effects on accumulation out of labor inc ...
... Century. A concise statement of the essential elements of Piketty’s framework is presented, and the way in which DeLong’s ω, ρ, and λ parameters enter into this framework is examined. It is argued that by expanding DeLong’s concept of the wedge to include its effects on accumulation out of labor inc ...
First Pages - Yale Economics
... same amount of knowledge in the last minute. If the last minute produces a greater marginal knowledge in chemistry than in history, you would raise your total knowledge by shifting additional minutes from history to chemistry, and so on, until the last minute yields the same incremental knowledge in ...
... same amount of knowledge in the last minute. If the last minute produces a greater marginal knowledge in chemistry than in history, you would raise your total knowledge by shifting additional minutes from history to chemistry, and so on, until the last minute yields the same incremental knowledge in ...
Professorial Inaugural - Universiti Tun Abdul Razak
... of modern school of economics and the progenitor of modern economic theories. However history also tells us there is enough evidence attesting to the fact that Ibn Khaldun’s magnum opus, The Muqaddimah, written four centuries earlier in 1377, had first promulgated the economic theories propounded by ...
... of modern school of economics and the progenitor of modern economic theories. However history also tells us there is enough evidence attesting to the fact that Ibn Khaldun’s magnum opus, The Muqaddimah, written four centuries earlier in 1377, had first promulgated the economic theories propounded by ...
Measuring Subjective Wellbeing: A Summary
... been elaborated to complement GDP. However, the quality and availability of this data makes inter-country comparisons difficult (Sumner 2006; McGillivray 2007). A second approach is to adjust GDP by monetizing different aspects that are not counted in the GDP measurement, for example, social and env ...
... been elaborated to complement GDP. However, the quality and availability of this data makes inter-country comparisons difficult (Sumner 2006; McGillivray 2007). A second approach is to adjust GDP by monetizing different aspects that are not counted in the GDP measurement, for example, social and env ...
15.5 Healthcare
... At the same time, divorces create two households instead of one, lowering income per household for divorced couples; thus, they move into lower income quintiles, also creating greater apparent income inequality. ...
... At the same time, divorces create two households instead of one, lowering income per household for divorced couples; thus, they move into lower income quintiles, also creating greater apparent income inequality. ...
Growth modeling: a comparative analysis of main frameworks with
... habits of saving and consumption in different stages of their life (Bloom et al. 2008:17). For example, it makes a lot of sense that there exists little if any income in years up to adolescence, after which people get jobs which allow for a steady income and savings. This also means higher investme ...
... habits of saving and consumption in different stages of their life (Bloom et al. 2008:17). For example, it makes a lot of sense that there exists little if any income in years up to adolescence, after which people get jobs which allow for a steady income and savings. This also means higher investme ...
Natural resource accounting - Lincoln University Research Archive
... (SNA) that is used by most countries including New Zealand. A concise description of the SNA (Chapter 2) is followed by a discussion of its shortcomings (Chapter 3). It is the shortcomings of SNA that have spawned the various attempts at resource and environmental accounting. In the next three chapt ...
... (SNA) that is used by most countries including New Zealand. A concise description of the SNA (Chapter 2) is followed by a discussion of its shortcomings (Chapter 3). It is the shortcomings of SNA that have spawned the various attempts at resource and environmental accounting. In the next three chapt ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: International Economic Transactions: Issues in Measurement
... lower on average than the PPP-converted figures, and one-third lower in the case of the smallest difference (Kravis 1984, p. 33). The fact that objections are still raised to the Geary-Khamis formula leads us to report the difference that it would make if the chief alternative aggregation formula, t ...
... lower on average than the PPP-converted figures, and one-third lower in the case of the smallest difference (Kravis 1984, p. 33). The fact that objections are still raised to the Geary-Khamis formula leads us to report the difference that it would make if the chief alternative aggregation formula, t ...
Multidimensional Measures of Well-Being: Standard of Living and
... GDP per capita is the most commonly used indicator to compare wealth among countries 2 and is a measure of well-being and development exclusively based on material wealth. However, insufficient income is merely one dimension of under-development, so development cannot be understood by only taking into ...
... GDP per capita is the most commonly used indicator to compare wealth among countries 2 and is a measure of well-being and development exclusively based on material wealth. However, insufficient income is merely one dimension of under-development, so development cannot be understood by only taking into ...
PDF
... preferences for environmental attributes. Demand driven voluntary abatement that is altruistically motivated implies that: • Traditional regulatory policies will be less effective due to the contraction of the voluntary market in response to mandated abatement. • Naïve regulatory policies that do no ...
... preferences for environmental attributes. Demand driven voluntary abatement that is altruistically motivated implies that: • Traditional regulatory policies will be less effective due to the contraction of the voluntary market in response to mandated abatement. • Naïve regulatory policies that do no ...
The Cost of Failing States - General Guide To Personal and
... relinquishes its responsibility to protect, whether by lack of will or lack of capacity. 1 ‘Responsibilty to protect’ is defined as protection of citizens from large-scale violent conflict that the government is either unwilling to prevent or incapable of preventing, but which international interven ...
... relinquishes its responsibility to protect, whether by lack of will or lack of capacity. 1 ‘Responsibilty to protect’ is defined as protection of citizens from large-scale violent conflict that the government is either unwilling to prevent or incapable of preventing, but which international interven ...
Technology, Trade, and Wage Inequality in Mexico before and after
... This paper analyzes the role of technological change and trade liberalization in Mexico’s wage inequality between 1988 and 2000. For several reasons, the Mexican case seems appropriate to shed light on the debate of trade versus technology as possible sources of wage inequality. First, Mexico unilat ...
... This paper analyzes the role of technological change and trade liberalization in Mexico’s wage inequality between 1988 and 2000. For several reasons, the Mexican case seems appropriate to shed light on the debate of trade versus technology as possible sources of wage inequality. First, Mexico unilat ...
Kuznets curve
In economics, a Kuznets curve graphs the hypothesis that as an economy develops, market forces first increase and then decrease economic inequality. The hypothesis was first advanced by economist Simon Kuznets in the 1950s and '60s.One explanation of such a progression suggests that early in development investment opportunities for those who have money multiply, while an influx of cheap rural labor to the cities holds down wages. Whereas in mature economies, human capital accrual, or an estimate of cost that has been incurred but not yet paid, takes the place of physical capital accrual as the main source of growth; and inequality slows growth by lowering education levels because poorer, disadvantaged people lack finance for their education in imperfect credit-markets.The Kuznets curve implies that as a nation undergoes industrialization – and especially the mechanization of agriculture – the center of the nation’s economy will shift to the cities. As internal migration by farmers looking for better-paying jobs in urban hubs causes a significant rural-urban inequality gap (the owners of firms would be profiting, while laborers from those industries would see their incomes rise at a much slower rate and agricultural workers would possibly see their incomes decrease), rural populations decrease as urban populations increase. Inequality is then expected to decrease when a certain level of average income is reached and the processes of industrialization – democratization and the rise of the welfare state – allow for the trickle-down of the benefits from rapid growth, and increase the per-capita income. Kuznets believed that inequality would follow an inverted “U” shape as it rises and then falls again with the increase of income per-capita.Kuznets curve diagrams show an inverted U curve, although variables along the axes are often mixed and matched, with inequality or the Gini coefficient on the Y axis and economic development, time or per-capita incomes on the X axis.Since 1991 the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) has become a standard feature in the technical literature of environmental policy, though its application there has been strongly contested.