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GLOSSARY - General Terms used in Telecom Industry www.purgefraud.com A A Number: It is a Phone Number Originating a Call or Message. It is Identity of Source. Also known as Calling Party or Point of Origin. AIR: (acronym for Account Information and Refill) It is Balance Inquiry and Top-Up Solution which works as Voucher Management System (VOMS) as well as online charging platform. ANI: (acronym for Automatic Number Identification) It is a feature of a Telecom Networks which automatically determines the origination telephone number for billing purposes. It also provides the receiver of a telephone call with the number of the calling phone. API: (acronym for Application Program Interfaces) It is a collection of protocols, routines, and tools for developing software applications. An API expresses a software component in regards to its inputs, outputs, operations, and underlying types. ARPU: (acronym for Average Revenue Per User) It is a scale used mainly by Consumer Communications and Networking Companies. It can be defined as the total Revenue generated divided by the number of subscribers. It is a measure of the revenue generated by one customer phone per unit time. In telecommunication, ARPU includes not only the amount billed to the customer each month for usage, but also the revenue generated from incoming calls, payable within the regulatory interconnection system. ASN.1: (acronym for Abstract Syntax Notation 1) It is an ISO standard and notation that defines rules and structures for representing, transmitting, encoding, and decoding of data in Telecommunication. The Rules enable representation of entities that are free of machine-specific encoding techniques. 2 Azimuth: Azimuth is the angle between the north vector and the perpendicular projection of the star down onto the horizon. Azimuth is typically measured in degrees (°). Concept of Azimuth is used in astronomy, engineering, navigation, mapping, mining and artillery. B B Number: It is Phone Number Receiving the Call or Message. It is Identity of Destination. Also known as Called Party or Endpoint. BS: (acronym for Base Station) A Base Station is a radio transceiver, including an antenna, used in a mobile telecommunications network. The base station maintains communication between the network and Subscribers through a radio link. BSC: (acronym for Base Station Controller) It is an equipment which controls and supervises a number of Base Transceiver Stations (BTS). The BSC allocates radio resources to a mobile call and do the handovers that are made between base stations under its control. BSS: (acronym for Base Station Sub-System) BSS is an equipment which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. The BSS carries out allocation of radio channels to mobile phones, transcoding of speech channels, paging, transmission and reception over the air interface as well as many other tasks related to Radio Network. BSS: (acronym for Business Support Systems) These are the components that a Telecom Service Provider uses to run the Business Operations towards customers. Along with Operations Support Systems (OSS), they are used to maintain several end-to-end telecommunication services. BTS: (acronym for Base Transceiver Station) It is a piece of equipment that facilitates wireless communication between 3 user equipment like Mobile phones and a Wireless Network. Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless communication standards, it is generally associated with mobile communication technologies. Bypass: Bypass is the tendency of Telecom users or Businesses to circumvent the telephone company's local public switched services. Bypass can also be an alternate circuit that is routed around an equipment or System Module. C CAMEL: (acronym for Customized Applications for Mobile-network Enhanced Logic) It is a set of standards Implemented on either a GSM or Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network. The CAMEL architecture is based on the Intelligent Network (IN) standards, and uses the CAMEL Application Part (CAP) protocol. CAP: (acronym for CAMEL Application Part) It is a signaling protocol incorporated in the Intelligent Network (IN) architecture. CAP is a Remote Operations Service Element (ROSE) user protocol. CAP allows for the execution of carrier-grade, value added services like unified messaging, prepaid, and fraud control in both GSM voice and GPRS data networks. CDMA: (acronym for Code Division Multiple Access) It is a channel access method used by several radio communication technologies. CDMA is an example of multiple access, where many transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows multiple users to share a band of frequencies. CDR: (acronym for Call Detail Record) It is a record produced by a telephone exchange or other telecommunications equipment that documents the details of a telephone call or other communications transaction (e.g., text message) that passes through that 4 facility or device. CDR Analysis (Analytics): These are techniques used to Analyze CDRs, finding different patterns to identify and locate fraudsters in Telecom Industry. Once identified preventive measures are taken to stop revenue loss and apprehend Fraudsters. CLI: (acronym for Calling Line Identification) It is a telephone service, that communicates a caller's number to the called party's telephone set during the ringing signal, or when the call is being set up but before it is answered. CNI: (acronym for Calling Number Identification) A telephone service that provides for subscribers the name and telephone number of a caller, which appear on a display as the call is being received. CRM: (acronym for Customer Relationship Management) It is an approach to managing a company's relations with current and future customers. It often involves using technology to automate, organize, and synchronize areas like sales, marketing, customer service, and technical support. CSM: (acronym for Communications Services Management) It is a set of Solutions which provide effective communications, optimization, checking and management service across multi-vendor unified Communications Environments. CIMD: (acronym for Computer Interface to Message Distribution) It is a proprietary short message service centre protocol developed by Nokia for their SMSC (now: Nokia Networks). CAMS: (acronym for CDR Analysis and Management System) CAMS is a syndicated Passive Methodology for extensive CDR Analysis and Management System. 5 D DID: (acronym for Direct Inward Dialing) It is a service offered by phone companies that provides a block of telephone numbers for calling into an Organization's Private Branch Exchange (PBX) system via Providers own standard outside number. DTMF: (acronym for Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) It is an In-band telecommunication signaling system incorporating the voicefrequency band over telephone lines and between telephone equipment and other communications devices and switching centers. Actually DTMF is the generic term for Touch-Tone. Technically speaking a touch-tone® phone is technically a DTMF generator that produces DTMF tones as one press the buttons. E EDGE: (acronym for Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution) EDGE is a digital mobile phone technology that offers enhanced data transmission rates as a backward-compatible extension of GSM. EDGE is considered a pre-3G radio technology. It was deployed on GSM networks starting in 2003. F FAS: (acronym for False Answer Supervision) False Answer Supervision refers to the scenario where the answer signal of a call is altered to charge for non-conversational time. Generally the fraudster will route the call to a recorded message that plays a ringing tone and then a recording. This is done to keep the calling customer on the line and paying for the call as long as possible. 6 Fraudulent Number: A Number which B-Party receives on its Phone instead of the original calling party is the Fraudulent Number. Fraudsters usually land International Calls on their Equipment and re-originate them from Local Fraudulent Numbers in order to escape Interconnect Charges. G GIS: (acronym for Geographic Information System) It is a system used across the Globe to find location of a specific entity. It is also used to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data. GSM: (acronym for Global System for Mobile Communications) It is a standard established by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to define protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. 2G networks were generated as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, and the GSM standard is commonly described as a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. GPRS: (acronym for General Packet Radio Service) It is a Packet Oriented mobile data service developed on Second and Third Generation Cellular Communication System's Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). GPRS was initially standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). It is now conserved by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). GGSN: (acronym for Gateway GPRS Support Node) The GGSN is a main component of the GPRS network. The GGSN is responsible for the interworking between the GPRS network and external packet switched networks, like the Internet and X.25 networks. 7 H HLR: (acronym for Home Location Register) It is a central database that comprises information of each mobile phone subscriber that is allowed to use the GSM core network. There may be several logical, and physical, HLRs per public land mobile network (PLMN). HSPA: (acronym for High Speed Packet Access) It is an incorporation of two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). This merger enhances and improves the performance of existing 3G mobile telecommunication networks incorporating the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) Protocols. I IMEI: (acronym for International Mobile Station Equipment Identity) It is a number, typically distinct, used to identify 3GPP as well as some satellite phones. It is mostly found printed inside the battery compartment of the phone, but can also be displayed on-screen on most phones IMSI: (acronym for International Mobile Subscriber Identity) It is a number used to identify the user of a cellular network and its unique identification associated with all cellular networks. It is maintained as a 64 bit field and is sent by the phone to the network. 8 IN: (acronym for Intelligent Network) Intelligent Network (IN) is a telephone network architecture developed by Bell Communications Research (Bellcore) which contains service logic for a call located separately from the switching facilities, permitting services to be added or changed without the need of redesigning switching equipment. International Gateway: An International Gateway is a telephone number using which calls are routed to get cheaper rates on International calls. It may also be used to make calls through voice over IP (VOIP) networks internationally. IPDR: (acronym for Internet Protocol Detail Record) In Telecom, an IP Detail Record (IPDR) provides data about Internet Protocol (IP)-based service usage as well as other activities that can be used by Operational Support Systems (OSS) and Business Support Systems (BSS). IPv4: (acronym for Internet Protocol version 4) IPv4 is the fourth version in enhancement of the Internet Protocol (IP) Internet. It routes most of the traffic on Internet now-a-days. IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched networks. It works on a best effort delivery model hence it cannot guarantee delivery or assurance of proper sequencing or avoidance of duplicate delivery. IPv6: (acronym for Internet Protocol version 6) IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol (IP). This protocol provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was established by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the issue of IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4. IRSF: (acronym for International Revenue Share Fraud) International Revenue Share Fraud is caused by the artificial inflation of traffic or traffic pumping to the premium rate numbers in the world. 9 L Latitude: In geography, latitude (φ) is a coordinate which specifies the north-south position of a point on the Earth's surface. Latitude is an angle which starts from 0° at the Equator and ends at 90° (North or South) at the poles. Latitude along Longitude is used to specify the accurate location of objects on the surface of the Earth. LMSI: (acronym for Local Mobile Station Identity) The Local Mobile Station Identity (LMSI) is a short-term ID that can be allotted to a mobile station that visits another network than its home network. This auxiliary LMSI may be assigned in the case where the roaming telephone number is assigned on a call-by-call basis. In these cases a LMSI can be used to enhance the search for subscriber data in visitors location register (VLR). Longitude: In geography, longitude (λ) is a coordinate which specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface. It is an angular measurement, typically expressed in degrees. A point with the same longitude exists in lines running from the North to South Pole. LTE: (acronym for Long Term Evolution) Frequently marketed as 4G LTE, is a standard for wireless communication of high-speed data on mobile phones. It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies. M MMS: (acronym for Multimedia Messaging Service) It is a typical way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from mobile phones. It also enhances the core SMS ability to allow exchange of text messages greater than 160 characters in length. 10 Mobile: It is a phone that can generate and accept telephone calls over a radio link with subscriber on the move in a widespread geographic area. It accomplishes this by connecting to a cellular network delivered by a mobile phone operator, permitting contact with the public telephone network. MOC: (acronym for Mobile Originating Call) It’s a Call Originating from a Mobile Phone. MOC starts when A-Number sends service request to core network. MOU: (acronym for Minutes of Use) It is a measurement (typically in minutes) that displays how long each user (in average) consumed a product or service in a unit Time generally a Month. Making simple it’s a Minutes per Month Scale. MPLS: (acronym for Multiprotocol Label Switching) It is a mechanism in high-performance Telecom Networks which directs data from one network node to the next; depending on short path labels rather than long network addresses, avoiding complex lookups in a routing table. MS: (acronym for Mobile Station) An MS comprises all the equipment and software necessary for communication with a mobile network. The term generally refers to a mobile phone connected to a Mobile Network. MSC: (acronym for Mobile Switching Center) It is generally a telephone exchange that makes connection between mobile users within a network, between mobile users and Public Switched Telephone Network as well as between mobile users to other mobile networks. MSISDN: (acronym for Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Number) It is a number used to internationally identify a Mobile Phone Number. MSISDN comprises Country Code, National Destination Code and Subscriber Number. MSRN: (acronym for Mobile Station Roaming Number) It is a temporary telephone number assigned to a mobile which roams into another numbering area (likewise another country). This number is needed by the home network to forward incoming calls for the specific mobile to the 11 network it visits. It is kept in the Home Location Register (HLR). MTC: (acronym for Mobile Terminating Call) In general terminology, MTC occurs when the called number receives the call. A Mobile Terminating Call starts when core network receives B Number and start analysis for paging. MVNO: (acronym for Mobile Virtual Network Operator) MVNO is a company that offers mobile phone services but does not have its own licensed frequency allocation of radio spectrum. It also does not have all or some of the infrastructure required to provide mobile telephone service. An MVNO makes agreements with a mobile network operator to obtain access to network services at wholesale rates. It then sets its own retail prices independently. N NOC: (acronym for Network Operations Center) It is a place where Network Administrators supervise, monitor and maintain a Telecommunications Network. Mostly it is a room containing Screens with visualizations of networks being monitored and workstations at which the detailed status of the network can be seen. These workstations also contain necessary software to manage the networks. NSS: (acronym for Network Switching Sub-system) In Telecom a NSS facilitates Mobiles to communicate with other Mobiles or Fixed Phones by performing the switching of calls. Numbering Plan: In Telecom a Numbering Plan is a numbering scheme which generates and assigns unique Telephone Numbers to Subscribers’ Telephones. 12 O Off Network: Any communication being sent to or received from a network other than the home network is termed as Off Network. On Network: Any communication being sent to or received from the home network is termed as On Network. OSI: (acronym for Open System Interconnection) It is an ISO model for Communication Systems. It is layered model and is a conceptualized view of how one system should communicate with the other, incorporating several protocols defined for each layer. OSS: (acronym for Operation Support Subsystem) It is a sub system of the GSM network which works as the central control when a connection is established. Major Roles of OSS are Fault Management, Configuration Management, Performance Management and Inventory Management. P PABX: (acronym for Private Automatic Branch Exchange) It is an automatic telephone switching system serving a Private Enterprise or Business and provides intercommunication between large numbers of telephone stations in that Enterprise. PIN: (acronym for Personal Identification Number) A PIN is a number used to access a secured system and ensure confidentially. A Mobile Phone may also be PIN Protected and is saved in the SIM Card. PLMN: (acronym for Public Land Mobile Network) 13 Any wireless communications system used by terrestrial subscribers in vehicles or on foot is PLMN. Such a system can be stand alone, but often it is interconnected with a fixed system. The most familiar example of a PLMN end user is a person with a cell phone. PoC: (acronym for Point of Contact) In general PoC is a person or a department working as the coordinator or central point of information regarding an activity or program. Premium Rate Number: (acronym for Premium Rate Number) These are Numbers which when called provide Specific Service and hence charge higher than normal calls. Pre-defined part of the charged amount is paid to Service Provider enabling the Business to be financed by Calls. PRS: (acronym for Premium Rate Service) Service Provided by Premium Numbers is known as Premium Rate Service in many parts of the world. PSTN: (acronym for Public Switched Telephone Network) It is a Network of communication systems which allow public users to interconnect their communication devices. It is International collection of interrelated voice-oriented public telephone networks which may be commercial or government-owned. PDSN/FA: (acronym for Packet Data Serving Node) It is a component of a CDMA2000 mobile network. It acts as the connection point between the radio access and IP networks. This component is responsible for managing PPP sessions between the mobile provider's core IP network and the mobile station (mobile phone). R Report: It is an account given of a specific matter, mostly in the form of an official document, after thorough investigation or consideration by an appointed person or body. 14 RF: (acronym for Radio Frequency) It is a frequency at which radio waves can be transmitted. It ranges from extremely low frequency (below 3000 hertz) to extremely high frequency (up to 300 gigahertz). RFT: (acronym for Radio Frequency Transceiver) A transceiver is a unit which contains both a receiver and a transmitter. The RF Transceiver uses RF modules for high speed data transmission. ROSE: (acronym for Remote Operations Service Element) It is a service interface which provides remote operation capabilities, allows communication between units in a distributed application, and after receiving a remote operations service request, allows the receiving party to complete the requested operation and report the result to requesting party. RNC: (acronym for Radio Network Controller) RNC is a governing element in the UMTS radio access network (UTRAN) and is responsible for controlling the Node Bs that are connected to it. S SIM: (acronym for Subscriber Identity Module) It is a component, typically in the form of a miniature smart-card. Theoretically it is tamper-proof and is used to associate a mobile subscriber with a mobile network. SIM Box: (acronym for Subscriber Identity Module Box) It is device used as part of a VoIP gateway installation. It contains a number of SIM cards, which are linked to the gateway, but managed and stored separately from it. A SIM box can have SIM cards of several mobile operators installed in it, hence permitting it to operate with several GSM Gateways situated in different Geographical Locations. SIP: (acronym for Session Initiation Protocol) It is a communications protocol used for signaling, initiating and controlling an interactive user session which may contain multimedia elements such as 15 video, voice and gaming etc. all over Internet Protocol (IP) networks. SMSMO: (acronym for Mobile Originating Short Messaging Service) It’s a Message Originating from a Mobile Phone. SMO starts from A-Number sending service request to core network. SMSMT: (acronym for Mobile Terminating Short Messaging Service) It’s a Message received at a Mobile Phone. A Terminating Short Messaging Service starts when core network receives B-Number and start analysis for paging. SS7: (acronym for Signaling System No. 7) It is a set of telephony signaling protocols incorporated to set up down most of the Telephone Calls, made by world's Public Telephone Networks (PSTN). It also performs different tasks Number Translation, Prepaid Billing, local number portability, short service (SMS), and other mass market services. and tear Switched including message SMPP: (acronym for Short Message Peer to Peer) It is a protocol used by the telecommunications industry for exchanging SMS messages between Short Message Service Centers (SMSC) and / or External Short Messaging Entities (ESME). The protocol is a level-7 TCP/IP protocol, which allows fast delivery of SMS messages. T TCG: (acronym for Test Call Generation) It is a Revenue Assurance solution which replicates events on Telecom Networks. This is done in order to detect fraud and to identify potential Revenue Leakage. This helps achieve regulatory compliance. Telecom Network Fraud: A telecommunications fraud involves the misuse of airtime or other Services by fraudsters with the intention of avoiding payment. This Type of Fraud causes loses in Billions of Dollars to both Operators and Subscribers. 16 TMSI: (acronym for Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) It is a short-term Identification Number used in the GSM network in place of IMSI to ensure privacy of mobile subscriber. It is mostly used between mobile and network and is randomly allocated to every mobile the moment it is switched on. TMSI forbids finding identity of a mobile subscriber by interception of traffic on radio link. Trunking Interconnect Analysis: Trunk Interconnect Analysis refers to analysis of Call Records in comparison with Trunks, in order to find if the International Calls are being routed through the assigned Trunks or whether fraudsters are using Local Trunks to route International Calls in order to bypass Interconnect Charges. U UMTS: (acronym for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) It is a 3G networking standard used in most parts of the world as an upgrade to existing GSM mobile networks which also include GPRS, and EDGE. UMTS makes use of Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). Base level UMTS networks are mostly proficient enough to offer downlink speeds as much as 384kbps. USF: (acronym for Universal Service Fund) It is the principle that all Americans should have access to communications services. It is also name of a fund and the category of FCC programs and policies to ascertain both telecommunications and advanced services like highspeed Internet for all customers at reasonable, just and affordable rates. V VoIP: (acronym for Voice over Internet Protocol) It is a technology that allows subscribers to make voice based calls using a broadband Internet connection replacing an analog phone line. Besides 17 voice, VoIP is also used for multimedia communication over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, including Internet. VLR: (acronym for Visitor Location Register) It is a database maintained by a mobile communications network associated to a Mobile Switching Centre (MSC). The VLR contains the location of all mobile subscribers currently present in the service area of the MSC more importantly those who have roamed into the jurisdiction of this MSC. W WCDMA: (acronym for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) It is a standard derived from Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA). It is a third-generation (3G) mobile wireless technology that not only supports conventional cellular voice, text and MMS services but also promises much higher data speeds to mobile and portable wireless devices allowing mobile operators to deliver higher bandwidth applications including streaming and broadband Internet access. 18 Contact Details Dubai, UAE #402, Alfa Building, Knowledge Village P.O. Box: 500759 Dubai, UAE Tel: +971 4375 1313 Fax: +971 4420 5416 Islamabad, Pakistan #104, 1st Floor, Green Trust Tower, Blue Area Islamabad, Postal Code: 44000-Pakistan Tel: +92 51 281 3081-86 Fax: +92 51 281 3085 Chandler – North America 295 North Rural Rd., Suite 263, Chandler, AZ 85226, USA Tel: +1 480 292 7150 Fax: +1 480 452 1998 19