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Marine Animals
Chapter 5
Nutrition in Animals
Minerals
Water
Sugars & starches
Fats
Proteins
Vitamins
Nutrition: process by which organisms use food to
perform life acti
activities.
ities
Metabolism: process by which animals break down and
utilize nutrients.
Carbohydrates:
C H,
H &O
• Contain C,
• Source of “quick” energy
• Simple
p sugar
g is known as Glucose
• When glucose is not being used in the body, it is
stored as starch .
• Starches can be changed back to glucose when the
organism needs energy.
Lipids:
• High-energy nutrients known as Fats and oils
• A molecule of fat contains more energy than does a
molecule of carbohydrates
• There are many more carbon-hydrogen
carbon hydrogen bonds in a
fat molecule than in a carbohydrate molecule
Proteins:
• Needed for growth and repair of their cells
• Composed of smaller “building blocks” called
Amino Acids
• 2 amino acids joined together form a dipeptide
3 amino acids form a tripeptide
many amino acids joined together form a
polypeptide
Minerals:
• Elements and compounds found in water and soil
that do not contain Carbon
• Known as inorganic compounds
• Plants absorb minerals from water
• For animals, Calcium is needed for bone and tooth
g
growth
• Iron is found in RBC’s and is used to carry oxygen to
cells and carbon dioxide away from cells
• Muscles and nerves require Na and Cl ions to
function
• Phosphorus is an essential element for ATP and
DNA
• Silica is found in the cell walls of diatoms
• Iodine is found in thyroxin – hormone that regulates
growth and metabolism in vertebrates
Vitamins:
• Organic compounds needed in small
amounts to maintain good health
g of enzymes
y
• Aid in the functioning
• Vitamin C is found in fruits and vegetables
and is needed to prevent vitamin deficiency
di
disease
and
d scurvy
• Vitamin D is needed for healthy bone growth
growth.
Produced in small amounts in marine
animals when UV light
g reacts with fat located
under their skin
• Marine plants are rich source of vitamins:
A: importance in vision and bone growth
E: immune function, DNA repair
K: clotting vitamin
B: cell metabolism
Scurvy:
Scurvy leads to the formation of liver spots on the skin
skin,
spongy gums, and bleeding from all mucous
membranes.
Gingival Hemorrhage
Periungual Hemorrhage
Beriberi
A nervous system ailment caused by a vitamin
deficiency of Thiamin (vitamin B1) in the diet. Thiamin
i involved
is
i
l d in
i the
th breakdown
b kd
off energy molecules
l
l
such as glucose and is also found on the membranes
of neurons.
Symptoms of beriberi include severe lethargy and
fatigue, together with complications affecting the
cardiovascular nervous,
cardiovascular,
nervous muscular,
muscular and
gastrointestinal systems
Sponges
Characteristics:
• Classified in the phylum Porifera (pore bearing)
• Considered benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms
• 2 layers of undifferentiated cells:
endoderm
d d
– inner
i
layer
l
ectoderm – outer layer
Mesenchyme – jellylike material in between the two
layers
• 2 major cell types in their tissues:
collar cells – contain flagella and waft water into its
epithelium
ith li
(tissue
(ti
that
th t protects
t t the
th sponge’s
’ outer
t
surface). It has contractible pores through which water
enters.
amoebocytes – pick up nutrient particles from the
incoming flow and distribute the nutrients throughout the
sponge.
sponge
• Oscula: large openings that let filtered water exit
• Considered filter feeders
• Pores can get clogged with debris. They avoid this
by:
secreting
ti
large
l
quantities
titi off mucous to
t cleanse
l
their surface of debris and pathogens
providing
p
g a niche for mutualistic worms,, sea
cucumbers, and other organisms
Spicules give shape to sponges.
Rotifers
•
•
•
•
•
•
Multicellular organisms (Wheel Bearer)
Common in freshwater
Phylum Rotifera
Able to change the shape of their body
Some are predatory
predatory, others are scavengers
Moving cilia create water current that pulls food
towards their mouth
• Male produces sperm in its testis
• Female produces eggs in her ovaries
• Have external fertilization and external development
• C
Can also
l reproduce
d
through
th
h parthenogenesis
th
i –
asexual process where female produces an egg that
has a complete set of chromosomes. The egg
develops into a female.
Bryozoans
• Name means “moss animal”
• Belongs to phylum Bryozoa
• Lives within a box- or vase-shaped compartment
made of calcium carbonate or chitin
• Two main types: encrusting and erect
• Feed on plankton and organic debris
• Reproduce both sexually and asexually
• Most are hermaphrodites, self-fertilization actually
occurs
Phylum Cnidaria
• Includes soft and hard corals,, sea anemones,,
hydroids, sea fans, jellyfish, and siphonophores
• Are radially symmetrical – symmetry around a point,
lik pie
like
i slices
li
or a clock
l k fface
• Have a cup or umbrella shaped body made of 2
tissue layers that are separated by a layer of jelly
known as mesoglea
• Around the rim of the body are tentacles
• A mouth opens into the gastrovascular cavity –
space in the middle of the body
• Cavity is used for digestion and reproduction
• Take one of two body forms:
1. polyp – organisms that are attached
normally soft
Sea anemone
Brain coral
2. medusa – free-floating
mouth and tentacles typically point downward
Jellyfish
Jellyfish (Class Scyphozoa)
• Move by contracting and pulsating their rounded
body, or bell.
• Nematocysts – structures on tentacles that sting.
Are essentially coiled darts that remain loaded,
ready to strike
strike, and release toxins when triggered by
contact with an animal
• Cnidocytes – special cells that make up nematocysts
Jellyfish Life Cycle
• Life cycle
y
includes sexual and asexual reproduction
p
phases.
• Testis produce sperm, which swim out of the male’s
mouth
th and
d into
i t the
th female’s
f
l ’ mouth
th and
d digestive
di
ti
tract.
• Sperm fertilizes egg in the ovary.
• First, becomes a zygote
• Second, early stages are called embryos
• Third, solid ball of cells form called morula
• Fourth, morula becomes the blastula
• Fifth,
Fifth surface
f
cells
ll off the
th growing
i blastula
bl t l become
b
ciliated, forming a swimming larva.
• Sixth, develops into a polyp which has a mouth,
tentacles, and digestive cavity.
• Immature jellyfish break off from the polyp from
b ddi
budding,
which
hi h is
i the
th asexuall phase
h
off reproduction.
d ti
Class Hydrozoa
• Live in the intertidal and subtidal zones.
• Colonial animals, made up many individual polyps
that function together as a single organism.
• Have a medusa and a planula phase.
Portuguese Man-of-War
Corals and Anemones (Class
A th
Anthozoa)
)
•
•
•
•
Most coral are colonial; anemones are individual
Coral colonies may grow for centuries
Th can shape
They
h
coastlines
tli
and
d build
b ild entire
ti islands
i l d
The hard corals are made up of limestone (calcium
carbonate) and can form massy stony structures.
• Soft corals are composed of a fibrous protein, giving
them flexibility.
• Underwater, soft coral look more like plants than
animals.
Marine Worms
Water column: the vertical zone of water that extends
from the top of the ocean to its bottom.
Flatworms
•
•
•
•
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Bodies are flat
Both freshwater and saltwater species
S
Some
are microscopic,
i
i other
th can grow 20meters
20 t
in
i
length
Planarians
•
•
•
•
•
Feed on small organisms and organic debris
Found in freshwater and marine environments
Have a mouth on their lower, ventral, surface
Mouth connects to a branched digestive cavity
Food enters mouth, digested in the intestine,
nutrients diffuse throughout the body, and
undigested materials are discharged from the mouth
• Glides along the bottom by moving its head side to
side
• Cilia are attached to cells on the its ventral side
• Have two eyespots which are surrounded by ganglia
(nerve clusters)
• Ganglia act like a simple brain which sends nerve
impulses along two ventral nerve cords to the rest of
its body
• Has bilateral symmetry
• Possesses all three cell layers: ectoderm,
mesoderm, endoderm
• Capable of sexual and asexual reproduction
• Are hermaphroditic, self-fertilization does not occur
Tapeworms and Trematodes
Parasite: organism that obtains its food by living in or
on the body of another organism.
H t the
Host:
th organism
i
that
th t is
i fed
f d on.
• Tapeworms are found in the intestines of animals,
including humans
• Attaches itself to the intestinal lining of its host and
absorbs nutrients directly through its thin body wall
• Can grow to more than 18 meters in length
What is the world's longest parasite?
Tapeworm
What is the world's longest tapeworm?
The longest tapeworm ever
removed from a human came out of
Sally Mae Wallace on September
05, 1991.
In all, doctors pulled 37 feet of tapeworm out of
Sally Mae Wallace's body through her mouth.
• Trematodes are also known as flukes
• Lives in the bodies of mollusks,, fish,, birds,, and other
animals
• Accidentally eaten in raw fish may the reproduce in
the digestive tract of people
people.
• Human wastes that are discharged into bodies of
water may
y contain trematode’s eggs.
gg
• Eggs develop into swimming larvae
• Penetrate the soft skin of their first host – the snail
• Larvae develop and discharged into the water
seeking their second host – fish or birds even
humans
Ribbon Worms
• Largest free-living worm in the sea
• Phylum Nemertea
• Are unsegmented
g
and ciliated,, have a milky
y color,,
and are thin and flat like ribbons
• Have a more “highly” developed circulatory and
di
digestive
ti systems
t
• Live in the intertidal zone
• Average length is 1 meter but can grow up to 12
meters
• Feed by using their proboscis – a sharp, sticky
extension – by spearing their prey.
• One way digestive tract – has a stomach and
intestine – and waste exits through the anus
• Simple closed circulatory system
• Have both sexual and asexual reproduction
• Nervous system consisting of ganglia
Roundworms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Most numerous of all worms in the sea
More than 10,000 species
Move by using whipping movements
Head region has ganglia which connect to nerves
that control muscle movements
Phylum Nematoda
Sexual reproduction
Parasitic worms
No circulatory or
p
y systems
y
respiratory
Segmented Worms
•
•
•
•
•
Earthworm is best known
Body is divided into segments
Phylum Annelida (little rings)
Many feed on organic matter in sediment
Breathe through their skin
• Another example is the clamworm
• Live in muddy sands in both the intertidal and
subtidal
btid l zones off inland
i l d bays
b
and
d marshes
h
• Phylum Polychaeta (many bristles)
• Captures its prey using two sharp hooks in their
mouth, also has a proboscis
• One-way digestive tube, food expelled through anus
• Coelom:
C l
fl id fill d space that
fluid-filled
th t separates
t the
th
digestive tract from the skin
p
paddle-like appendages
p
pp
g used for
• Parapodia:
locomotion, located on each segment
Sandworms
• Each parapodia have hairlike bristles called setae
• Has a nervous system to coordinate movement of its
b d
body
• Eyelike receptors receive light stimuli
• Breathe through their parapodia
• Closed circulatory system, consists of dorsal blood
vessel, arteries, veins, and capillaries
• Dorsal blood vessel pumps the blood
• Well developed excretory system; nephridia – coiled
tubes in each body segment used for excreting
waste products
Bloodworms
• Some are polychaetes.
• Open circulatory system
• Usually burrow in sand and hide in seaweed
Leeches
•Segmented worms without bristles
•Some
Some are free-living;
free living; other are parasites
•Attaches to its host using two suckers and sharp teeth in
each sucker p
pierce the host’s skin
•Hirudin anticoagulant secreted by leeches
Other Polychaetes
• They live inside a tube
• Worms are small and threadlike in appearance
• They thrust feathery gills out of the tube and into the
water to obtain oxygen, give off carbon dioxide, and
eat plankton
Giant Tube Worms
• Ph
Phylum
l
Pogonophora
P
h
• Live near hot-water vents on the deep seafloor
• Measure up to one meter long and live clustered in
water rich in hydrogen sulfide.
• Bacteria living in these worms use the hydrogen
from the hydrogen sulfide and combine it with
carbon dioxide from seawater to produce sugars.
• Process known as chemosynthesis
Arrow Worms
•
•
•
•
Found near the surface of the ocean
Tiny and transparent
Just a few centimeters long
H
Have
ti
tiny fins
fi for
f swimming
i
i but
b t mostly
tl drift
d ift as partt
of the plankton community
One-way
way digestive tract
• One
• No circulatory or respiratory systems
• Simple nervous system that let’s
let s them respond to
stimuli
• Two eyes in the head region are sensitive to light
• Papillae: sensory projections located along the
worms surface and sensitive to touch
• Are
A h
hermaphrodites;
h dit
sexuall reproduction
d ti
• External fertilization