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Classical Greece SS.A.2.4.4, SS.B.2.4.1-3 Persia vs. Greece • By the middle of the 6th Century B.C. the Persian empire had conquered Ionian Greek cities in Asia Minor • 499 B.C.: Ionian cities revolt against the Persian Empire, helped by Athenian Navy • 490 B.C.: Persian army lands on the plain of Marathon, lead by King Darius, but was defeated by the Athenian army Persia vs. Greece • 486 B.C.: Darius dies, replaced by Xerxes • Xerxes invades Greece with a huge force of about 180,000 troops and thousands of battle and supply ships • By this time the Athens had rebuilt its navy to about 200 warships • Greeks and Persians meet at the main road to central Greece—Thermopylae Persia vs. Greece • Persians win at Thermopylae, due to advice from a Greek traitor • Persians move on Athens, and Athenians abandon their city • Persian and Athenian navies clash near island of Salamis—Athenians win • 479 B.C.: Largest Greek force to that point defeat Persians at Plataea Rise of Athens • After defeat of the Persians, Athens rises as the leader of the Greek world, creat a defensive alliance—the Delian League • Delian League based on island of Delos • Under Athenian leadership, most Greek cities in the Aegean were freed from Persian control • 454 B.C.: Control of Delian treasury moved to Athens, creating Athenian Empire Age of Pericles & Democracy • 461-429 B.C.: Pericles rises as central figure in Athenian politics, expanding empire and allowing democracy to flourish • Direct Democracy: people directly participate in government decision making through mass meetings • Assembly=43,000 men over 18, meeting every ten days, but attendance averaged around 5,500 Athenian Democracy • Pericles thought Athenians should be proud of their democracy • He expanded participation by lower-class citizens by paying officials • 10 Generals were directors of policy • Ostracism, ban people from city for period of 10 years—pottery fragment (ostrakon) • Athens=center of Greek culture Great Peloponnesian War • After war with Persians, Greece split between Athenian Empire & Sparta • 431 B.C.: War breaks out in Greece • Athenian strategy: stay behind city walls, and get supplies from navy and colonies • Spartan strategy: surround Athens, force them to fight outside walls • Pericles knew Spartans would win open battle Trouble In Athens • Second year of war, plague breaks out in Athens, killing 1/3 of city population, including Pericles • Athens continues fighting for 25 years • 405 B.C.: Athenian fleet destroyed at Hellespont, Athenian Empire falls • For next 66 years; Athens, Sparta and Thebes dominate Greek politics Life In Athens • Before plague, Athens was largest city in Greece with 150,000 citizens • 43,000 voting men, 35,000 non-citizens, 100,000 slaves • Economy based on farming and trade • Main products were sheep, grapes and olives • Imported 50-80% of its grain Athenian Family Life & Women • Family=husband, wife, children, other familial dependents and slaves • Women could participate in festivals, but were otherwise excluded from public life • Women always had male protection • Woman’s job=childbearing, housekeeping or supervise slaves • Women married at 14 or 15 • Women could usually read and play instruments