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2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Jan 30, 1933 - Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany a nation with a Jewish population of 566,000. Feb 27, 1933 - Nazis burn Reichstag building to create crisis atmosphere. Feb 28, 1933 - Emergency powers granted to Hitler as a result of the Reichstag fire. March 22, 1933 - Nazis open Dachau concentration camp near Munich. March 24, 1933 - German Parliament passes Enabling Act giving Hitler dictatorial powers. April 1, 1933 - Nazis stage boycott of Jewish shops and businesses. April 11, 1933 - Nazis issue a decree defining a non-Aryan as "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. July 14, 1933 - Nazi Party is declared the only legal party in Germany June 30, 1934 - The Night of Long Knives occurs as Hitler, Göring and Himmler conduct a purge of the SA (storm trooper) leadership. Aug 2, 1934 - German President von Hindenburg dies. Hitler becomes Führer. June 26, 1935 - Nazis pass law allowing forced abortions on women to prevent them from passing on hereditary diseases. Sept 15, 1935 - Nuremberg Race Laws against Jews decreed. Aug 1, 1936 - Olympic games begin in Berlin. Hitler and top Nazis seek to gain legitimacy through favorable public opinion from foreign visitors and thus temporarily refrain from actions against Jews. March 12/13, 1938 - Hitler announces Anschluss (union) with Austria. Nov 9/10 - Kristallnacht - The Night of Broken Glass. Sept 3, 1939 - England and France declare war on Germany. June 22, 1940 - France signs an armistice with Hitler. In Jan - Mass killings of Jews using Zyklon-B begin at Auschwitz-Birkenau April 30, 1945 - Hitler commits suicide in his Berlin bunker. Lorem Ipsum Integer egestas orci quis Dolor feugiat adipiscing. Infamouslorem anti-Semitic "Der …I was 13 when I was picked, one of five out of 50 kids in my school, to attend a Nazi development camp for the Future Little Elite. One kid brought a condom. He blew it up to make it a balloon. We opened the window and threw it out. A Nazi youth leader found it. He knew our room was where it came from. He lined us up and grilled each of us really hard. But we showed solidarity; we did not reveal who did it. They really liked that. That’s what they wanted. They weren’t interested in morality or social behavior. They wanted us to show solidarity about this rogue act. The message was, “You can do what you want, you can let your teenage violent impulses out, it doesn’t matter, as long as you do it for us.”… Frederic C. Tubach from German Voices: Memories of Life During Hitler’s Third Reich Stürmer"-newspaper on display in most German cities after 1933. Large headline: "With the Stürmer against Jews", smaller headline "The Jews are our disaster". “It was many, many such stories synagogues burned, Jews beaten with no reason, whole towns pushing out all Jews - each story worse than the other.” - Art Spiegelman from Maus: A Survivor's Tale …” I realized that this cat-mouse metaphor of oppression could actually apply to my more immediate experience. This development took me by surprise—my own childhood was not a subject for me.”… - Art Spiegelman from The New York Review of Books) 1936 Suspendiss e potenti. The Berliners are almost unconditionally in love with their leader: the country is again opening military factories, the unemployed decreased. Propaganda of healthy life style and sport is everywhere. Almost every day there are competitions, parades and demonstrations together with modern aircraft of the Luftwaffe shows in the sky. “Such optimism was not misplaced. In the spring of 1939 Hitler’s Germany was at the very peak of its power.[…] Greater Germany, therefore, was a reality and – crucially for the German public – it was at peace.” (Roger Moorhouse, ‘Berlin at war’) “At headquarters, where everyone lived under the tremendous pressure of responsibility, probably nothing was more welcome than a dictate from above. That meant being freed of a decision and simultaneously being provided with an excuse for failure.” ― Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich “Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer!” The truth behind everyday life in Germany was the the fear of the Gestapo, the fear of getting into the concentration camps, the fear of speech, the fear of self expression and having opinion, the fear of being a Jew. At first the Nazi terror was supported by the majority of Germans although at that point they were already victims of intimidation and harassment. In some ways, the Nazi regime Hitler’s Youth Was there a moment when you realized what was really happening in Germany? “I was 15 years of age, so you don’t think that much about it. I think my parents knew what was happening. But everyone was afraid to say something. It’s just like laws were so strict. If you would have been in the German army and you wife sent you a package of cigarettes or a package of cookies and I had been the mail carrier and I stole it, well the penalty was death. And it wasn’t six months or six years from now it was the next day. You were gone. And there’s nothing else. Everyone was afraid to say anything. Also you didn’t know if your neighbor was against Hitler or for Hitler. You didn’t know that. You could not listen to foreign broadcasts. A neighbor got caught, a good friend of ours, you know it’s a small village. And he got caught listening to foreign broadcasts. And they took him and he was gone for six months and he never would tell my dad what happened, really. It was that strict.”- Interview with Hans Neumann (http://kbia.org/post/hans-neumann-recalls-days-hitler-youth#stream/0) “A ‘Hitler myth’ was cultivated which built on people’s desire for strong leadership, and presented Hitler as an almost God-like figure. Hitler’s image was laboured over in a manner not dissimilar to that of pop stars today. What he wore, what he said, what postures he adopted during speeches were all worked out carefully… Many people began to separate Hitler from the Nazi Party, enabling Hitler’s popularity to remain high whilst the popularity of the Nazi Party fell.” Alison Kitson, historian