Download Chapter 4 Tissue Level of Organization Lecture Outline

Chapter 4 Tissue Level of Organization Lecture Outline
Tissue
Histology
Tissue types
1. Epithelial – covering
2. Connective – support
3. Muscle – movement
4. Nervous – control
Embryonic Primary Germ Layers
1. Ectoderm
2. Mesoderm
3. Endoderm
Epithelial Tissue
Categories
1. Epithelia – covering
2. Glands – secretion
Features
1. Cellularity
2. Contacts
3. Polarity
4. Attachment
5. Avascularity
6. Regeneration
Functions
1. Protection
2. Control permeability
3. Sensation
4. Secretions
Structure
1. Apical surface
microvilli
cilia
2. Basolateral surface
intercellular connections
Intercellular connections
1. General adhesion
A. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
B. Intercellular cement
hyaluronan
2. Specific adhesions
A. Tight junctions
B. Gap junctions
connexons
C. Desmosomes
1. Belt desmosomes
microfilaments
2. Button desmosomes
intermediate filaments
3. Hemidesmosomes
basal lamina
Basal lamina (basement membrane)
1. Lamina lucida
epithelial
2. Lamina densa
connective tissue
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
Classification
1. Shape
A. Squamous
B. Cuboidal
C. Columnar
2. Layers
A. Simple
B. Stratified
Types of Epithelia
1. Simple squamous epithelium
mesothelium
endothelium
2. Stratified squamous epithelium
non keratinized
keratinized
3. Simple cuboidal epithelium
4. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
5. Transitional epithelium
6. Simple columnar epithelium
brush border
goblet cells
7. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
cilia
goblet cells
8. Stratified columnar epithelium
Glandular epithelium
1. Endocrine glands
hormones
2. Exocrine glands
A. Modes of secretion
1. Merocrine secretion
exocytosis
2. Apocrine secretion
3. Holocrine secretion
lysis
B. Types of secretions
1. Serous glands
2. Mucus glands
mucin
3. Mixed exocrine glands
C. Gland structure
1. Unicellular glands
2. Multicullular glands
Connective Tissue
Features
1. Not exposed
2. Usually vascular
3. Cells in Matrix
Components
1. Specialized cells
2. Extracellular fibers
3. Ground substance
CAMs
GAGs
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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout
Fibers + Ground substance = Matrix
Functions
1. Framework
2. Transport
3. Protection
4. Interconnect
5. Energy reserve
6. Insulation
7. Defense
Classification
1. Connective tissue proper
A. Loose
B. Dense
2. Fluid connective tissue
3. Supporting connective tissue
Mesenchyme
mesenchymal cells
Types of Connective Tissue
1. Connective tissue proper
Ground substance
GAGs
Fiber types
1. Collagen
collagen
2. Reticular
collagen
3. Elastic
elastin
Cell types
1. Fibroblasts
chondrocytes
osteocytes
2. Mesenchymal cells
3. Adipocytes
4. Macrophages
5. Microphages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
6. Lymphocytes
B cells
T cells
7. Mast cells
histamine
heparin
A. Loose connective tissue
1. Areolar connective tissue
2. Adipose tissue
white fat
brown fat
3. Reticular tissue
B. Dense connective tissue
1. Dense regular connective tissue
2. Dense irregular connective tissue
periosteum
perichondrium
3. Elastic connective tissue
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
2. Fluid connective tissue
A. Blood
Plasma
Formed elements
1. erythrocytes
2. leukocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes (B and T cells)
monocytes / macrophages
3. platelets
plasma → interstitial fluid → lymph
B. Lymph
Lymph
Lymphocytes
3. Supporting connective tissue
A. Cartilage
Composition
GAGs = chondroitin sulfate +
hyaluronic acid
Chondrocytes
lacunae
Structure:
Avascular: antiangiogenesis factor
Perichondrium
1. outer: dense irregular CT
2. inner: cellular
Growth
1. Interstitial growth
chondroblasts
2. Appositional growth
Types of cartilage
1. Hyaline cartilage
Articular cartilage
2. Elastic cartilage
3. Fibrocartilage
B. Bone / Osseous tissue
Matrix = calcium salts + collagen
Osteocytes
lacunae
canaliculi
Periosteum
outer fibrous
inner cellular
Special connective tissue structures
1. Fascia
A. Superficial fascia
subcutaneous layer / hypodermis
B. Deep fascia
C. Subserous fascia
2. Membranes
A. Mucous membrane / Mucosa
epithelium + lamina propria
mucus
B. Serous membrane / Serosa
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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout
mesotheium + areolar CT
pleura, peritoneum, pericardium
parietal layer
visceral layer
serous fluid / transudate
C. Cutaneous membrane
epidermis + dermis
D, Synovial membrane
areolar CT
joint capsule
synovial fluid
Muscle tissue
Function
movement
Features
1. vascularized
2. actin + myosin
Types of muscle tissue
1. Skeletal muscle tissue
Striated voluntary muscle
Fibers
Myofibrils
Satellite cells
2. Cardiac muscle
Striated involuntary muscle
Cardiocytes
Myofibrils
Intercalated discs
desmosomes + gap junctions
3. Smooth muscle
Nonstriated involuntary muscle
Nervous tissue
Function
nervous impulses
Cells
1. Neuroglia
2. Neurons
Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Tissue injuries
Inflammation
1. Injury → prostagladins, necrosis
2. Mast cells release histamine → vasodilation
3. Leaky endothelial cells
4. Clot, phagocytosis
5. Fibroblast secret collagen
6. Regeneration or fibrosis
Cancer
Dysplasia
Metaplasia
Anaplasia
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout
Intercellular Connections
1) General Adhesion
A) Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs): connect adjacent membranes,
or bind extracellular materials (e.g. basal lamina)
B) Intercellular Cement - thin layer of hyaluronan (proteoglycan): attach adjacent membranes
2) Specific Adhesion = Cell Junctions
A) Tight Junctions - interlocking proteins, bind lipid portion of membrane, water tight seal
B) Gap Junctions - connexons form channel, allow molecules to pass for communication
C) Desmosomes - CAMs + intercellular cement on dense area attached to cytoskeleton,
resist stretching and twisting
1) Belt Desmosomes = continuous band in apical region, attached to microfilaments
2) Button Desmosomes = “spot welds”, attached to intermediate filaments
3) Hemidesmosomes = half button desmosome at basal surface, attaches to basal lamina
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout
Inflammation Events:
1.) Tissue is damaged by an external factor. Damaged cells release prostaglandins and
undergo necrosis, both will trigger the inflammatory response.
2.) Mast cells release histamine in response to change in the local environment
(prostaglandins, necrosis). Histamine triggers vasodilation: smooth muscle cells in
local blood vessels dilate resulting in an acceleration of blood flow to the area.
3.) Endothelial cells of the blood vessels become leaky and plasma enters wound delivering
leukocytes and clotting proteins to the wound.
4.) A clot forms around the injury isolating the site, and phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils
and macrophages) engulf pathogens and cell debris.
5.) Fibroblasts migrate to the wound and are stimulated to secrete collagen to form a fiber
scar to reinforce the clot and begin repair.
6.) The damaged tissue is repaired or replaced depending on the injury and type of tissue.
Regeneration = replacement of collagen with original tissue type, the repair will not be
visible
Fibrosis = visible scar of collagen, tissue is completely replaced by a dense collagen
patch, tissue type function is lost at the site of the scar
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout