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Chapter 4 Tissue Level of Organization Lecture Outline Tissue Histology Tissue types 1. Epithelial – covering 2. Connective – support 3. Muscle – movement 4. Nervous – control Embryonic Primary Germ Layers 1. Ectoderm 2. Mesoderm 3. Endoderm Epithelial Tissue Categories 1. Epithelia – covering 2. Glands – secretion Features 1. Cellularity 2. Contacts 3. Polarity 4. Attachment 5. Avascularity 6. Regeneration Functions 1. Protection 2. Control permeability 3. Sensation 4. Secretions Structure 1. Apical surface microvilli cilia 2. Basolateral surface intercellular connections Intercellular connections 1. General adhesion A. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) B. Intercellular cement hyaluronan 2. Specific adhesions A. Tight junctions B. Gap junctions connexons C. Desmosomes 1. Belt desmosomes microfilaments 2. Button desmosomes intermediate filaments 3. Hemidesmosomes basal lamina Basal lamina (basement membrane) 1. Lamina lucida epithelial 2. Lamina densa connective tissue Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Classification 1. Shape A. Squamous B. Cuboidal C. Columnar 2. Layers A. Simple B. Stratified Types of Epithelia 1. Simple squamous epithelium mesothelium endothelium 2. Stratified squamous epithelium non keratinized keratinized 3. Simple cuboidal epithelium 4. Stratified cuboidal epithelium 5. Transitional epithelium 6. Simple columnar epithelium brush border goblet cells 7. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium cilia goblet cells 8. Stratified columnar epithelium Glandular epithelium 1. Endocrine glands hormones 2. Exocrine glands A. Modes of secretion 1. Merocrine secretion exocytosis 2. Apocrine secretion 3. Holocrine secretion lysis B. Types of secretions 1. Serous glands 2. Mucus glands mucin 3. Mixed exocrine glands C. Gland structure 1. Unicellular glands 2. Multicullular glands Connective Tissue Features 1. Not exposed 2. Usually vascular 3. Cells in Matrix Components 1. Specialized cells 2. Extracellular fibers 3. Ground substance CAMs GAGs 1 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout Fibers + Ground substance = Matrix Functions 1. Framework 2. Transport 3. Protection 4. Interconnect 5. Energy reserve 6. Insulation 7. Defense Classification 1. Connective tissue proper A. Loose B. Dense 2. Fluid connective tissue 3. Supporting connective tissue Mesenchyme mesenchymal cells Types of Connective Tissue 1. Connective tissue proper Ground substance GAGs Fiber types 1. Collagen collagen 2. Reticular collagen 3. Elastic elastin Cell types 1. Fibroblasts chondrocytes osteocytes 2. Mesenchymal cells 3. Adipocytes 4. Macrophages 5. Microphages Neutrophils Eosinophils 6. Lymphocytes B cells T cells 7. Mast cells histamine heparin A. Loose connective tissue 1. Areolar connective tissue 2. Adipose tissue white fat brown fat 3. Reticular tissue B. Dense connective tissue 1. Dense regular connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue periosteum perichondrium 3. Elastic connective tissue Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 2. Fluid connective tissue A. Blood Plasma Formed elements 1. erythrocytes 2. leukocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils lymphocytes (B and T cells) monocytes / macrophages 3. platelets plasma → interstitial fluid → lymph B. Lymph Lymph Lymphocytes 3. Supporting connective tissue A. Cartilage Composition GAGs = chondroitin sulfate + hyaluronic acid Chondrocytes lacunae Structure: Avascular: antiangiogenesis factor Perichondrium 1. outer: dense irregular CT 2. inner: cellular Growth 1. Interstitial growth chondroblasts 2. Appositional growth Types of cartilage 1. Hyaline cartilage Articular cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage B. Bone / Osseous tissue Matrix = calcium salts + collagen Osteocytes lacunae canaliculi Periosteum outer fibrous inner cellular Special connective tissue structures 1. Fascia A. Superficial fascia subcutaneous layer / hypodermis B. Deep fascia C. Subserous fascia 2. Membranes A. Mucous membrane / Mucosa epithelium + lamina propria mucus B. Serous membrane / Serosa 2 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout mesotheium + areolar CT pleura, peritoneum, pericardium parietal layer visceral layer serous fluid / transudate C. Cutaneous membrane epidermis + dermis D, Synovial membrane areolar CT joint capsule synovial fluid Muscle tissue Function movement Features 1. vascularized 2. actin + myosin Types of muscle tissue 1. Skeletal muscle tissue Striated voluntary muscle Fibers Myofibrils Satellite cells 2. Cardiac muscle Striated involuntary muscle Cardiocytes Myofibrils Intercalated discs desmosomes + gap junctions 3. Smooth muscle Nonstriated involuntary muscle Nervous tissue Function nervous impulses Cells 1. Neuroglia 2. Neurons Soma Dendrites Axon Tissue injuries Inflammation 1. Injury → prostagladins, necrosis 2. Mast cells release histamine → vasodilation 3. Leaky endothelial cells 4. Clot, phagocytosis 5. Fibroblast secret collagen 6. Regeneration or fibrosis Cancer Dysplasia Metaplasia Anaplasia Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 3 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 4 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout Intercellular Connections 1) General Adhesion A) Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs): connect adjacent membranes, or bind extracellular materials (e.g. basal lamina) B) Intercellular Cement - thin layer of hyaluronan (proteoglycan): attach adjacent membranes 2) Specific Adhesion = Cell Junctions A) Tight Junctions - interlocking proteins, bind lipid portion of membrane, water tight seal B) Gap Junctions - connexons form channel, allow molecules to pass for communication C) Desmosomes - CAMs + intercellular cement on dense area attached to cytoskeleton, resist stretching and twisting 1) Belt Desmosomes = continuous band in apical region, attached to microfilaments 2) Button Desmosomes = “spot welds”, attached to intermediate filaments 3) Hemidesmosomes = half button desmosome at basal surface, attaches to basal lamina Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 5 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout Inflammation Events: 1.) Tissue is damaged by an external factor. Damaged cells release prostaglandins and undergo necrosis, both will trigger the inflammatory response. 2.) Mast cells release histamine in response to change in the local environment (prostaglandins, necrosis). Histamine triggers vasodilation: smooth muscle cells in local blood vessels dilate resulting in an acceleration of blood flow to the area. 3.) Endothelial cells of the blood vessels become leaky and plasma enters wound delivering leukocytes and clotting proteins to the wound. 4.) A clot forms around the injury isolating the site, and phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) engulf pathogens and cell debris. 5.) Fibroblasts migrate to the wound and are stimulated to secrete collagen to form a fiber scar to reinforce the clot and begin repair. 6.) The damaged tissue is repaired or replaced depending on the injury and type of tissue. Regeneration = replacement of collagen with original tissue type, the repair will not be visible Fibrosis = visible scar of collagen, tissue is completely replaced by a dense collagen patch, tissue type function is lost at the site of the scar Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. 6 SCCC BIO130 Chapter 4 Handout