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Haslingden High School ICT Department Year 8 Computing Student name: Form: ICT teacher: Date issued: Level Date due: Effort Teacher feedback: KS3 Target level Parent/Carer comment (optional): Page 1 of 10 House points About this homework: On average the tasks should take about 30 minutes each. Do not leave it till the last night to do them all! You will need Internet access. If you are not online at home, please make use of access to the school ICT facilities at homework club, or go to your local library. Assessment criteria: ICT and Computing Assessment focus: Planning, developing, evaluating (AF1) Assessment focus: finding, using and communicating information (AF3) Level 3 Describe how some ICT is used at school and outside of school Identify ways to keep safe when using ICT Level 4 Evaluate the quality of websites. Explain the use of some ICT outside of school Use ICT to communicate and collaborate, identifying some of the risks and acting to minimise them Understand how instructions are stored and executed within a computer system Use ICT safely and responsibly Use search technologies effectively, appreciate how results are selected and ranked, and be discerning in evaluating digital content Level 5 Identify benefits and limitations of the use of ICT and the Internet both inside and outside school Level 6 Explore the impact of the use of ICT and the Internet on work, leisure and home Level 7 Identify the impact of ICT and the Internet on people, communities and cultures . Page 2 of 10 Statements from the new Computing Programme of Study recently released by the DfE Evaluate computational abstractions that model the state and behaviour of realworld problems and physical systems SECTION A A Brief History of the Computer What is a computer? Have you ever wondered what the word “computer” means? If you look it up in a dictionary, you will find something like: “an electronic device which runs a program to process data at great speed” We will come to the words program and data soon; however, the word “computer” means “something that computes”. So what does “compute” mean? Well, it means to calculate or work out. The very first computers were actually people. They did sums – all day, every day! From around the 1700s until the 1950s, teams of these “computers” used to carry out complex calculations (and check each other’s work). The Computer Room at NASA (opposite) This photograph shows human computers working at NASA as late as 1949. Task 1 What would be the problem in doing calculations this way? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ What was happening during the 1700s and 1800s that created the need to do lots of accurate calculations? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Page 3 of 10 Made in Britain Around 1940, the first electronic computers began to appear. There is debate about what was the very first, but Britain led developments with Colossus. This early computer was built and used by British Intelligence to break secret German codes during World War II. Colossus was huge (it took up an entire room) and had a tiny fraction of the power of a modern computer or even a smartphone. Nevertheless, the work done using Colossus and other machines like it is said to have shortened World War II by at least two years – saving millions of lives. Task 2 - Investigate: Choose one of the following people or developments in Computing and write a short paragraph below: Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing, Altair, Antikythera Mechanism, Apple II, Apple Macintosh, Charles Babbage, Colossus, IBM, Internet, iPhone, iPad, Jacquard Loom, LEO, Napier’s “Bones”, Microsoft, silicon chip, World Wide Web Page 4 of 10 SECTION B Can a computer be intelligent? The Turing Test Alan Turing has been described as “The Father of Computing Science”. In 1950, Alan Turing posed a question that has occupied the minds of leading experts in many fields since. He asked: “Can machines think?” To help answer the question, he proposed a test which would, he said, determine if a computer could think. This has become known as The Turing Test. In the Turing Test, a person asks questions via a keyboard to: a computer (A) and a human (B). If the person asking the questions cannot tell the human and the computer apart from the answers given, Turing claimed that the computer has passed the test and could be said to be intelligent. The wider field of machine intelligence has become known as Artificial Intelligence (AI). Task 3 - Try having a chat with the following chat programs online then answer the questions: http://nlp-addiction.com/eliza/ http://cleverbot.com/ Page 5 of 10 What was it like talking to Eliza? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ What was it like talking to Cleverbot? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ How were Eliza and Cleverbot similar? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ How were Eliza and Cleverbot different? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ When did it seem like you were talking to a human? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ When did it seem like you were not talking to a human? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Which chatbot did you like talking to more? ___________________________________ Why? __________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ If you could not tell whether you were talking to a human or a machine, does it mean that the machine is intelligent? Yes/No ___________ Explain your answer ___________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Page 6 of 10 Task 4 - Give examples of some machines that you think show some kind of “intelligence”. Below each one, describe a way in which you think it is intelligent. Machine: Satellite navigation unit (e.g. in-car satnav) What makes it intelligent: Can work out the fastest route for a journey (which is not always the shortest). Can even allow for how busy routes will be at certain times of the day. Machine: __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ What makes it intelligent: ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Machine: __________________________________________________ What makes it intelligent: ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Page 7 of 10 Section C Representing Information A computer is a machine that processes information (data) using instructions given to it by a human. Computers are electronic machines, so the instructions and information they work with is represented electronically – by switches. Switched on No matter what kind of computer you are using – a desktop PC, smartphone, games console or embedded computer – it is doing one thing: processing information (data). Since a computer is made up of switches, then the information it processes is represented by the positions of switches. How is this possible? Well, think about an ordinary switch. It has two positions – OFF and ON – but we could also call these positions (or make them stand for): YES or NO BLACK or WHITE 0 or 1 If we had two switches, there would be four possible combinations of these. Look at the table below that shows the four combinations of two switches and examples of the way that you could represent different kinds of information by these. Switch positions OFF / OFF OFF / ON ON / OFF ON / ON 0 1 2 3 Colours Black Blue Red White Letters A B C D Numbers Now consider if there were millions of switches – you can see how there could be almost endless combinations of OFF and ON for all of these switches. A modern computer does contain millions (even billions) of tiny switches and they are used to represent all such information. Page 8 of 10 Binary: The language of computers No matter what you are using your computer for – watching a movie, listening to music or surfing the web – the data (information) that the computer is processing is represented by the positions of millions of switches. Computing scientists like to call the positions 0 and 1 instead of OFF and ON. This is known as binary. It may seem strange, but it is easier than you might think. For example, when a computer is working with text, each letter is given a binary code. A table of text characters and their binary codes is shown below. Letter Binary code Letter Binary code A 100 0001 N 100 1110 B 100 0010 O 100 1111 C 100 0011 P 101 0000 D 100 0100 Q 101 0001 E 100 0101 R 101 0010 F 100 0110 S 101 0011 G 100 0111 T 101 0100 H 100 1000 U 101 0101 I 100 1001 V 101 0110 J 100 1010 W 101 0111 K 100 1011 X 101 1000 L 100 1100 Y 101 1001 M 100 1101 Z 101 1010 <space> 010 0000 Task 5 – Decode a binary sequence Decode the message below to reveal the name of a famous person. Binary Code 101 0010 100 1111 100 0010 100 0101 101 0010 100 0010 101 0101 101 0010 100 1110 101 0011 Letter Binary code Letter Page 9 of 10 101 0100 Task 6 – Encode your name in binary Using the table shown previously, write your first name in binary! Write each letter of your first name going down rather than across. Then look up the binary code for each letter in the table overleaf and write it on the lines across from the letter. You will have written your name in the computer’s own language! S → 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 Example: If your name starts with “S” → → → → → → → → → → → → Page 10 of 10