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Science Benchmark Cells are the basic unit of life. All living things are composed of one or more cells that come from preexisting cells. Cells perform a variety of functions necessary to maintain homeostasis and life. The structure and function of a cell determines the cell's role in an organism. Living cells are composed of chemical elements and molecules that form large, complex molecules. These molecules form the basis for the structure and function of cells. STANDARD II: Students will understand that all organisms are composed of one or more cells that are made of molecules, come from preexisting cells, and perform life functions. Objective 3: Investigate the structure and function of cells and cell parts. a. Explain how cells divide from existing cells. c. Describe how the transport of materials in and out of cells enables cells to maintain homeostasis (i.e., osmosis, diffusion, active transport). d. Describe the relationship between the organelles in a cell and the functions of that cell. 1 Pre-Assessment SCORE__________ 1. What is osmosis? Post-Assessment SCORE__________ 2. What is the primary difference between passive transport and active transport? 3. What is mitosis? 4. Is mitosis an example of sexual or asexual reproduction? 5. What occurs during the S phase of mitosis? Match the following phases of mitosis with their picture: A. Interphase B. Prophase C. Metaphase D. Anaphase E. Telophase 6._____________ 7.___________ 8.__________ 9.__________ 10.___________ 2 The Cell Membrane Passive Transport- The using of substance through the cell membrane . Diffusion The of concentration. from area of _________ concentration of areas of Osmosis The of __________ from areas of ________ concentration through a __________ permeable membrane. The of (amount) of ___________ substances affects the _________ in and out of the cell. Hypotonic Solute concentration: ___________ Water concentration: ___________ Water movement: ______________ Effect on cell: _________________ Isotonic Solute concentration: ___________ Water concentration: ____________ Water movement: ______________ Effect on cell: _________________ Hypertonic Solute concentration: ___________ Water concentration: ____________ Water movement: ______________ Effect on cell: _________________ 3 DRAWING OSMOSIS Directions: Use pages 204-205 to draw the images found for figure 7.23-7.25. You do not need to draw the images of the plant and animal cell. Then using your own words describe what is occurring with each image. Make sure to include where the higher and lower concentration is. ISOTONIC Explanation: Image 7.23 4 HYPOTONIC Explanation: Image 7.24 HYPERTONIC Explanation: Image 7.25 POTATOE CUBE LAB Pre-Lab My Solution will be: ________________________________ Procedure: Observations: Describe what the egg looked like qualitatively before and after it is placed within the solution. Day 1 (before): Day 2: Day 3: Problem: 5 Possible Hypothesis: IV: DV : C's: units: units: Lab Exp eri me ntal Des ign Box Data Chart Trt: # trs: 123Avg. POST LAB-LAB REPORT Introduction: Procedures: 6 Data: Conclusion: Questions: 1. Explain the process of osmosis that occurred with your potato. Use words like net movement of water, concentration gradient, high to low concentration. 2. How else could you conduct this lab? 3. Name 2 things you could have done to improve this lab experiment. PASSIVE vs. ACTIVE TRANSPORT Active Transport – The ____________ of molecules from areas of ____________ to ___________ concentration _______the use of ______________. The cell energy is the ________ made in the __________________. 7 Bulk movement of substances across the membrane: Endocytosis- A process by which a cell surrounds and takes in _________ from its environment by ____________ them. 1. Phagocytosis- “Cell ________”: Process in which phagocytes _______ and digest microorganisms and cellular _______. 2. Pinocytosis- “Cell _________”: Process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid. Exocytosis- When materials and wastes are ____________ out of the cell. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT Answers may be found using your lab book or reading pages 201-207 in your book 1. Compare and contrast active transport and facilitated diffusion. Same: Different: 2. How do carrier proteins facilitate passive transport of molecules across a membrane? 8 3. A paramecium expels water when the organism is surrounded by freshwater. What can you deduce about the concentration gradient in the organism’s environment? 4. Sketch a before and an after diagram of an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution. 5. Describe how the plasma membrane controls what goes into and comes out of a cell. Mitotic Cell Division-Asexual Reproduction Cell Division Varies Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Prokaryotic cells are _________celled organisms. Before the bacterium can divide there must be ______ copies of its ________. This occurs by the DNA molecule __________ itself into two different strands, which will form two separate interdependent strands. Once the __________ has replicated itself and the cell has grown to an appropriate size, the bacterium splits into two equal halves through a process called__________ __________. Draw a picture of Binary Fission (asexual reproduction) 9 Eukaryotic Cells undergo ___________ division (asexual reproduction). The life of a eukaryotic cell is traditionally diagrammed as a __________ _________. Explain what each of the 5 phases consists of: 1. G¹ phase: 2. S phase: 3. G² phase: 4. M Phase: 5. C Phase: Draw the cell cycle and describe what is occurring in each phase 10 Page 246, Figure 9.3 Answer the following questions: 1. What happens to DNA during the S stage of Interphase? 2. What are the first three stages of the cell cycle collectively known as/ 3. What occurs during mitosis? 11 The Cell ___________ consists of Interphase and ___________ (division of the nucleus). Most of the time the cell is in ___________ as the cell prepares for division. Interphase 1. The cell’s chemical machine operates and the cell grows (G1 phase) 2. The ___________ of DNA (S phase) 3. ____________ for cell division (G2) Stages of Mitosis Prophase 1. The chromatin ___________ (shortens) in chromosomes Chromatin vs. Chromosomes ___________ short/thick Invisible ___________ ___________ inactive Working cells dividing cells 2. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus ____________. 3. Centrioles move apart to opposite ends of the cell 4. __________ fibers from the centrioles attach to centromeres Metaphase 1. Chromosomes line up on the __________ of the cell Anaphase 1. Centromere ___________ 2. Chromosomes are ____________ to the ends of the cell Telophase 1. Chromosomes ___________ the ends of the cell 2. Chromosomes ___________ (lengthen) to form chromatin 3. The nuclear membrane and nucleolus __________ 4. The centrioles _________ 5. The _________ is divided (Cytokinesis) 12 Draw the Cell Cycle Diagram with all 4 stages of mitosis. Refer to page 249 for help, figure 9.6. With each phase describe what is occurring in a few short words. This picture must be labeled and colored to receive full credit. HINT- You should have the following phases: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. 13 14