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Terms
Acacia (Golden Wattle)
(Acacia pycnantha)
• Description:
– Phyllodes: modified petioles
(parallel veins)
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Legume
• Flower:
– Yellow
• Location:
– Non-native
– Originated in Australia
• Chemical:
– Tannins
• Uses:
– Perfume
• Family:
– Fabaceae (Pea family)
Pricklypear Cactus
(Opuntia littoralis)
• Description:
– Leaves modified into Glochids
– Stems modified as
Chladophylls
• Fruit:
– Fleshy red fruit (pear)
• Flower:
– Yellow to red
• Location:
– Native
– Found in coastal sage scrub
and desert habitats in
southwestern United States
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Can be eaten
• Family:
– Cactaceae (Cactus family)
Bladderpod
(Isomeris arborea)
• Description
– Compound leaves with 3
leaflets
– Leaves alternate
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Yellow
• Location:
– Native
– Endemic to Southern California
– Found in coastal sage scrub
(CSS) and desert habitats in
• Chemical:
– Strong odor to reduce
predation
• Uses:
– None
• Family:
– Capparaceae
Brazilian Pepper
(Schinus terebinthifolius)
• Description:
– Pinnately compound leaves
– Leaves alternate
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Drupe
• Flower:
– Small white
• Location:
– Non-native (invasive)
– Originated in tropical and
subtropical South America
• Chemical:
– Aromatic sap that may burn
– May act as a narcotic on birds
who eat berries
• Uses:
– Ornamental
• Family:
– Anacardiaceae (Sumac family)
Black Sage
(Salvia mellifera)
• Description:
– Simple leaves with small hairs
– Drought Deciduous
• Fruit:
– Schizocarp
• Flower:
– Blue or lavender in stacked
balls
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub (CSS) and
chaparral habitats
• Chemical:
– Diterpenoids used as pain
relievers
• Uses:
– Rub on sore feet
– Chumash brewed as sun tea
– Nectar used to make honey
• Family:
– Lamiaceae (Mint family)
Bulrush
(Schoenoplectus californicus)
• Description
– Triangular leaf
– Sedge-like
• Fruit:
– Grain
• Flower:
– Brown or tan panicle
inflorescence
• Location:
– Native
– Indicator of freshwater in
North and South America
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Used by Native Americans to
make baskets, rope, canoes
• Family:
– Cyperaceae
California Blackberry
(Rubus ursinus)
• Description
– Leaves usually have 3 leaflets
but sometimes 5 or only 1
– Branches with prickles
– Usually Deciduous
• Fruit:
– Aggregate fruit made up of
numerous duplets
• Flower:
– White with narrow petals
• Location:
– Native
– Common in moist and shaded
shrublands, streamsides,
disturbed areas, and canyons
– Western U.S.
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Used by Native Americans as a
food
• Family:
– Rosaceae (Rose family)
California Buckeye
(Aesculus californica)
• Description
– Palmately Compound with
five leaflets
– Deciduous
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Large white to pink
• Location:
– Native to northern California
– Only buckeye species
endemic to California
• Chemical:
– Neurotoxic glycoside aesculin,
which causes hemolysis of
red blood cells.
• Uses:
– Used by Native Americans to
kill fish
– Toxic to honeybees
• Family:
– Sapindaceae
California Buckwheat
(Eriogonum fasciculatum)
• Description:
– Leaves in clusters
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Grain
• Flower:
– White or brown clusters
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub and
chaparral habitats
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Treatment of headache,
diarrhea, and wounds
– Good for heart
– Erosion control
– Source of food for honeybees
in summer months
• Family:
– Polygonaceae
California Redbud
(Cercis occidentalis)
• Description:
– Simple heart-shaped leaves
– Deciduous
• Fruit:
– Legume
• Flower:
– Large Pink or red
• Location:
– Native
– Chaparral habitats in western
United States
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Wood Veneer
– Erosion control
– Red bark used for baskets
• Family:
– Fabeaceae (Pea family)
California Sagebrush
(Artemisia californica)
• Description
– Slender flexible stems with
thin pinnate leaves
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Achene
• Flower:
– Narrow inflorescence which
are yellowish
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub and
chaparral habitats
• Chemical:
– Terpenes to reduce
competition and predation
• Uses:
– Erosion control
– Reduce digestive issues
• Family:
– Asteraceae (Sunflower family)
Caster Bean
(Ricinus communis)
• Description:
– Palmate alternate Leaves
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Spiny capsule (not a true
bean)
• Flower:
– Panicle-like inflorescence
which are reddish in color
• Location:
– Non-native (invasive)
– Originally from Asia and
Africa
• Chemical:
– Ricin (deadly)
• Uses:
– Source of Caster Oil used for
digestive cleansing
– lubricant
• Family:
– Euphorbiaceae
Catalina Cherry
(Prunus ilicifolia)
• Description:
– Simple toothed alternating
leaves (vary)
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Drupe with large pit
• Flower:
– Small white
• Location:
– Native
– California chaparral
• Chemical:
– Tannins
• Uses:
– Native Americans made a
fermented drink
• Family:
– Rosaceae (Rose Family)
Catalina Ironwood
(Lyonothamnus floribundus)
• Description:
– Compound Leaves (fernlike)
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Cream colored
• Location:
– Native
– Endemic to Catalina Island
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Ornamental but seeds not
very viable
• Family:
– Rosaceae (Rose family)
Cattail
(Typha sp.)
• Description
– Flat simple leaf
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Nut
• Flower:
– Dense Brown Spike (wind
dispersed)
• Location:
– Native
– Indicator of fresh water in
Northern Hemisphere
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Rhizomes are edible
– Leaves can be woven in to
baskets or braided into rope
• Family:
– Typhaceae
Ceonothus (Mt. Lilac)
(Ceonothus sp.)
• Description:
– Simple leaf with three
prominent veins
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Blue
• Location:
– Native
– California chaparral
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Eaten by Deer
– Used for teas
– Baskets
• Family:
– Rhamnaceae
Coast Live Oak
(Quercus agrifolia)
• Description:
– Simple convex leaves with
dentate margins
– Hairs in axils in leaves
– Evergreen
– No undergrowth due to shade
and Tannins
• Fruit:
– Nut
• Flower:
– Catkins
• Location:
– Native
– Oak woodlands, chaparral
and CSS habitats
• Chemical:
– Tannins
• Uses:
– Food
– Charcoal
• Family:
– Fagaceae
Coffee Berry
(Rhamnus californica)
• Description:
– Simple, reddish bark on stems
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Drupe
• Flower:
– Greenish
• Location:
– Native
– Southwestern United States,
Chaparral
• Chemical:
– none
• Uses:
– Ornamental not as well liked
by deer
– Erosion control
– Heal burns and rashes
– Used as laxative
• Family:
– Rhamnaceae
Coyote Bush
(Baccharis pilularis)
• Description
– Simple leaves that are often
sticky
– Various shapes determined
by location
– Large root system
• Fruit:
– Achenes
• Flower:
– Small white or yellow
• Location:
– Native
– CSS and chaparral habitats in
western United States
• Chemical:
– Oils to prevent predation
• Uses:
– Secondary pioneer plant
• Family:
– Asteraceae (Sunflower family)
Blue Elderberry
(Sambucus nigra)
• Description
– Pinnately compound leaves
with 5-9 leaflets
– Deciduous
• Fruit:
– True berry
• Flower:
– Yellow in an umbrella
structure
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub and
chaparral habitats
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Edible fruits
– Wine
– Syrup
• Family:
– Adoxaceae
Encelia or Brittlebush
(Encelia sp.)
• Description:
– White leaves
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Acene
• Flower:
– Yellow
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub and desert
habitats
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Glue, Sealer, Gum, Incense
– Treat toothaches
• Family:
– Asteraceae (Sunflower family)
Eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus sp.)
• Description:
–
–
–
–
–
700 species
Alternate simple leaves
Evergreen
Gum Trees
Peeling bark
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Vary in color with an
operculum
• Location:
– Non-native (Invasive)
– Originally from Australia
• Chemical:
– Terpenoids (aromatic)
• Uses:
– Planted to lower the water
table
– Make pulp for paper
– Antiseptic
– Food additives
– Insect repellent
• Family:
– Myrtaceae
Flannel Bush
(Fremontodendron sp.)
• Description:
– Simple 3-lobed leaves
– Evergreen
– Fuzzy texture – modified hairs
called trichomes
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Large yellowish orange
Flowers
• Location:
– Native
– Southwestern U.S. and
Mexico
– Chaparral, pine woodlands,
and juniper woodland
habitats
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Water conservation gardens
• Family:
– Malvaceae
Fremont Cottonwood
(Populus fremontii)
• Description:
– Simple leaf with long
flattened petiole
– Deciduous
• Fruit:
– Achene
• Flower:
– Catkins
• Location:
– Native
– Riparian habitats
– Southwest U.S. and Northern
Mexico
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Erosion control
– Fuel and fence posts
• Family:
– Salicaceae
Desert willow
(Chilopsis linearis)
• Description:
– Simple leaf with long
flattened petiole
– Deciduous
• Fruit:
– Drupe
• Flower:
– Large white or pinkish
• Location:
– Native
– Desert habitats in
southwestern U.S
• Chemical
– None
• Uses:
– Wood used to make bows and
baskets
– Used to treat fungal
infections
• Family:
– Oleaceae
Ginkgo
(Ginkgo biloba)
• Description:
– Simple leaf which is fan
shaped
– Deciduous
• Fruit:
– None
• Flower:
– None
• Location:
– Non-native
– Originated in China
• Chemical:
– Butyric Acid
• Uses:
– Decorative ornamental –
only males planted in this
country
• Family:
– Ginkgoaceae
Horehound
(Marrubium vulgare)
• Description
– Simple leaf with crinkled
appearance
• Fruit:
– Berry
• Flower:
– White clusters on stem
• Location:
– Non-native
– Originally from Europe, Africa
and Asia
• Chemical:
– Essential oils
• Uses:
– Antimicrobial and anticancer
properties
– Candy
– Grasshopper repellent
– Invasive Weed
• Family
– Laminaceae (Mint family)
Incense Cedar
(Calocedrus decurrens)
• Description:
– Scaled leaves in flat sprays
– Branches Flexible
• Fruit:
– None
• Flower:
– None
• Location:
– Native
– Evergreen forests in western
North America
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Pencils
– Light fires
• Family:
– Cupressaceae
Indian Paintbrush
(Castilleja sp.)
• Description:
– Clover like leaves
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Red, orange to yellow (bracts)
• Location:
– Native
– Various habitats in western
North America
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Eaten as greens
– Hairwash
– Dye
• Family:
– Orobanchaceae
Jacaranda
(Jacaranda sp.)
• Description:
– Doubly compound leaves
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Purple – often sticky
• Location:
– Non-native
– Originally from Central and
South America
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Ornamental plants
– Acoustic guitars
• Family:
– Bignoniaceae
Jimson Weed
(Datura stramonium)
• Description
– Large simple toothed leaves
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Large white to purple
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub, desert,
and chaparral habitats
– Widespread throughout
North and South America
• Chemical:
– Atropine
• Uses:
– Relieve asthma symptoms
– Hallucinogen
• Family:
– Solanaceae
Jojoba
(Simmondsia chinensis)
• Description:
– Simple leaves that stand erect
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Small greenish yellow
• Location:
– Native
– Chaparral and desert habitats
in western North America
• Chemical
– Oil (liquid wax ester)
• Uses:
–
–
–
–
Laxative
Salve
Biodiesel fuel
Cosmetics
• Family:
– Simmondsiaceae
Laurel Sumac
(Malosma laurina)
• Description;
– Large Simple Leaves with
reddish edges
• Fruit:
– Drupe
• Flower:
– Small white
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub and
Chaparral habitats
• Chemical:
– Volatile compounds
• Uses:
– Tea for dysentery
– Crown sprouting
– Fire adapted
• Family:
– Anacardiaceae (Sumac family)
Lemonade Berry
(Rhus integrifolia)
• Description:
–
–
–
–
Large Simple and alternating
Evergreen
Reddish twigs
Leaf margins may be serrated
• Fruit:
– Berry
• Flower:
– Small rosy pink
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub and
chaparral habitats
• Chemical:
– Tannins
• Uses:
– Lemonade like drink
– Make candles
• Family:
– Anacardiaceae (Sumac family)
Liquid Amber
(Lizuidamber styraciflua)
• Description:
– Large Simple and palmate
– Deciduous
• Fruit:
– Woody Capsule
• Flower:
– Greenish
• Location:
– Non-native
– Originally from deciduous
forests in eastern U.S.
• Chemical:
– Styrax
• Uses:
– Plywood, furniture, cabinets
– Chewing gum
• Family:
– Altingiaceae
Mesquite
(Prosopis sp.)
• Description
– Deciduous
– Doubly pinnate compound
leaves
– Long Taproot (up to 200 ft)
– Thorns
• Fruit:
– Legume
• Flower:
– Catkins with pale green or
yellow flowers
• Location:
– Native
– Desert habitats in
southwestern U.S
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Food (flour)
– Furniture
– Barbecues
• Family:
– Fabaceae (Pea family)
Mulefat
(Baccharis salicifolia)
• Description:
– Simple Leaves
– Sticky foliage
• Fruit:
– Small achene
• Flower:
– Small fuzzy pink or red-tinged
white flowers
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub, chaparral,
and riparian habitats in
western U.S
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Erosion control
• Family:
– Asteraceaea (Sunflower family)
Mustard
(Bassica sp.)
• Description:
– Annual
• Fruit:
– Silque
• Flower:
– Yellow
• Location:
– Non-native (Invasive)
– Originally from
Mediterranean region
• Chemical
– Allelochemicals – inhibit
mychorrhizae of neighboring
plants
• Uses:
– Pioneer plant (indicator of
distrubance)
– Cooking oil
– Spice
– High in Vitamin C
• Family:
– Brassicaceae (Mustard family)
Olive
(Olea europaea)
• Description:
– Small evergreen tree with small
oblong leaves that are dark
green on the top, silvery on the
bottom
• Fruit:
– Drupe
• Flower:
– Small white feathery flowers in
racemes
• Location:
– Non-native
– Originally from Mediterranean
region, Asia and Africa
• Chemical
– Oleuropein – makes olives bitter.
Olives are fermented to use as
food
• Uses:
– Food (Olives are artificially black
by adding the chemical ferrous
sulfate
– 90% of olives are used as olive
oil
– Has been used as a symbol of
peace
• Family:
– Oleaceae
Palm Tree
(Washingtonia sp.)
• Description:
– Evergreen
– Skirt
– Near water (Oasis)
• Fruit:
– Drupe
• Flower:
– Small and insignificant
• Location:
– Native
– Desert habitats in Mexico and
southern California
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Food
– Baskets
– Thatch Roofs
• Family:
– Arecaceae
Palo Verde
(Parkinsonia microphylla)
• Description:
– Green bark
– Small leaves that are drought
deciduous
• Fruit:
– Legume
• Flower:
– Pale yellow
• Location:
– Native
– Desert habitats in
southwestern U.S
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Food (flour)
• Family:
– Fabaceae (Pea family)
Pampas Grass
(Cortaderia selloana)
• Description:
– Tall grass with leaves that cut
when going toward center of
plant
• Fruit:
– Grain
• Flower:
– Dense white panicles
• Location:
– Non-native (Invasive)
– Riparian habitats
– Originally from South America
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
–
Flower arrangements
• Family:
– Poaceaea (Grass family)
Pine Tree
(Pinus sp.)
• Description:
– Leaves are needles grouped
into fascicles
– Branches flexible
• Fruit:
– None
• Flower:
– None
• Location:
– Native
– Evergreen forests worldwide
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Wood
– Furniture, floors
• Family:
– Pinaceae
Sago Palm
(Cycas revoluta)
• Description:
– Palm-like
• Fruit:
– None
• Flower:
– None
• Location:
– Non-native
– Originally from Japan and
China
• Chemical:
– Alkaloids, tannins, steroids
• Uses:
– Ornamental
• Family:
– Cycadaceae
Southern Black Walnut
(Juglans nigra)
• Description:
– Compound leaves
– Deciduous
– Slight odor
• Fruit:
– Drupe
• Flower:
– Green catkins
• Location:
– Native
– Riparian habitats
– Endemic to California
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Flooring, furniture
– Food
• Family:
– Juglandaceae
Southern Magnolia
(Magnolia grandiflora)
• Description
– Thick Waxy Leaves with rusty
pubescence underneath
• Fruit:
– Follicle
• Flower:
– Large White
• Location:
– Non-native
– Originally from southeastern
U.S.
• Chemical
– None
• Use
– Ornamental
– Make furniture, pallets and
veneer
• Family
– Magnoliaceae
Sugar Bush
(Rhus ovata)
• Description
– Large simple leaves with
reddish twigs
– Ovate leaves that are folded
along the midrib
– Leaf margins entire (smooth
• Fruit:
– Drupe
• Flower:
– Small, pink
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub and
chaparral habitats
• Chemical:
– Tannins
• Uses:
– Ornamental
• Family:
– Anacardiaceae (Sumac family)
Sweet Bay
(Laurus sp.)
• Description:
– Glossy simple leaves
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– True berry
• Flower:
– Pale yellow green
• Location:
– Non-native
– Originally from
Mediterranean region
• Chemical:
– Cineole oil
• Uses:
– Astringent
– Olympic wreaths
– Cooking (spices)
• Family
– Lauraceae
Toyon
(Heteromeles (Photonia) arbutifolia)
• Description:
– Christmas Berry
– Simple leaf - dentate
– Evergreen
• Fruit:
– Pome
• Flower:
– Small, white
• Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub and
chaparral habitats.
• Chemical:
– Tannins
– Glycocides
• Uses:
– Ornamental
– Jelly from fruit
– Tea for stomach ailments
• Family:
– Rosaceae (Rose family)
Tree Tobacco
(Nicotiana glauca)
• Description:
– Heart shaped leaves
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Yellow tubular
• Location:
– Non-native (Invasive)
– Originally from South America
• Chemical:
– Nicotine
• Uses:
– Smoked
– Treat swelling and bruises
– Biofuel
• Family:
– Solanaceae
Western Sycamore
(Platanus racemosa)
• Description:
– Large palmate leaves that are
pubescent
– Deciduous
– Peeling Bark
• Fruit:
– Achene
• Flower:
– Inflorescence
• Location:
– Native
– Riparian habitats in California
and Baja California
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Ornamental
• Family:
– Platanaceae
White Alder
(Alnus rhombifolia)
• Description:
– Simple alternate leaves
with serrate margins
– Deciduous
– Bark with “eyes”
• Fruit:
– Strobili (females)
• Flower:
– Catkins (male)
• Location:
– Native
– Chaparral and woodland
habitats in California and
Baja
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Ornamental
• Family:
– Betulaceae
White Ash
(Fraxinus americana)
• Description:
– Compound leaves that are
made of 5-9 leaflets
– Leaves are opposite
– Deciduous
• Fruit:
– Samara
• Location:
– Non-native
– Riparian habitats
– Originally from eastern North
America
• Chemical:
– None
• Uses:
– Baseball bats, oars, flooring,
tool handles
• Family:
– Oleaceae
White Sage
(Salvia apiana)
• Description:
– Large white leaves with an
odor
• Fruit:
– Achene
• Flower:
– White to lavender
•
Location:
– Native
– Coastal sage scrub and
Chaparral habitats
• Chemical:
– Terpenes to reduce
competition and predation
• Uses:
– Food (Pinole)
• Family:
– Lamiaceae (Mint family)
Wild Radish
(Raphanus raphanistrum)
• Description:
– Annual
– Small simple leaves
• Fruit:
– Silques
• Flower:
– White to lavender
•
Location:
– Non-native (Invasive)
– Originally from Asia
• Chemical
– None
• Use
– Food
• Family
– Brassicaeae (Mustard family)
Willow
(Salix sp.)
• Description
– Narrow simple leaves
– Usually Deciduous
– Moist soils
• Fruit:
– Capsule
• Flower:
– Catkins
•
Location:
– Native
– Riparian habitats in Northern
hemisphere
• Chemical:
– Salicylic Acid
• Uses:
– Aspirin
• Family:
– Salicaceae
Plant families
Mustard
(Brassicaceae)
Cactus (Cactaceae)
Mint (Lamiaceae)
Rose (Rosaceae)
Pea (Fabaceae)
Sumac (Anacardiaceae)
Sunflower
(Asteraceae)
Grass (Poaceae)