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2/16/2015 Tides What are they? What are they caused by? Are there different kinds of tides? • Those of you who have spent some time on the beach have probably noticed that the water level of the ocean does not stay the same all day long. Although waves continually wash the shore, the actual water level changes as the day passes. 1 2/16/2015 • It rises for a period of hours until it reaches its highest level, and then it begins to fall, or recede, to its lowest level. This rise and fall of the ocean is known as the tide. Its highest and lowest levels are, of course called high and low tides. High Tide Low Tide 2 2/16/2015 Tides – What are they? • Tides are changes in the level of ocean • • water. They are the periodic rise and fall of the water level in the oceans and other large bodies of water. I wonder how often this periodic rise and fall happens each day? What causes tides? What moves ocean water? • Wind • Earthquakes • Plate tectonics • The dominant force that moves ocean water is the gravitational forces from both the sun and the moon. 3 2/16/2015 Early thoughts about what caused the tides. • Some believed the earth was a living • animal and the tides a result of its breathing. Others, who thought the ocean’s waters were the earth’s blood, decided the tides were its pulse, caused by the beating of its great heart. Early thoughts about what caused the tides. • Early followers of the religious prophet Muhammad believed that the rise and fall of the waters were caused when the “Angel of the Sea” placed his foot in and out of the ocean. • Primitive natives thought the tides were a sign of a sea god’s anger and made human sacrifices to please him. 4 2/16/2015 The Lure of the Moon • The relationship between the phases of • the moon and the tides was discovered more than 2,000 years ago! People of the time knew the moon had something to do with the tides, but they couldn’t explain why. Sir Isaac Newton to the Rescue! • Newton’s Universal Gravitation theory helped to explain how the gravity of the moon (and the sun) were related to tides. 5 2/16/2015 What causes tides? • The gravity of the moon pulls on • • everything on the Earth. The moon’s gravitational pull on liquids is much more noticeable than on solids. Why? Because liquids move more easily than solids. What causes tides? • How often tides occur and the difference in tidal levels depend on the position of the moon as it revolves around the Earth. • The moon’s pull is strongest on the part of the Earth directly facing the moon. 6 2/16/2015 High Tide • The part of the ocean directly facing the • • • moon, bulges towards the moon. There is a corresponding bulge on the opposite side of the Earth. These bulges are called high tide. Tides newsflash.mpg Low Tide • When high tides occur, water is drawn away from the area between the high tides, which causes low tides to occur. 7 2/16/2015 How often is there a change in tides? Try to figure it out . . . • High tides happen on opposite sides of the Earth. • The Earth rotates once on its axis every 24 hours. • How many high tides would any one place in the ocean experience each day? Answer • The periodic rise and fall of the water level in the oceans and other large bodies of water happens . . . • Twice each day! 8 2/16/2015 But then why are tides about 50 minutes later each day? Try to figure it out . . . • In which direction does the Earth rotate? • In which direction does the Moon orbit the Earth? Answer • In one day, the Moon has completed about 3.6% of its full orbit of Earth. It has moved slightly ahead of the Earth (from position 1 to position 2). • So the Earth has to rotate more than a full day to put Anchorage directly in line with the Moon again. 9 2/16/2015 What effect does the sun have on tides? • The sun is much larger than the moon. • The sun is farther away from the Earth than the moon. Q: Which one (the sun or the moon) do you think has a bigger effect on tides? A: The moon, just because it is closer. Tidal Variations • Tidal Range = the difference in levels of • • ocean water at high tide and low tide. Tidal ranges vary greatly due to the combined forces of the sun and the moon on the Earth It all depends on the position of the Earth, moon, and the sun in space. 10 2/16/2015 Spring Tide • A tide with a large tidal range that occurs two times a month (new moon and full moon) • Sun, Earth, and the moon are aligned Neap Tides • A tide of minimum range that occurs during the first and third quarters of the moon • The sun, Earth, and moon form a 90 degree angle 11 2/16/2015 When the moon is new or full, the gravitational forces of the sun and moon are pulling at the same side of the earth. (See the diagram below.) This occurrence creates the extra large "spring" tides. When the moon is at first and third quarter, the gravitational forces of the sun and moon are pulling at 90 degrees from each other. (see the diagram below.) This occurrence yeilds little net tides called neap tides. Earth Revealed tides.mpg Tide-producing forces • Gravity and motions among Earth, Moon, and Sun Fig. 10-2 12 2/16/2015 Month tidal cycle • Spring tides – New Moon, Full Moon – Earth, Moon, Sun syzygy – Higher than usual high tides Fig. 10-12 Neap tide – First Quarter, Last Quarter – Earth, Moon, Sun quadrature – Lower than usual high tide 13 2/16/2015 Unequal tidal range Fig. 10-15 Tidal bores • Wave created by • • • • • tide rushes upstream Large tidal range Low-lying coastal river P1000234.MOV P1000235.MOV P1000238.MOV 14 2/16/2015 Weird Science! • The moon also creates tides in our • • • atmosphere They are called lunar winds They can be detected by studying slight periodic fluctuations in weather patterns Very strange, indeed! Review Q: What are tides? • Tide = the periodic rise and fall of the water level in the oceans and other large bodies of water. Q: What is the dominant tidal forces that move ocean water? • The gravitational forces from both the sun and the moon. 15 2/16/2015 Review (cont’d) Q: Where is the moon’s pull strongest on the Earth? • The moon’s pull is strongest on the part of the Earth directly facing the moon. Review (cont’d) Q: Which one (the sun or the moon) has a bigger effect on tides? • The moon 16 2/16/2015 Review (cont’d) Q: What is the difference in levels of ocean water at high tide and low tide called? • Tidal Range Q: Tidal ranges vary greatly due to the combined forces of the _________ and the ________ on the Earth • Sun, moon Review (cont’d) Q: How are the sun, Earth, and moon situated in space so that we experience a spring tide? • Sun, Earth, and the moon are aligned 17 2/16/2015 Review (cont’d) Q: How are the sun, Earth, and moon situated in space so that we experience a neap tide? • The sun, Earth, and moon form a 90 degree angle 18