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MDS1TRW The Roman World: Myth and Empire Slaves and Conquerors Rhiannon Evans The End of the Roman Monarchy • Mythic History: Roman Monarchy: 753-‐510 BCE • 7 kings • Tarquinius Superbus (Etruscan) – – ‘Tarquin the Proud’ = LAST Roman king • 510 BCE LucreSa raped by Sextus Tarquinius -‐> Tarquin overthrown • End of monarchy: REPUBLIC hZp://www.museicapitolini.org/collezioni/percorsi_per_sale/appartamento_dei_conservatori/sala_dei_trionfi/bruto_capitolino Lucius Iunius Brutus, the ‘Liberator’ Capitoline Museum, Rome Founding the Republic • Late 6th century poliScal change • Represented in Roman myth by: – 510 BCE overthrow of Tarquin ‘the Proud’ – 509 BCE Roman Republic founded – first consuls: Brutus and CollaSnus Rome: the Republic • Consuls: 2 men hold supreme power • Both hold veto power • Elected annually • Year named ader consuls who are in charge that year • e.g. 63BCE -‐ ‘when Tullius Cicero and Gaius Antonius were consuls’ THE REPUBLICAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT magistrates: holders of poliScal office – Including 2 consuls, elected annually, who hold imperium – imperium -‐ supreme power – right of life and death over Roman ciSzens – right to put Roman armies in the field THE REPUBLICAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT • magistrates: holders of poliScal office – 2 consuls – also 6 praetors (imperium) – and 10 quaestors. ! THE REPUBLICAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT ! Senate: top level of Roman society -‐ property qualificaSon of 400 000 sesterces – powerful advisory body of elite Romans, magistrates and ex-‐magistrates – acted as major law court of Roman state – originally only patricians (patres) – so plebeians (plebs) represented by Tribunes of the Plebs THE REPUBLICAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT • magistrates: holders of poliScal office – consuls, praetors, quaestors • Senate: powerful advisory body of elite Romans, magistrates and ex-‐ magistrates • people: Roman men, vote in assemblies to elect magistrates • The Senate and People of Rome • SPQR -‐ Senatus Populusque Romanus Rome: the Republic • Democracy? • male ciSzens vote in assemblies Rome: the Republic: VoSng • • • • • • Male ciSzens vote in assemblies Aristocracy has legislaSve and execuSve power Oligarchy -‐ ‘rule of few’ Electoral college system College determined by property ownership Colleges of high-‐property owners have more votes Where did slaves come from? • Captured in warfare • Born into slavery: vernae [singular verna] • Conubium -‐ denied to slaves • DeracinaSon -‐ slaves taken from country and kin http://library.artstor.org/library/iv2.html?parent=true Where did slaves come from? • • • • Captured in warfare Born into slavery: vernae [singular verna] Conubium -‐ denied to slaves DeracinaSon -‐ slaves taken from country and kin • Foreigners -‐ but not based on race – (vs TransatlanSc slave trade) Was Rome a ‘slave-‐society’? Only a handful of human socieSes can properly be called ‘slave socieSes’, if by slave society we mean a society in which slaves play an important part in producSon and form a high proporSon (say over 20%) of the populaSon. There are only two well established cases from anSquity: classical Athens and Roman Italy. Keith Hopkins Conquerors and Slaves (1978: 99) Was Rome a ‘slave-‐society’? Only a handful of human socieSes can properly be called ‘slave socieSes’, if by slave society we mean a society in which slaves play an important part in producSon and form a high proporSon (say over 20%) of the populaSon. There are only two well established cases from anSquity: classical Athens and Roman Italy. Keith Hopkins Conquerors and Slaves (1978: 99) • late 1st c.BCE: around 2 million slaves in Italy • quarter of populaSon The Slave Owner • Most households -‐ familia • Status marker • Male and female owners • Slave is property of owner Buying" Slaves ‘Vegetus, assistant slave ! of Montanus the slave of the august Emperor, has bought the girl Fortunata, by nationality a Diablintian, for 600 denarii. She is warranted healthy and not liable to run away’ Wooden tablet receipt for a Gallic (French) slave from around 100 CE: the first slave tablet found in Britain (Museum of London) hZp://www.mymuseumoflondon.org.uk/blogs/blog/a-‐history-‐of-‐london-‐in-‐10-‐archaeological-‐objects-‐object-‐3/ instrumentum vocale the slave as ‘a tool which speaks’! there are various tools for farming, some that speak, some that half-‐speak and some that are mute: the speaking include slaves; the half-‐ speaking include oxen; and the the mute include ploughs. Varro Res Rus9ca 1.17.1 (1st c.BCE) Slave occupaCons • Household slaves -‐ familia • Imperial household • Farming – la9fundia • Mines – lautumiae http://www.metacafe.com/watch/mv-NV2w/spartacus_film_spartacus_is_sold/ Diodorus Siculus 5.38.1 (1st c.BCE) The slaves engaged in the operaSon of the mines secure for their masters profits in amounts which are almost beyond belief. They themselves however are physically destroyed, their bodies worn down from working in the mine shaGs both day and night. Many die because of the excessive maltreatment they suffer. They are given no rest of break from their toil, but rather are forced by the whiplashes of their overseers to endure the most dreadful of hardships; thus do they wear out their lives in misery…although they oden pray more for death than for life because of the magnitude of their suffering. Resistance • 135-‐32 BCE & 104-‐101: Sicilian slaves on farm estates (la9fundiae) • Spartacus-‐ ‘Slave Wars’: 73-‐71 BCE • Slave army : 70-‐120,000 • 6,000 crucified • Aim of slave revolts -‐ end of slavery? • No common idenSty Resistance • running away • slave collars ! http://humweb.ucsc.edu/gweltaz/courses/history/hist_5B/Lectures/13_slavery.html Roman slave collar inscripSon I am Asellus, slave of Praeiectus, who is an administraSve officer in the Department of the Grain Supply. I have escaped from my post. Capture me, for I have run away. Return me to the barber's shop near the Temple of Flora. ILS 8727 Resistance • running away • slave collars • fugi9varii -‐ slave catchers ! Manumission • Freeing slaves in will • peculium -‐ money slave owns • freedman – libertus • freedwoman -‐ liberta Sources for Slaves & Freedmen: Petronius • • • • • ! ! Petronius Arbiter Satyricon (‘Dinner with Trimalchio) emperor Nero’s court ridicules freedmen slaves and freedmen as ‘muted groups’ silence in literary texts Slave RelaSonships • Contubernium -‐ ‘tent sharing’ • Slave epitaph: To the spirits of the dead, Panope the hairdresser, slave of Quintus Volusus, lived 22 years and Phoebe, her assistant, lived 37 years. Spendo made this [tomb] for himself and his contubernales (‘tent-‐sharers’) who well deserve it. ILS 7418 Slave RelaSonships • Slave epitaphs also someSmes claim coniunx (spouse), uxor (wife), vir (husband) • Slave-‐master relaSonships: freedmen/ women marry ex-‐mistress/master Epitaph to Child Nurse To the Spirits of the Dead. To Servia Sabina, freedwoman of Servius. Servius Cornelius Dolabella MeSllianus made this [tomb] for his nurse and mummy, who well deserved it. CIL 6.16450 The Roman World Next Lecture The Republic: History and Literature http://0.tqn.com/d/ancienthistory/1/G/B/h/2/Scipio.jpg http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=2094 http://www.the-romans.co.uk/new_gallery_seven.htm
