Download Looking Further

Expository
Text
Looking
Further
The Hubble Telescope
by Bill Nagelkerke
PAIRED
READ
The Watchers
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STRATEGIES & SKILLS
Comprehension
ELL Vocabulary
Strategy: Reread
Skill: Sequence
data, distorts, orbit
Content Standards
Vocabulary Strategy
Science
Earth and Space Science
Context Clues
Vocabulary
colleagues, conservatively,
deduction, droned, galaxies,
sustain, ultimately, verify
Word Count: 1,935**
Photography Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)
**The total word count is based on words in the running text and headings only. Numerals and words in captions,
labels, diagrams, charts, and sidebars are not included.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
Send all inquiries to:
McGraw-Hill Education
Two Penn Plaza
New York, New York 10121
ISBN: 978-0-02-118740-9
MHID: 0-02-118740-1
Printed in the United States.
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Essential Question
How does technology lead to discoveries?
Looking
Further
The Hubble Telescope
by Bill Nagelkerke
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Chapter 1
Land or Sky? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Chapter 2
The Amazing Hubble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chapter 3
Hubble’s Last Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team
Respond to Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
PAIRED
READ
The Watchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Focus on Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
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Introduction
The two parts of the word telescope come from the
Greek language. Tele means “far” or “a long way,” and
scope means “to see.” A telescope is a tool that helps you
see things that are far away.
An ancient Greek man named Aristarchus was the first
person to think that Earth went around the sun. He made
this deduction without a telescope to verify it. He lived
before telescopes were invented. He had to study the sky
using just his eyes.
In 1609, the Italian scientist Galileo made a refracting
telescope. He used it to study the sky. Refracting
telescopes bend light through a glass lens. This makes
objects that are far away look bigger. One of Galileo’s
telescope
Galileo
Through his telescope,
Galileo discovered sunspots
and Jupiter’s moons.
(t) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team, (b) National Geographic Society/Corbis
telescopes could make objects look up to 20 times bigger.
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Several decades later, another astronomer, or someone
who studies space, made a reflecting telescope. The
astronomer’s name was Isaac Newton, and his telescope
used mirrors instead of lenses.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a reflecting telescope.
Hubble has helped astronomers see deep into space. It has
discovered galaxies never seen before. Hubble has helped
scientists understand some things they did not understand
before. It has also shown scientists some new things they
do not understand yet.
Today’s astronomers do not need to look through
telescopes to see things. Instead, they look at pictures
recorded by the telescopes. This is how the Hubble
NASA-STScI
telescope works.
The United States and
Europe have worked
together to make the
Hubble telescope.
Hubble Space
Telescope
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Chapter 1
Land or Sky?
Astronomers began to explore the universe with
telescopes. They discovered many new things. For example,
when Galileo looked at the moon through his telescopes, he
saw that it was covered in craters. Before this, people had
thought that the moon was smooth.
Over time, telescopes became bigger and better. In 1873,
the Alvan Clark company’s refracting telescope helped
scientists discover the two moons that orbit Mars.
The Lick Observatory in California was built in 1887.
It was the first permanent mountaintop observatory. In
1897, the Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin opened. Yerkes
Observatory has the world’s largest refracting telescope.
The lens in the telescope is 40 inches wide.
Language
Detective
crra
crater
c
att
Bigger and
better are
comparative
adjectives.
Find a
superlative
adjective on
this page.
Through his telescope,
Galileo was able to see
the craters on the moon.
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(t) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team, (b) StockTrek/Getty Images
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The atmosphere around Earth distorts the light coming
from space. This means telescopes on Earth cannot see
some objects in space clearly. A German scientist named
Hermann Oberth had an idea to solve this problem. His
idea was to send a telescope up into space on a rocket.
The telescope would orbit high above Earth so scientists
could see things clearly.
Four satellites carrying telescopes were sent into space
between 1966 and 1972.
Different Kinds of
Telescopes
Optical and radio telescopes are two kinds
of telescopes. Optical telescopes catch the
light we can see with our eyes. The Hubble
telescope is an optical telescope.
NASA
Radio telescopes use radio waves to make
images, or pictures. Radio waves are
invisible to us. They can come from objects
such as stars and galaxies.
One satellite that carried
a telescope was called
Copernicus.
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The U.S. government agreed to build the Hubble Space
Telescope in 1977. Ultimately the space shuttle Discovery
carried the Hubble into space in 1990.
Hubble now orbits 353 miles (568 kilometers) above Earth.
Hubble takes pictures of outer space. These pictures are
some of the clearest pictures ever seen of celestial objects.
Hubble looks much like a regular telescope. The main
difference is its solar panels. The solar panels harness
sunlight to give power to Hubble’s computers and other
instruments.
In Other Words capture sunlight. En español, harness
sunlight quiere decir hacer uso de la luz del sol.
The Hubble Space Telescope
solar p
panels
NASA, Illustration: Carlos Aon
Hubble’s
b
bble’s
solar
panels
nels harness
sunlight.
l
light.
The space shuttle
Discovery blasts off,
taking Hubble into orbit.
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Hubble
At first things did not go
robotic
arm
well for Hubble. Scientists
found a problem with the
telescope’s main mirror.
There was also a problem
with the solar panels.
These problems were
not fixed until 1993. In
1993, NASA sent the space
shuttle Endeavour to repair
Hubble. The astronauts
on Endeavour repaired
the problems.
Astronauts used the space
shuttle’s robotic arm to
repair Hubble.
The shuttle mission was a
great success. It showed that
astronauts could repair Hubble
while it was orbiting Earth. Hubble could have a long life.
Hubble was able to see much more than other
telescopes. It sent large amounts of information back to
scientists on Earth.
STOP AND CHECK
Why is it important to have
a telescope in space?
Edwin Hubble
NASA-STScI
The Hubble Space Telescope was named after a famous
American astronomer, Edwin Hubble. Hubble worked at the
Mount Wilson Observatory in California in the 1920s. He
studied spiral nebulae, or clouds of dust and gas in space.
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Chapter 2
The Hubble can be thought of as a kind of time
machine as well as a telescope. Objects in space are
very far away. Some galaxies are so far away that their
light takes billions of years to reach Earth. Hubble can
take pictures of these galaxies. The pictures show what
happened billions of years ago.
Once, Hubble was pointed into an area of space that
seemed to have nothing in it. After ten days in the same
position, Hubble sent back pictures of thousands of new
galaxies. This area of space is now called the Hubble
Deep Field.
Scientists have used the data from Hubble to help
determine the age of the universe. Information from
Hubble has helped scientists discover that the universe
is expanding faster than before. Some scientists had
thought it was slowing down.
(t) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team, (b) NASA, ESA, and M. Livio and the Hubble 20th Anniversary Team (STScI)
The Amazing Hubble
Hubble’s amazing
images have shown
the beauty of space.
clouds of gas
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NASA scientists control Hubble by sending radio
messages to a satellite. The satellite sends the messages
to Hubble. These messages tell Hubble where to look and
what to look for.
The computers on Hubble record everything Hubble
sees in space. Hubble then sends that information back
to Earth.
Scientists send the data to the Space Telescope Science
Institute in Baltimore. Scientists at the institute study the
data. Their colleagues around the world can download the
data from the Internet. Then they can use the data in their
own research, too.
Capturing Data from the Stars
This diagram shows how the information gathered by
Hubble is sent to the Space Telescope Science Institute.
1
2
Data
3
1
Starlight
2 Hubble Space Telescope
6
3 Tracking and Data Relay
Satellite
4 Ground Station, White
Sands, NM
Illustration: Carlos Aon
5
5 Goddard Space Flight
Center, Greenbelt, MD
6 Space Telescope Science
Institute, Baltimore, MD
4
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Young scientists also can study Hubble’s discoveries.
College students can work with people at the Space
Telescope Science Institute. These students can study
Hubble data and hear speakers talk about space and
astronomy topics.
The institute has set up the Hubble Deep Field Academy
Web site for younger students. Students have a chance
to experience what it’s like to receive Hubble data. The
academy helps younger students understand the images
Students can use the
Hubble Deep Field
Academy Web site
to study information
from Hubble.
students
Ariel Skelley/Blend Images/Getty Images
from Hubble’s Deep Field.
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This is the deepest
Deep Field picture yet.
galaxy
It can be hard for academy students to understand
distances in space. Something that looks small may be
closer to Earth than something that looks big.
Astronomers use light to help measure these distances.
A light-year is the distance that light can travel in a year.
Light can travel about 6 trillion miles in one year. That is
6,000,000,000,000 miles!
One object in the Deep Field is about 12 billion
light-years away from Earth. It would take 12 billion years
NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team
for light from this object to travel to Earth!
STOP AND CHECK
What are some of the things Hubble
has shown astronomers?
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Chapter 3
Hubble’s Last Days
In 1997, there was a second space shuttle mission to
a new camera called a spectrometer. The spectrometer can
take pictures of infrared light that comes from galaxies
that are very far away. The astronauts also installed a
spectrograph to help Hubble look for black holes.
In 1999, astronauts replaced all of Hubble’s gyroscopes.
Scientists on Earth use gyroscopes to point Hubble in
different directions. Hubble has six gyroscopes.
It was obvious from all the repairs that Hubble had been
(t) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team, (b) NASA
Hubble. Astronauts on the space shuttle Discovery installed
working hard.
Hubble is attached to the space
shuttle so astronauts can safely
make repairs.
space
shuttle
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In 2002, astronauts installed another type of camera
in the Hubble. This camera could see more and record
better images, and was faster than the other cameras.
The astronauts also replaced the solar panels with smaller
panels. The new ones made more power.
The last trip to Hubble was in 2009. On this trip,
astronauts replaced and changed equipment. These
changes will help Hubble stay in orbit for as long as
possible. The shuttle program is now finished, so shuttles
won’t visit Hubble anymore.
Language
Detective
The word better is a comparative
adjective. Find another comparative
adjective on this page.
Deep Field and Ultra Deep Field
Illustration: Carlos Aon
Hubble Space
Telescope
In 2004, Hubble
sent an image called
Ultra Deep Field.
It showed about
10,000 galaxies.
Hubble Deep Field (1995)
Hubble Ultra Deep Field (2004)
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Hubble’s one-millionth
observation was made
on July 4, 2011. It was of
a planet that scientists
call HAT-P-7b. This is an
artist’s view of the planet
and the star it is orbiting.
Scientists believe Hubble will stay in orbit for a few more
years. If it lasts until 2015, it will have been orbiting Earth
for 25 years. Hubble’s life was conservatively estimated at
only 15 years!
When Hubble stops working, it will fall back to Earth.
Hubble was made to work with space shuttles, but the
space shuttle program ended in 2011. Until it stops working,
Hubble will continue to discover all sorts of amazing things.
Hubble has helped humans to look further into space than
ever before.
One day Hubble will no longer be orbiting Earth, but
NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)
most likely, Hubble will not be the last telescope in space.
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Hubble Facts
• Hubb
Hubble
ble weighs 24,500 pounds, or as much as two
ll
full-grown
elephants.
• Hubble orbits around Earth once every 97 minutes,
at about 5 miles per second.
• Hubble orbited Earth more than 100,000 times in
its first 20 years.
• Hubble can see ten times more clearly than the
best telescopes on Earth.
• When scientists move Hubble to focus on a
faraway object, it is like shining a light onto a small
coin that is 200 miles (320 kilometers) away.
• If you could see as well as Hubble can, you could
stand in New York City and see two fireflies in
San Francisco.
(bkgd) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team
• The data collected by Hubble so far would fill
about 6,000 DVDs.
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In 2003, NASA introduced the Spitzer Space Telescope.
This telescope was designed to study infrared light. It has
discovered planets outside our solar system. The Spitzer
Space telescope has also discovered the largest ring
around Saturn.
There are plans for more orbiting telescopes like Hubble
and Spitzer. One of these orbiting telescopes is the James
Webb Space Telescope, or Webb telescope.
The Webb telescope will carry special cameras and
spectrometers. A huge sunshield will protect the telescope
from the sun’s radiation. The Webb telescope’s main job will
be to study the history of the universe.
STOP AND CHECK
Why will Hubble stop working eventually?
NASA
Scientists hope the Webb telescope will
look back to the origins of the universe.
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Conclusion
The Hubble Space Telescope is one of NASA’s most
successful missions. The pictures Hubble has sent back to
Earth have amazed people around the world.
Scientists are planning new things for space telescopes.
The Webb telescope will have a mirror seven times bigger
than the mirrors in Hubble.
Scientists also will study the sky using telescopes on
Earth. These telescopes will be more powerful than Galileo
ever imagined. One of these telescopes is the Square
Kilometre Array.
There is a lot more work for astronomers to do, and
Panoramic Images/Photodisc/Getty Images
there are many more exciting discoveries to be made.
satellite
dish
The Square Kilometre
Array will have 3,000 radio
telescopes like these
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Summarize
Respond_Bhead_60-80
Event
UseRespond_text_60-80
details from Lookingxxxxx
Further to summarize
howxxxxxxxx
telescopes
xxxx
have
xxxled
xxxxxxx
to newxxx
discoveries.
Usexxx
your
xxxx
graphic
xxxxxorganizer
xxxxxxxxxxxx
to help you.
xxxx
Respond_Bhead_60-80
Text
Evidence
Respond
to Reading_numblist_60-80*
RUN-IN_BLUE_
1. What
features
tell you that Looking Further
is an
L50-80
expository text? GENRE
Respond
to led
Reading_numblist_60-80*
2. What
steps
to the development of RUN-IN_BLUE_
telescopes that
L50-80
stay
in space and orbit Earth? SEQUENCE
Respond
to Reading_numblist_60-80*
3. What
is the
meaning of the term spiralRUN-IN_BLUE_
nebulae on
L50-807? What kind of context clue can you find to
page
help you figure out the meaning? CONTEXT CLUES
4. Respond to Reading_numblist_60-80* RUN-IN_BLUE_
L50-80about how telescopes have changed from how
4. Write
they were in Galileo’s time to how telescopes are today.
Use the text to help you. WRITE ABOUT READING
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Compare Texts
Read a story about how scientists used telescopes to
make an unusual discovery.
The Watchers
The spaceship began orbiting
the planet. The ship’s crew had
d
named the planet Elektron.
Elektron was the old Greek
word for amber. Amber is a
spaceship
resin that can create sparks
of electricity.
The ship’s crew had found
another planet that could sustain
ain
human life. They all watched the
he
planet
SK-ope. The close-up views they
y
could see through it were bringing the
to llife.
h planet
l
f
The crew was excited. They had survived last night’s
space storm, and their mission was almost finished.
“It looks just like Old Earth!”
Illustration: Carlos Aon
“The telescopes have found us the perfect place to live!”
In Other Words making it look real. En español, bringing
the planet to life quiere decir haciendo el planeta más real.
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The crew turned away from the SK-ope and started to
talk. Commander Diaz stayed by the SK-ope.
The data from the deep-space telescopic probes was
clear. The crew had been searching for a planet like this one
for years. The evidence was too good to ignore.
And yet … Diaz felt that something was horribly wrong.
She looked more closely at the SK-ope.
Suddenly the hairs on the back of Commander
Diaz’s neck stood up. It was as if they were charged by
electricity—by the planet Elektron below?!
“Shall we take the ship down, Commander Diaz?” asked
Second Officer Nowak.
At first Diaz hesitated. She had no reason not to give the
order, however. The scientific data showed it was safe to
land. So, finally, Commander Diaz gave the order to land.
The engines droned as the ship slowed and the landing
equipment unfolded. Diaz stayed at the SK-ope. She was
staring at the screen.
“Commander? You should buckle in,” Nowak said.
Commander Diaz was silent.
Nowak asked, “What is it?”
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screen
Commander Diaz asked,
“Can we stop the ship from
landing?”
Nowak replied, “It’s too
late. What did you see?”
Diaz said quietly, “I saw
people. They were looking
at me with their own kind
of SK-ope.”
Nowak asked, “Who … what …
Diaz
are they?”
“They’re Watchers. That’s what they were doing. They
were watching and waiting.”
Diaz turned the SK-ope to its lowest level. She wanted
to keep the terrifying pictures from her crew for as long as
she could.
The pictures were of faces they had seen before. The
pictures were of Nowak’s face and her own face looking
back at her. The watchers looked exactly like them.
Illustration: Carlos Aon
Make Connections
How did the scientists use technology to discover
the planet Elektron? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do Looking Further and The Watchers help you
to understand the importance of telescopes as tools
for exploring the universe? TEXT TO TEXT
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Glossary
atmosphere the gases that surround planets, including
Earth (page 5)
black holes parts of space with such strong gravity
that not even light can escape, making them appear
to be empty (page 12)
celestial relating to the sky (page 6)
infrared light a type of light that cannot be seen but
is given off by objects above a certain temperature
(page 12)
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
the U.S. space exploration agency (page 7)
observatory a place with equipment to study the sky
(page 4)
spectrograph a device that can split light into its
different colors and photograph them (page 12)
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Index
Aristarchus, 2
Deep Field, 8, 10, 11, 13
Galileo, 2, 4, 17
Hubble, Edwin, 7
James Webb Space Telescope, 16, 17
Newton, Isaac, 3
space shuttle, 6, 7, 12, 13
Space Telescope Science Institute, 9, 10
telescopes
– optical, 5
– radio, 5
– reflecting, 3
– refracting, 2, 4
Ultra Deep Field, 13
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Purpose To understand the difference between refracting and
reflecting telescopes
Procedure You will need poster paper or board,
glue, and markers.
Step 1
Choose a partner. Read Looking Further again. Write
down facts about refracting and reflecting telescopes.
Step 2
Use an educational Internet site to find out more
information about refracting and reflecting telescopes.
Find a diagram of each type of telescope.
Step 3
Make a poster with information about the history of
each type of telescope. Draw diagrams to show how
each type of telescope works.
Conclusion What did you discover about the refracting
telescope and the reflecting telescope? How are the two
telescopes different from each other?
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Level: 60
G6 U5 W4 E
PDF
Literature Circles
Nonfiction
The Topic
What is Looking Further mostly about?
Text Structure
How does the author organize information in
this book? How does this organization help
you understand how telescopes have changed?
Conclusions
What is the most important thing you learned
in Looking Further?
What do you think will happen in the future
with telescopes and space exploration?
Author’s Purpose
Why do you think the author wrote this text?
What were the main points the author wanted
the reader to understand?
Make Connections
What other books have you read about exploration
of our universe? How were the books you read
the same as this one? How were they different?
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Program: CR 14
Component: LR
Vendor: Learning Media
Level: 60
G6 U5 W4 E
PDF
Breakthroughs
Science
GR V • Benchmark 60 • Lexile [t/k]
Grade 6 • Unit 5 Week 4
www.mheonline.com
ISBN-13 978-0-02-118740-9
MHID 0-02-118740-1
99701
EAN
9 780021 187409
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24/02/12 3:28 PM
Program: CR 14
Component: LR
Vendor: Learning Media
Level: 60
G6 U5 W4 E
PDF