* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download PDF Original Colour - University of Toronto
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sanskrit grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
00 oo S 00 o o OTTOMAN -TURKISH LANGUAGE J. W. REDHOUSE - v_S3w~ ' AJ r TRUBNER'S COLLECTION or SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BT RELNHOLD ROST, LL.D., PH.D. IX. OTTOMAN TUKKISH. BY J. W. REDHOUSE. TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BY REINHOLD ROST, LL.D., Pn.D. V. MODERN GREEK. HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN, AND ARABIC. BY THE BY E. LATE M. GELDAET, M.A. Price 2s. Qd. E. H. PALMER, M.A. Price VI. ROUMANIAN. 5s. BY R. TOECEANTJ. II. Price 5s. HUNGARIAN. BY VII. I. SlNGEE. Price TIBETAN. 4s. 6d. BY H. A. JASCHKE. Price 5s. III. VIII. BASQUE. BY W. VAN EYS. Price 3s. DANISH. BY 6d. E. C. OTTE. Price IV. IX. MALAGASY. BY G. OTTOMAN TURKISH. W. PABKEE. Price 3s. 6d. BY J. W. REDHOUSE. Price 10s. 6d. 5s. Grammars of the following are in preparation : Albanese, Anglo-Saxon, Assyrian, Bohemian, Bulgarian, Burmese, Chinese, Cymric and Gaelic, Dutch, Egyptian, Finnish, Hebrew, Kurdish, Malay, Pali, Polish, Russian, Sanskrit, Serbian, Siamese, Singhalese, Swedish, &c., &c., &c. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL. A GRAMMAR SIMPLIFIED OP THE OTTOMAN-TUEKISH LANGUAGE. BY J. W. REDHOUSE, HON. MBMBEB OB THB LONDON TRUBNEK & M.K.A.S., BOYAL BOCIBTT OP CO., LITEBATUBE : LUDGATE 1884. [All rights reserved.] PULL. SEEN BY PREi DATE JAN 2 LONDON BT. : GILBEET AND EIVINOTON, LIMITED, JOHN'S SQUARE, CLEEKENWELL EOAD. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Preface . . . . Note on Identity of Alphabets ix xii CHAPTER I. LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. SECTION I. Number, Order, Forms, and Names of Letters ...... Greek, and Synopsis of Arabic, Latin 4 Letters II. 1 Phonetic Values of Letters, Vowel-Points, Orthographic Signs, Ottoman Euphony Transliteration, CHAPTER . . . . 15 II. OTTOMAN ACCIDENCE. SECTION I. II. III. Nouns Substantive Nouns Adjective Numerals IV. Pronouns 51 ...... . . . . 68 74 82 TABLE OF CONTENTS. vi PAGE SECTION V. Demonstratives VI. Interrogatives ,, . . VII. Relative Pronouns . ... VIII. Derivation of Verbs (Table) IX. Conjugation of Verbs Participles X. ; .90 Verbal Nouns Numbers and Persons XI. Complex Categories of Verbs Tenses ; Gerunds ; . XII. First Complex Category 94 . Moods ; 92 . . ; . 99 . 115 .119 . 120 . XIII. Second 125 . 129 XIV. Third XV. Combined (Turkish) Conjugation XVI. Negative and XVII. Dubitative, . Impotential Conjugations Potential, and Facile Verbs . 133 . 135 . 141 144 XVIII. Verb Substantive XIX. Verbs of Presence and Absence, Existence .... and Non-Existence XX. Compound ,, XXI. 148 Verbs Interrogative Verbs ; Interrogation XXII. Adverbial Expressions XXIII. Prepositions XXIV. Conjunctions XXV. Interjections .... .... . 147 . . . 151 . 154 .150 . . 156 .157 TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER THE OTTOMAN VU III. SYNTAX. PAGE SECTION I. Conversational brevity. Precision in ERRATA. PAGE PREFACE. THE Ottoman Language, A*.jjLJl2-c osmanlija, is the most highly polished branch of the great Turkish tongue, which is spoken, with dialectic variations, across the whole breadth, of nearly, the impinging into also, in middle region Europe, of the continent even, in the Southern Russia, up to of Asia, Ottoman provinces, and the frontiers of the old kingdom of Poland. The Ottoman language fundamentally Turkish. tinues more and more in its is, grammar and vocabulary, It has, however, adopted, and con- to adopt, as required, a vast of Arabic, Persian, and foreign words number (Greek, Armenian, Slavonic, Hungarian, Italian, French, English, &c.), together with the use of a few of the grammatical rules of the Arabic and Persian, which are given as Turkish rules in the following pages, their origin being in each case specified. x The J c great Turkish language, AS J turkje, Ottoman, has been classed, by European writers as one of the " " agglutinative languages Ottoman and non- ; not inflecting its words, but X " PREFACE. " which were once in- dependent words," to the root- words, and thus forming all as glueing on," it were, particles, the grammatical and derivative desinences in use. To my mind, this term "agglutinative" and its definition, are inapplicable to the Turkish language in general, and to the Ottoman Turkish in and most particular. truly, inflexional tongues ; These are, essentially none of their inflexions ever having been " independent words," but modifying particles only. The the Turkish languages, or distinctive character of all dialects, is that the root of a whole family, of inflexions and derivations, is however numerous, always recognizable at sight, seldom suffering any modification whatever, and always standing at the head of the inflexions or derivations, however complex in character these may of a root-word does take place, it When be. is a modification always of the simplest kind, always the softening of a hard or sharp consonant into the corresponding more liquid letter, and always of the final consonant only of the root. becomes a i, soft Persian which is a t*J, becomes a or the L> sometimes c, a sharp Arabic e) becomes a Ottoman modification of this latter, then pronounced like our most useful consonant or, in case of a nounced jj or Thus, a c^ like dominant o or our consonant w. u vowel in the root, is y, pro- XI PREFACE. The Ottoman Turkish has more vowel-sounds known number) than any other tongue these may have present treatise, though differentiation in the The word each of is it make Every one of these all. is in the transliterations of the mark distinguished by a special is As to me. a short and a long modification, they in twenty-two possible vowels language (eleven in such impossible to attempt any Arabic characters to which the Ottoman wedded. of every euphony regulate the pronunciation the Ottoman language perfectly, in all of Turkish rules of in origin; ; and as far as is practicable, in what is radically foreign. Although a compound word the Turkish dialects, and the is a thing totally unknown to of very rare occurrence in Arabic, Ottoman language abounds with such, adopted from the Aryan, compounding Persian. Persian grammarians and writers into a harmonious further, conflicting learnt how to mould whole the incongruous Aryan Persian and Semitic Arabic elements. step first and blended Ottoman ingenuity has gone a in one noble speech the three elements of the Aryan, Semitic and Turanian classes of vocables. Fault is found by some with this intermixture of idioms ; xii PREFACE. but an Englishman, of all the world, will ciate a clever mosaic of diction ; and a know how real to appre- student of the language will learn to admire many a true beauty, resulting from a masterly handling of the materials at his command, by any first-rate Ottoman literary celebrity, whether prose- writer or poet NOTE. The manuscript before Christmas, 1882, in the hands of a of the present sketch and copies few friends of Grammar was my table of identic completed alphabets have been for the last four or five years. I have just had the pleasure and privilege of reading the admirable and exhaustive treatise on " The Alphabet," by the Rev. Isaac Taylor, and am rejoiced to find that he has come to the same conclusion as to the of the identity three probably at an earlier date than the time, perhaps twenty years ago, when the idea began to force itself on my mind. I still feel inclined' to hold however, by the inference that the Phenicians gave the alphabet to Italy, quite independently of the Greek action which later on doubtlessly ; influenced the Italian culture. LONDON, September, 1883. J.W.R. OTTOMAN TURKISH GEAMMAE. CHAPTER I. THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. SECTION The Number, Order, Foi*ms, and Names of I. the Letters. THERE are thirty-one distinct letters used Some of language. ^ or is V, letter, these have more than one value also a combination of two letters into which Arabian piety has agreed la, Thirty-two ellf, v be, ^ dal, i zel, ^ tl, k zi, c j the v pe, o ri, 'ayn, nAn, j w6v, The and one character, to count as a letters have, therefore, to be named and enumerated, as follows L ; and which Persian and Turkish conformity has had no option but to adopt. I Ottoman them are sometimes consonants, sometimes vowels. four of There the in 5 foregoing te, & j ze, j zhe, c gayn, _i : se, ^ jlm, ^ chlm, c ha, ^ sin, fe, j ^i shin, qaf, d ^ kaf, J s&d, lam, ^khi, ^ ., dad, mlm, he, V lam-ellf, <j ye. is the ordinary arrangement of the letters of Ottoman alphabet, as learnt and repeated by children ; OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 2 excepting that they are not at know, either of the three Persian j which are not contained zhe, and It in the chlm, and Arabic alphabet, their and unpronounceable to, called the ellf-be, is - letters, uj pe, sounds and values being unknown by, an Arab. taught to mention, or to first <u c_aS1 , the alphabet; i.e., might be conveniently styled the alphabet by forms; it letters of the same form being brought together in it, more or less. There is another very different order necessary to be learnt of the twenty-nine Arabic and called ebjed, jg\, is arranged in eight conventional words, as follows is jjgl ebjed, j^a hevwaz, jit huttl, <o-^S qarashat, j The It letters. letters sakhaz, Jj& }liki dazagila. order represent the nine units, 1 for the tens, also in order, 10 to to 90 the hundreds, serially, 100 to 900 c , stands for 1000; enumerated, has no value of of the values of its Hebrew The 9 The ; ; to nine in the third nine count as the twenty-eighth in the and the its first this the second nine stand ; V, though always last, own, but counts as the sum two components, J This system appears times indeed. sa'fas, of the Arabic alphabet, as arranged in ebjed series, have each a numerical value. series, ^^ keleman, : have been 30, in 1 ; i. e., as 31. use in very early order of the letters in alphabet, as far as this goes 1; that it is, is that of the as far as the end of the sixth word qarashat, 0^9, with which the Hebrew THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. The terminates. alphabet now (omitting all of the two last words letters of consideration the Semitic inventions of a comparatively by means of modifications, represented in the from o, is c from c i , alphabet. from ^ j, This may be called . A circumstance factitious modern V) are and are date, dots, of letters, undotted or dotted, Hebrew from 6 the Thus, is ii> modified from ^0, U from k, and numeral alphabet. that invests this ebjed arrangement with a European antiquarian interest of the very highest order, the fact that proves, beyond the remotest it is shadow of a doubt, the unity of origin of the Semitic (usually taken to be Phenician, but I imagine it to be much more ancient than Moses, or even Abraham), the Greek, and the Latin alphabets. now Not only can the in the series be traced through successive modifications back to divergent forms of each separate letter one ancient Phenician character, but the order of the whole series from 1 to o is absolutely identical in the Arabic (Hebrew, Phenician), Greek, and Latin alphabets, as the following synopsis shows. An additional proof is furnished by the identity of the numeral values of the letters in the Arabic and Greek alphabets, known to the Latins, a method who must have had totally un- a method of their own, probably Etruscan, before they received their alphabet direct from the Phenicians, quite independently of the Greeks, and quite as early. OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. irabic THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. The r, , 5 G, must originally have been a hard modern Egyptian, Hebrew, and as in in Greek, sound of our English j or hardened The it, K apparently, into a remark serious first made by both the change soft is it In so pro- is it nounced, though the rest of Arabia has softened g. into the and though the Latins g, value. called for on our coming to the Greeks and the Latins of the Semitic soft aspirate consonant vowel E. into their s It would almost seem as though the old Phenicians used that letter as a final vowel, exactly as and Turks explicable is the A at present. to is done by the Persians more remarkable divergency, in- me, but parallel to the foregoing conversion, change made by the Greeks of the Semitic hard aspirate consonant _, into their long vowel H, t], whereas the Latins preserved the letter as a consonant and as their sole aspirate, under the same written form as that used by the Greeks, H, of the h, and which was in reality the Phenician form letter. The next remark as to the Latin F, is which the Greeks long ago discarded from their alphabet, after having in the first instance adopted to represent the it in numeral use it corrupted, cursive form, <s-, they continued to Phenician form T, and used its After discarding 6. as to a O name of modification of sound, from a its still, it as a letter, numeral, though with which they give the Phenician it a to this day, ' Bau, j\j w waw, vav. The or v to an /, is Latin of no OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 6 The Arabs importance. sound having no v of to-day, letter or name of Her Majesty the in their language, write the Queen-Empress, Fiktoriya. As Greek phonetic value of Z exactly corresponds the the Semitic power of \ their , G and the form of the Latin one is is was soft g, some that in where a soft g our dialects j perhaps even our t of Italian a z The Semitic a long vowel, i, ^ it into their \> its it the Latins, letter. We now Three western into the vowel consonantal use also as an and also y, it is letters, :, But the i. initial ; though a consonant in that use a y to express that value Germans have adopted the Latin Semitic ; followed, as a matter of course, that both they forgot, or never realized, that position. Certain z. used in words being both a consonant, like our Greeks and Latins should make Latins preserved is found in other dialects. is having no such sound, discarded the but the ; modification j to represent j, y, are now used for the one (j. The next four letters require no y* of the eastern Arabs S. identical, being merely a modification, The Greeks made the Semitic it. to tempted to imagine that originally the Latin power of this letter it numeral value being The Hebrew alphabet, is is letter comment but the Semitic ; not a good parallel for the Greek D, that holds the equivalent of the Arabic Arabs of Morocco transpose the ^ its place in the and the western <_,<?, and ^ in their jsfil THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. making the alphabet, word fifth Hebrew the exact equivalent of the ^ The the is I should be inclined to suggest that was formed, the Semitic ^ S ^ t ( & whichever it name Xerxes, of The Latins dropped really was. conversion of Semitic consonantal c into Greek and Latin vowel o is This not unnatural. letter c unpronounceable by any other than a Semitic. of convulsion in the throat serving likewise as soft guttural, of What a, is the hard parallel Even write and pronounce is it as a j , is in , which It ; is the and an o read in Hebrew, as in the Arabians, when they have which they cannot pronounce, b, or as f. The next dropped in both Greek and Latin. have been used \ a. _ the Arabians use as f, to express a foreign letter, p, to This was so a long vowel on occasions. well be looked upon as a hard ijo, It is a kind also a guttural consonant, is which the c Greek and Latin, p. or absolutely the more to be expected, as the Semitic letter became Greek and Latin may is and as the two aspirates were ; converted into vowels, so was this guttural. much but an attempt to is seen in the is which the old Persian was Khsharsha. The (j>, held the place afterwards taken represent our value sh, as this letter, than the being power. when the Greek alphabet The Greek and the j >. in from one another. very remote still and in place a better representative of two sounds are by the i ^ the letter (J^a^>, letter, ^ It appears never Greek, even as a numeral ; differing in OTTOMAN TCBKISH GRAMMAR. 8 When that respect from the Tit letter, this latter was retained, modified, omitted letter ^ was dropped a numeral. as became the numeral o-a/iTn, ^ as a But the representing 900 instead of 90. From this omission of the Greek numerals, a slip ^ from its proper place in the of the whole subsequent series became necessary, so that each letter, from jj , <P, Q, onwards, had a higher numeral value by one degree in the Semitic than representative had in Greek has the value of 90 only for 100 only ; This &c. ; ; standing for 100, while jj j represents 200, while slip is very remarkable ; it P its <p stands was filled up further on by ^ 900. Although the six " additional " letters of the Semitic and Greek alphabets have no relation to each other as sentatives of sound, their numerical value in the same order observed and with the same is On only 900. additionals, Latin v, u, v, x, Latin Z. slip up in those repre- goes on exactly of the original series, to c, representing 1000, while the other hand, however, the three ^ Greek 0, %, are evidently the originals in form of the and the Semitic k This modern authors, possibly the original of the is letter is usually attributed, to the Greek , which it by ancient and certainly agrees with in shape, though not in sound. The forms of the Arabic and Persian Ottoman letters given above are those of the isolated characters. They are liable THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. to various modifications, 9 according to their being initials, medials, or finals, in a combination of written letters. In the first place, they divided into two classes may, : in this respect, be conveniently those which join on to the following 1 letters in writing a combination, uL>j u_sjj*- hurufu vwasllyye, and those which do not so The V ; latter, eight in join, ^Q'.O uJj^ the less numerous class, are: number ; All the others join, as thus, I _>!, L->J, 1, hurufu munfa^ild. a, i, i_^, ^>jJ'J>J ^J, j\j, jj, an d ^V. OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 10 *" x /' yJS, ^*j o^*. , Ox , o J^a. , tyj^ medials, thus written: Those which do not join . _jb, yl, Longer combinations vary, ad -i , Aill^b , Jjj, l^i, ^, infinitum, as 5^vpv , follows are, as u^i,jV. c : &c. Besides the simple names of the letters hitherto mentioned, most of the characters have other, more complicated appellations. xOx The is 1 Arabic word when it is }, usually called hemze, ; and ellfl memdude, a long vowel, when a consonant, in an ^,u* u_aJI, or medial. initial prolonged 1, It can never be a long final vowel in an Arabic word, being then always followed by another consonant hemz& &c. It is It final. Arabic or ; called ellfl maqsure, is words, it may the 1 is or final. It is When When be short or long. ^ in When generally a consonant, and called is always long in Persian initial in a long a short may wheii classical a Persian word, initial, it distin- is guished, as in Arabic, by the sign medd, .u (") over A. v^sT afet, P. L_>T ab. jeza'u, 1, In Persian and Turkish, always a vowel, but and hemze. when medial so. iV^a. shortened then more commonly written indifferently ellf words, as, ell sha'a, uJiJI, ^<a but by no means always foreign ; initial, it is, take the sound 'a it, as : in Arabic, or 'e, of '1, THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. or of When 'u. a short initial in may have any one of the three values a or of the powers of in The isolated uj is 1 L_> o as the ; o, and ^^i 6 \i the n> is distinguished, as o qiyye), form with a medial or it, '' while ; The ij is I do not recollect 'arabiyye), the and simple (tii'l named is Again, the (j, o then iden- ,03 <-' fev- *jy olli* (musnatl ^ then is Arabian 44^ V name of the letter from all double- inferiorly ' * j^gl sC (ba'l ebjed), the expression. guished from the Persian The mu- also called jsl eU (sa'l sakhaz), the ii o/ ji?. ^ might be called faiislyye), (sa'l '0* ' The 6 lj L> whereas the ; musnat), i^i^ *U called termed A-iU^ cjUi* (mAsniltl tahtanlyye), dotted. (ta'l from the initial, being called double-dotted superiorly A by ^ of (the word) jz*. a tical in * further distinguished is by being ta, LL, lo xo J designated AilL of (the word) c>^J hAtti), iAe (ta'i is The the muvahhade), (ba'l named oUl is the i, named L, also \j o sellese), the triply-dotted c*. qarashat), details distinguished from the other letters of the same the double-dotted from the The A. 1, Turkish words are given further on. form by being called sj^j* single-dotted e, a vowel, and is it Persian, 11 L_> c_j, ^e is, o/ j^J ; but however, distin&> (ba'l the *G (ba'l , +*s L_> being called A-^U m iyy^)j ^ 6 Persian in purely _>. jim, sufficiently distinguishes other Arabic characters. no other designation LJ> by being designated <u-^c ( bs '^ '4)^ the It Arabic works. It has, therefore, It is, however, OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 12 distinguished from the Persian i^+sF- terms dU^* (jiml farlslyye), 6 are distinguished from one another by the ^ U muhmele) (ha'l mijeme) t\. (kha'i sli. and^bjoij These two _, and neglected (undotted) distinguished (dotted) In Persian they are often called A*s , *- ^a (jiml 'ajamlyye). The - and A*^* their being styled respec- and A-^ls pp* (jiml'areblyye), tively A-jJc or . by ^ ; , respectively. (ha'l bi-niiqta) dotless (kha'i nuqtd-dar) dot-possessing (dotted) _^. of Arabic and all pairs through the alphabet, Persian adjectives go where a dot in the cases the sole is '' between two distinction (dall mfthmele) j distinctions ISj Jb A^i" Jli ; by ^ ; jja S?* ; 6 1^ (zii'i hevvez) j u_i &c.; ; (shlnl mu'jeme), to uJ, the written (ft), JilS ; Cx (qaf), j ^\T ; o fV (lam), J With sJU^ from is _ . ; ^ We, ; ^ therefore, say j^t> then termed Jo* gU. (hil'i OJ f ^ Jb ^ \j^> (sinl as, (ra'i mfih- &c. ; <_ ^J ; names of the is letters are necessary for (kyaf, vulgarly kef), CiJ ; ox o ) (mim), ^ a distinction again comes 5 as, So also the i. so distinct of themselves, that no addition U ; " " numeral alphabet Jli (zall sdkhaz), i ^ When we come same form miijeme) (zall the words of the (dall ebjed), qarashat)^ mele), letters of the ^t (nun), d ; ^ (vwaw), j. in, to differentiate the letter 6 \1 (ha'l hevvez), hiitti); and (j is s ; as the termed, as THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. mentioned above, ouL A-iliatf being also called jU. The Persian *U musnatl tahtanlyye); (ya'i (ya'l hiittl). and _ are distinguished as t_* 13 described is 3 above and ; and **..V slyye), manner the j in like ^ different sorts of d to distinguish, is named A^C d Arabian its ; among vulg. that of our is distinguished by the kyafl name of farlsi, This variety is L dil ; final uj was next and then, is (kyafl farlslyye, different methods. ; thus : ^^,j* also jS$, A^J, final, and a single dash, when O* 'OJ for the was it letter in all its written variations medial, and When ; letter sometimes distinguished, in original Arabian d, when isolated or O" Arabian The themselves mark the difference by doubling the upper dash of the as, dy.l, original This A~-,U two writing, in one or the other of initial, consonants, the kefl farlsi), and A!S? wj^" (kyafl 'ajamlyye, vulg. kefl 'ajaml). Persians farl- (kyafl 'areblyye, vulg. kefl 'drebi), the v_jo value The : used by the Persians for their hard g still, (za'l used in Ottoman Turkish, and to point out their several names, as follows d s\j 'ajamlyye). (za'l There remains now called A~-,U is * , (&- ; isolated, whereas the has no dash at all; initial or medial ; thus: sOi shaped ^j^r=a, a7^=u. these two values of the one letter d passed into use Ottoman language, a new mode of distinguishing the Persian from the Arabian variety was introduced. It con- OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 14 sisted of placing three dots over the Arabian form of the d, <? together with a single dash in non-final positions ^ J>^> , du thus marking the Persian hard ; thus ; : g value d, J r J5i, of the letter. But in this letter, so differentiated in Persian writing, received Ottoman Turkish a third value, that of our consonantal y, as a softened variety of its Persian value of hard Ottoman value never occurs elsewhere than at the end, or Ox in the o middle of a word ^ (ylylrml), ^^0 it an e as ; duJ/ol (lyranmek). a syllable this letter follows a vowel, it d*^o (beyanmek), d? (b&y), : xO"- -oxo begin or end may When o f. This g. be-yan-mek, ly-ran-mek. u vowel, and is itself followed by w the value of our into glides : In the middle of a word ; as X J A_$J-* (suwe), &c. In Turkish, the d, another value retaining the fourth still, O J sake, called surd never end a initial. syllable, as the d, mentioned it ; O- (saghir nun); jj^y medial, ends many it as in dl (^n), (q6nur). may words. This value begin, and The may this times a single dot is Turkish value of surd ^ also three dots over in the preceding paragraph, are used some to designate dots to (eanln), When being then for distinction's x ^, ^j ^cL di^j^/^g-T (anmaq), is O same form, received the ; by and at other used for that purpose, leaving the three mark the Persian value of the letter. These varying THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. values of the <*) constitute a serious difficulty in read Ottoman Turkish. A Surd ^ c cJU words it is, (gallb), it be observed to is Originally in an here transliterated n. is i&\ much has a softened value, very eUlL (daghln, almost 0J&L o or Turkish words. (da'dan), u vowel, the c ^IL , like that of our gh, but as ; *& cl_b (dagh, almost daw), : (dagha, da'a), When (da'da), &c. Turkish words, in if ^IL (daghl, preceded by followed by a vowel, glides into the value of our w, even as our own gh O does in the (dowan), : to the point of practically disappear- da'in), 8 as In Turkish ^jJLJL (maglub). (agleb), more softened, even da'i), Ottoman in Ottoman mouth, a simple hard g ; ing from the pronunciation an learning to similar variation in the phonetic value of the Arabic letter ftill 15 word throughout (pronounced thruwout) J&j* (s6wan), ^ ff^ t ( (qowiish) ; or it ; as : ,. J ^Ic^jL nearly dis- O J JO J appears in pronunciation, as before ; thus ojJjl SECTION II The Phonetic Values of of of Transliteration, We the other and the Letters and consonants. that every letter (olduwum, is and Vowel- Orthographic Signs, our System the Doctrine of Ottoman Euphony. must divide the thirty-one Ottoman into vowels *iijJjl (61diiwu, or oldu'u). or oldu'um), Points, the Uses : But it letters (omitting V) must first be premised sometimes a consonant, while only four of OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 16 them These are are sometimes vowels. 1 j , , s , ^ All the . It will others, twenty-seven in form, are always consonants. be more convenient to treat of the four vowel letters first, together with the vowel-poiuts, which are not letters, but simply marks. Usually, the vowel-points, three only in number, are not written they are supposed to be known. ; But, in children's books, in Qur'ans, in books of devotion, &c., they are written and sometimes The books and papers in other vowel-points are mark of which towards the is named : 1, ustun, ^j^-jl (over), the a short diagonal from the right downwards placed over any consonant left, (no meaning), a similar 2, esere, i^ll any consonant ; as: -, > -., .>, >- * j>, &c.; 3, * J-, to its o, -., &c.; uturu, j^yj* (no mean- any consonant; originally, the three as: Arabic short The ustun has the value of & or ing to the consonant, &c., 1 , which the additional Ottoman vowel-sounds, have been added. value of _> &c. These vowel- points mark, vowels, to as: ; diagonal, marked under ing), a small j-shaped mark, placed over jyj>j> ; also. or 1 ; accompanying and the uturu that of it ; e, a, a, a accord- the eser& has the 6, u, u, u, also according accompaniment. The short vowel-sound indicated marks always sonant to by each of these three follows, in pronunciation, the which it is appended ; so that sound of the con- we have the following THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHT. Ottoman \^t syllabary, No. bo, bu, bu, bii When it is 1 17 L> ba, ba, ba, ba, b& : v ; bl, b! ; and so on through the alphabet. ; make required to the vowel long, one of the o three Arabic letters of prolongation, t^ * (harfi medd, pi. hurufi medd), has to be added to the consonant, j^ .Xo * marked with tion, true long vowels, are panies ustun, The short vowel-point. its ^ 1, ^ j, letters of of which ; always accompanies eser We accompanies uturu. now have Ottoman 1 still prolonga- always accom- and j always ; syllabary No. 2, j as follows We : l> ba, apparent. uturu. u, ^j bl, bi bo, bu, bu, bii y ; Our system of It represent ustun, use ; &c. ; thus see that there are eleven Ottoman short vowels, and eight long. made ba As i is them is also method of using a or e to transliterating the simple to represent esere, and o or u to represent these vowel-points shade off in phonetic value, a, a, a, a, for uturu. or 6 for ustun ; 1 or i for esere After long consideration, ; and 6, we have we or u, u, for some years past adopted this system, as the simplest, and, on the whole, the most rational. The in the words, values of these Ottoman vowels are those of the vowels following eleven words. They excepting the French unknown in ordinary English, of some of our counties. tu, are all familiar English the though These words it vowel of which is exists in the dialects are: far, war, a-(bove), C OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 18 pan, pen ; pin, girl so ; We tu, cur. put, ; mark the vowels of these eleven guide- words to the Ottoman pronunciation, in the order in which they stand girl, s6, we put, tu, cur ; and : far, war, above, pan, pen, pin, for the eight Ottoman long vowels use: far, war, pin, girl, so, put, tu, cur. Ottoman vowel-sounds in all, long and That nineteen is, The short. student has but to remember the series of ten English words and one French, to become possessed of the key to the Ottoman vowel But he must pronunciation. learn never to swerve from the values of those guide-vowels. To an Englishman, slouchy method, this unswervingness point but, with a ; He must patience at little practice himself in is first, it is ^ Is-(temek), c^Ulj, O (not fir-(lamaq), O ( not q ul ) y uz > (not (not den), san, ^ j-lj, q61, j^J (not not jj>. ( qal), O y uz r > y uz )> an(i gy uz O->^ words or also syllables). student of Turkish has to exert his utmost care, in respect of the the to be achieved. J gyuz or gyuz, though these are The English difficult (which he will at once pronounce right), J q ul Jj5 most pronouncing pasha, U.G pasha w), baba, Cb (not bayba), dan, ^p (not sen), ben, the with our Ottoman vowels, home method of pronouncing a vowel when long, in two very to break himself of short vowel, and the same different ways. The Ottoman vowels remain always pure; they never change in phonetic value with a change in phonetic quantity ; thus, a is always A LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. made long A is I ; always long, &c., in the The long, 6 1 always 6 long, u is same word and its is always derivatives. student will have noticed above the Arabic sign of quiescence of a consonant. named It is jezrn, +j and is never placed over a vowel, long or short. The Ottoman vowel fourth is sonant, the soft aspirate letter, h, is but has a special history of also derived its own. when a con- which, , from the Arabic, This letter is never used as a vowel in Arabic in any other position than that of a substantive or adjective, usually of the to a noun, final feminine gender, sometimes irregular (broken, technically) *!1 sunne, *Lli. khalife, and singular, plural. alii hasana, Such are the words > tayylbe, &c. In Arabic, these pronunciations (as modified Turkish, as to the vowels, of the words when they Ottoman in to the consonants) are those close a sentence or clause in classical are also the pronunciations of the words in They reading. and as an sometimes modern conversational Arabic. But, originally, and to this day, in classical Arabic, those and all such words end not in a vowel at in a consonant, in a letter reasons, is of a letter ii, .ill end which, for certain grammatical surmounted by the two dots of the o, thus 5 Ox sunnet, ; They never figured o, but always appears in the shape Our specimen words t-ZlJ t all. * are therefore, originally, iLli. khalifet, * A ;...%. *. hasdnet, x C-* yj A.. T.V> tayylbet. There are other OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 20 vowels and consonants to be added to the termination of these mark in classical Arabic, to Thus iLli., when the nominative, definite, may be marked khallfetu for iaJi. the genitive, iLli. khallfetl for x iLli. khalifetd for **x When the accusative. the case-endings or declinations. becomes indefinite, it In iLlL khalifetln, lllL khalifetan. "- all iLli. khalifetun, these cases, when dropped from in a sentence or clause, the case-endings are the pronunciation, though written in vowel-pointed books, still These and the word becomes simply khalife throughout. indefinite case-ending marks are (tki uturu), double uturu, and ^Ijl ^->\ ^J may Turkish jjjj\ called in ^\ be either In classical Thus we have that & : , . > When ^L^k^btl a sentence or clause, the J O + final ketebet, consonant three of the remaining words. O s is So * ^ becomes nasr, as does ^ai and ^ai, though tinguished by a servile fully is 1 e... : 'x*- \ such words are ketebet, as before, for the first O final con- Arabic, or vocal with any one of the silent, O x x "Vx* three short vowels. ill^ketebta, ^J (Ikl esere), double esere, (Ikl ustun) double ustun. A consideration now arose. sonants all final ~' # being added \^aj made ; , final silent ; in so but ketebt for ^aj Os ^ f ketebtu, , ^ final, (always dis- nasran) pronounced, or only loses the sound of the , remains final n, and read nasra. When the final i of ia-li. khalife, dropped from the pronunciation, the and similar words, was letter might have been THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. dropped in writing also; as well. as It could, however, Europe has done sary, for then, in iU would read khallfe just and would, be read making < It into Caliph. it 21 -! khalif, was neces- method which should prevent the to devise a suppression of the vowel belonging to the last consonant of such words, and yet not be liable to be pronounced as a with the case-endings. This convenient method was t dis- covered by the arrangement adopted of suppressing the dots of the i A_p_J_^- , and leaving the nude khallfe, &c. By this A appended method final became virtually a vowel in Arabic, tioned as such in Arabic grammars or to the in A it though is word, as such words never men- lexicons. Persian has a very large number of nouns, substantive and adjective, that end in an alphabet became the sole mode their quasi-vowel represent that final Persian sound. gurne, .sU amilde, jj--^ was thus made a vowel the Arabic Arab of writing Persian, the would naturally use teachers When ustun vowel. reside, &c., final were written. when final. The It we have when no other device was available. the numeral A usually pronounced A- se), (si), three (in & (kl), that, a was even made to follow one of the other two short vowels very rare cases, to s^ bere, t^k^ su- Thus, in Persian also, * in Thus Ottoman Turkish A*. (chl), what, that. When, by another historical step, Turkish began to be written in the Arabic characters modified by the special OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 22 Persian letters (Turkish scribes learning the method from Persian teachers in the land of Persia conquered by Turkish invaders, who there embraced Islam), the use of vowel was found so convenient as So \ Turkish gerunds, glde, j^jTgyure, jup A further step Now, a whole class of and imperatives of the third optatives, person, end with this vowel as a final to be naturally adopted. were written. ebe, iit ada, &c., 5 ; we, therefore, have jj! Ide, qala, \j$ qira, &c. *J\S was, therefore, possible to be taken in Ottoman Turkish, from which Persian writers had and have shrunk. The vowel was found that words written its alike, was used as a medial also, introduction whenever Thus uO; but pronounced differently. djb bllmek, could also be read they are generally omitted. If the vowel-points bllemek. were always marked, they would suffice for this case The gerund and " ; but optative *L or c **O aLj was already in use. bllemek, the distinction By writing was made it served to distinguish two x eUb bllmek and clear. Hence, 5 dt^AJLj as a medial Ottoman vowel, always indicating a preceding ustun short vowel-point, became fully established. Turkish vowel 5 eiU^l uremek, as, From we This medial or jjjLjl 6daya. this sketch of the history of final see plainly final never joins on to the next letter in writing; how and medial vowel fundamentally erroneous is the , common THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. 23 European (or rather English) method of transliterating such words with a final or medial which our orthography correctness of German possess not the French e or words with a Jeddah final as a, to write all such is e, but ; we capable, since is Mekka, Medina, j. Jidda, is usually spelt Qdhira (usually Cairo), t^& while s^aLs ; nearest approach to khalifa, Fatima, These are usual Brusa, &c. The h. Tanja (usually Tangiers), &c., have been made into monstrosities. The phonetic to the value of an initial 1 is a at first difficulty European student, inasmuch as there appears nothing like it in more apparent than Western languages. when real, to be This, however, is fully explained. p We must remember that consonant, not a vowel. it 1 initial 1 Like any other initial consonant, takes the three short vowel-points, and >e, I When it named hemze, as I '1, generally >u. a consonant (but never and short) whether this ; initial it is when I is medial, or &c. 1 is then pronounced: it letter, usually called in Arabic was when a vowel of prolongation, or final final. is With it is always a vowel, the short vowel-points, never placed over L_~J esb, e*-l est, &c. jl ez, ulfig, or always a short vowel in Persian words, and the Arabian hemze sign 1 is became a Persian although, in Persian words, initial, a Arabic the in ; sLJ it ; thus : Jl er, Ispah, ^UliLl Isfahan, &c. ; OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 24 This short vowel Persian system was extended (in initial Arabic words used practice, not in theory) to all in Persian f. with f. was then taken o (in practice) to was read ebvab, became \jz>\ in Arabic, the "When, long, then, as with Ibtida, J^ol usul vowel of the any thus: the 1; nounced \\ Thus, 1. &c. ; initial consonantal other initial consonant, a * \ J 1 o a long vowel letter of prolongation, * be a Persian vowel o * ,<-.* uj^jl But the Arabic consonantal for their initial letter. I vowel was appended letter, I to I t pronounced >a, pronounced jl, ^', pro- >u, >I. This system passed also into use in Persian words, the Arabic hemz& sign being omitted, even in Arabic words adopted into Persian became the and thus the combinations ; Persian long vowels initial of. respectively a, Thus I. u, with words originally Arabic The Arabians found L-J!! : : 111 c . ; aba, Vjl the use of being pronounced o, J ^1 ab, ubar, ty\ Tzed ulii, Cl Ima medd, to be placed over an hemz& b1l| also, sign, to designate they wrote writing however, t->l II , first &c. be found initial The I . and &c. \, " sj- uJ , + and j^ with or without the Thus, instead of Persians adopted this system *_>!!. The double 1 system, in use in native Persian lexicons section of chapter not with called medda, the long vowel. ab instead of is still to where the the two bl >aba, ", ; ; somewhat cumbersome. 11 5 therefore invented a sign, They jl, ^1, 11, 1 is ; generally figured with THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. useful to mention here, that the Arabian writers may be It long vowel heinze, >aluna, medd this sign of employ I , whenever to this e., a consonantal i\j+>. hamnVu, &c. i. 25 I mark a medial or a quasi-final followed in the word by a is Thus they write . jjjJslLa yetesa- These medd signs are omitted Persian, as well as the final * so that ; as well as pronounced, for *1^. ; \j+*. hamra is written, &c. If a medial consonantal hemz& in an Arabic word be lowed by a long vowel into one JIU). as it 1 letter This also occurs in I, fol- the two are united, as in the initial with the medd sign over it ; as I , ma'al (for JU adopted in Persian with such Arabic words is not being found ; in any original Persian in words. The medd sign is also used, in Arabic, sometimes taking another form, that of a small, perpendicular mark the to *, traditional omission, in writing (not in pronunciation), of a long vowel j), in a 1 few well-known words, such as ^\ >Hahi (for jfcVj), c ^ or ^^^ rahman This perpendicular small ellf-shaped medd in Arabic, sometimes over a radically a j , it two words a long vowel is ol letter 1 j , in to Persian and Turkish o o^U. is &c. cjC^), also placed, that, though pronunciation, in the hay tit (usually written and Turkish oC>.) and SjU (for mark - only, l^>. Jl 'llah (for -* L^, in salat (usually written Persian sX* , in OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 26 The medd sign is sometimes placed, in Arabic, over a long vowel j or ^, when they are followed by a hemz& . word as in 2j- ; in Persian or It This peculiarity jpa. same not used is Turkish. also sometimes placed over a long is when t^ suni, in the this letter is followed the same word; as: vowel medial \, by a reduplicated consonant in jU miidde; it is not used in Persian or Turkish. Such of the foregoing Arabic usages in Persian for employed in as have been adopted words of Persian or of Arabic Ottoman Turkish for the origin, are also same words ; though they are sometimes omitted in ordinary writing. We now utterly an come initial vowel Ottoman use of the medd to a purely unknown in Thus Arabic and Persian. : sign, Whenever of an Ottoman word of Turkish or foreign \ (European or Indian) origin has the short sound of a or the medd initial sign sounds is a, placed over a, e ; *Ltada (Turkish); but it, as: Jl^*T amiral (French), jrjT JjU (Turkish; also Persian; but asalet, two M, jjl'avval (Arabic),^! er different words). Another Ottoman peculiarity connected with the when a, as a distinction from the followed in writing by a vowel or j ,j, is initial that these 1 , two vowels are not necessarily long vowels in words of Turkish or foreign origin. ^I oflchal, Thus o^l jJ^J ot, Irlanda. ^\ ur, yj\ utti, csUJj! They may then be ntmek, called THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY". In vowels. directing many or old 27 books and provincial writings, these directing vowels are often or systematically omitted, the writers, from habit, or system, adhering to the original Arabic method of spelling by short vowel-points, for the most part omitted in current writing. books and papers immensely The difficult to three Arabic long vowels, 1, This makes such read and understand. j, (j, having thus acquired a footing as Ottoman short directing-vowels, an letter initial 1 was found convenient it , when following to extend the system, and to use them as short directing-vowels, following initial or medial consonants, thereby departing entirely from the Arabic and Persian systems. for distinguishing a long vowel There letter Ottoman word of Turkish or foreign venture to say that all is no method in use from a short one in an origin. We may almost such medial vowel-letters in Turkish and foreign Ottoman words are short vowels ; whereas, in Thus Arabic and Persian words they are always long. o * o jjiU bash, cx o J j& qir, jjjj? boziilmaq, o ".* 1 dJ)^ aghlamaq, (j^)^ sizlldl, O sOJ * -OJ ^x" J bfizfllmek, : o > \J>f qAsh, <j*}UI O* OxO-J J x ^jJjjf gyflrfildfl, di^^i gyurflnmek. Hitherto is, those we have considered only the open syllables, that which end with a vowel. of the closed syllables, We have now to treat those which end with a consonant. In the original Arabic system, when a word or syllable ended with a quiescent consonant, a consonant not followed OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 28 by a vowel sound or vowel same letter in the such syllable, consonant was marked, in pointed writings, by the sign placed over pa? Thus . it, which, as was before remarked, u-o beb, : ^y t^G bab, bub, i_*.o It is a rule in classical Arabic, that whether as initials or as finals. As consonants go, this rule prevails initial Arabic to also, words or may word, they either by a servile vowel being prefixed ; ; 1 initial vernacular When generally with an esere vowel, , or by a vowel, generally esere, being inter- and when the combination K\tjma consonants two ways. is initial to syllables are so divided as to separate the : two such be separated into two syllables, syllable of a word, the latter method alone Thus the syllable, syllable as far as in syllables are treated in one of in a calated same and has passed into the Persian and Turkish. Foreign words with such combinations of initial bib, &c. Such a word or unknown. crust, tart, blurt, flirt, &c., is called jezra, two quiescent con- cannot follow one another in the sonants is has become ^&\ iqlim, Tcral is a non-initial used, or the two consonants. has become J^i qiral, prince has become 2:^ plrlnj, and Svizzera has become j$.y\ isvicher. In classical Arabic, a terminate in final word in a two quiescent consonants ; phrase or clause could as : )L, rabt, J& c ilm, O c* ^j* huzn, &c. This liberty is much used in Persian, Turkish, THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. and foreign, as well as When g^ plrlnj writings, the same word, in but one sole letter is made means a by having a it is special mark, ", J umm, nunciation. &c. It is We Thus we a sine qua non in Ottoman reading, letters in the pro- can derive a correct idea of this reduplication run next, &c. ill-luck, such reduplicated Arabic word has passed into ver- Ottoman then use, ordinary conversation ; shed d, which j*i the redoubling is a aqtar This it. JU> baqqal, J&if. 'attar, j* medd, w~*lc 'illet, by studying our expressions, mid-day, nacular &c. ; two, in pointed placed over and in correct speaking, to redouble such if : not written twice, strengthening, corroboration, reduplication. have, oj-l shiddet, But, {prince) to serve for the an abbreviation of the Arabic word is oj vldd, piiins, thus ; a letter in an Arabic word ends one syllable, and begins the next mark Arabic Ottoman words in ^^ e>-^o durust, ^1 ard, 29 as ; in the excused in a , words JUb baqal, ^Lkc &c. This reduplication sequently, is really reduplicated Arabic Persian without reduplication ; unknown words thus ki* in are is Persian ; con- much used in generally used in o - Persian as into \ai. khat, and has thence, as similar words, passed Ottoman Turkish. On the other hand, pedantic imitation has commonly given to a few Persian words the Arabic peculiarity of reduplication, so passing into Ottoman also : thus, 30 y y OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. is per (a wing), sometimes pronounced perende, sjj^ perrend& ; This reduplicating system full in o*X**l it The two such Turkish words and ; jj^ ; sometimes met with in is letters should be written in thus, jJujfr chulluq, jJJjf b611uq, ernmek, &c. The Arabic word letter perr not used in correctly writing is Turkish Ottoman words, but incorrect writings. ^ &c. 1 , hemze, }*a, as before explained, besides being a is name for the name of an also the ortho- graphic sign, mark, or point, very variously used in Arabic Most of the and Persian. rules concerning it, which derive from the two languages, have passed into Ottoman Turkish, with an addition or two used in the Turkish transliteration Turkish words never require the of foreign words. The hemze sign, would appear ", sign. diminutive head of to be a the letter c, thus indicating to the eye the guttural nature of the vocal enunciation choke, in an nunciation it Arab mouth. it is final. But which is, in Persian in fact, a softened and Turkish pro- a slight hiatus, at the beginning of a non- the end of any initial syllable, or at or represents; It is placed over a letter or lituru vowel, or is quiescent ; syllable, initial, when under it, it medial bears the ustun generally, with the esere vowel. The hemze, in a word of Arabic a consonantal letter I , origin, always represents sometimes radical, sometimes servile. THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. In Persian words, the theory of the sign Arabic, but the sign itself is always 31 the is same as and either servile, in final or nearly so. When a hemze, radical or servile, never written or pronounced word, it is The letter is then 1 ingly. ibll in ; treated accord- is Jo! >lbll, ; become* 2> J >umm, becomes J Amm. These are >ef kyar, 0x0 O nqbal, becomes JU1 These are all initials all radicals, *** o So again, J&\ short. an Arabic Persian or Turkish. Tbus, JJ'emel, becomes jll emel o x, and in initial taken to be a vowel, and l Jjl is J I O * c becomes J&\ efkyar JlJl ; JJ ttmur &c. ^jj >umur, becomes^*! The modes and servile, and short. Iqbal ; ; doctrine of making them into long vowels have already been In Persian, Turkish, and foreign words, an described. 1 always a vowel, and is the word were of Arabic When medial or play. is made long origin, as has initial same way as in the been said before. a hemze, radical or servile, in an Arabic word, final, is a rather numerous body of rules come into Sometimes the letter 1 , then always called hemze, written, together with the hemze sign over and sometimes the hemze sign above now, without the yetesfi>elun. if 1 , in the is it, 1 (as in is ^^ re's), figured, as a letter body of the word ; as in ^^Llii In the former of these two cases, the hemze is o usually a final, quiescent consonant re>-fet, ^C rae>-men, &c. initial consonant of its in its syllable ; as, In the latter case, the hemze medial or final syllable, oil, is the movent with OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 32 tkttin ; be both as in ; \^ that is, is also syllable, begin the next syllable. may with any other consonant so occurring, one this case, as alone may it hemz& may terminate one while another, a movent hemze, In But jezfi'dn, &c. juz-^n, \%J* a quiescent written, with a hemz6 sign over the teshdid sign is superadded, with an it ; and above this, sign over tistftn I it irf again ; phrases what as in Jli" ; tefe>->el. This step never occurs but the explanation is needed, so as to in Turkish make clear follows. This reduplicated medial hemze, movent with sometimes followed by a long vowel 1 . In usttin, is this case, instead ' *, of writing, for instance, <jjl, ra>->as, bined into one, with the signs the istun vowel ; the two letters thus, (jJ. ra>->as, as before. tion is of very rare occurrence, words, of which the root 1 are com- medd and hemze, and without This combina- happening only is triliteral, in derivative with hemz for second radical. But a movent may It initial hemz& of a be followed by a long vowel is medd 1, syllable, medial in a then figured by a single written signs ; as, JU signs, 1 with the hemz& and m&>al, &c. These combinations, when used and teshdid word, without being reduplicated. Turkish, drop the hemz& in but preserve the vowel that precedes such medd sign is medd sign. The ustuu hardened from & into d, THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. on account of the following 33 even with a preceding a, soft con- sonant. But, esere, when such medial is it hemze or final is itself raovent no longer written in the form of \ ; with then takes it the form of ^5, without dots, and with a hemz& sign over If as, {Jjfj rens. vowel its with hemze sign over it is uturu, as, ; examples the vowels are long some perchance used Of course, the ; it is ^ in movent or quiescent, is is is into a ; ^ ; and when movent ^ ; in either case ; oJ * thus, (JU ^> bl>sa, ^g may in bu^a. be followed by a long mesnil, figure, becomes changed Arabic, into a consonant ^ * o letter; as, ^ly ffbad, JjJ~- , ^Jjl eb'us. hemze, whether final written as a letter j Such disguised medial hemz& hemze be changed or ra'ls, preceded by a consonant movent with surmounted by a hemze sign it short. o jo* * figured as a letter with dturu, the hernz& 1 which they are ^^ Thus, Moreover, when such medial vowel letter, ^ long vowel letters do not then follow the o vowel ; In these two ru'us. } it but there are words in Arabic in Turkish, modified, disguised hemze. esere, the hemz& written as a U J; re'Is. If the and be followed by a long Turkish, and sometimes in as in i^* l^, rlyaset (for o*~U; rl'aset). There is derivatives, and has a striking peculiarity in certain Turkish Ottoman which causes great embarrassment filled to students, continental Turkish dictionaries and grammar* D OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 34 with totally misguiding examples and rules of pronunciation, with regard to the interchangeable vowel-letters j and The peculiarity arose, I imagine, was provincial, all in made writers earliest various its in all use, provinces. such derivative words, of the vowel-letter j (when they used any at They, therefore, wrote Vj^ qinib, ^5. Ottoman Turkish and was governed by the pronunciation of Asia Minor, variously modified Thus the when t~>j^ gelub, C-JJL^ qiirub t_jj.U and j&U bdshlu, jJUl ; These derivatives became, <^>j^ gldub, all). qachub, ellu ; &c. Europe, and in course of time, in in Constantinople, modified in pronunciation into gellb, gldlb, q&chib, qirib, qurub, bashH, elll, <fcc. The orthography, how- ever, has remained sacred, excepting in the case of provincials, who sometimes C-AJ^J , vjjy , write, as they pronounce, (^lj , $\ , developed in the paragraphs Proceed we now The letter t_j , i_*jf , V-AJ.J^, *-*-^ > This subject will be further &c. on Euphony. to the phonetic values of the consonants. equally used in Ottoman words of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and foreign origin, has the value of our b generally, whether Thus l>\jj erib, : Jj rlbat, L-J/*. bed, L, j rabt, it blr, be initial, j* bar, j-j biz, c^j subut barb, t-Ja qalb ; ending a syllable or word, ; &c. it medial, or final in a word. jy buz, buz, buz, boz ; LjGi kltab, t_jji. jenub, ^J\ But when medial or final, sometimes, anomalously, takes LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHT. TITE Thus the value of our p. gk$ top, Ijol iptldii, <L>j with the gerunds in c^S yazip, ilyji/l oqiiyup, Tlie Persian letter ^CT ipar, word it is ol o et, our is oT at, t in all c^l L-A-.) d^j ^^ The Arabic tli is in think; was not s gldljl ; t o, J Idljl as, (sharp, never d>& it durt, ^^ ^J ; git, durdunjil, &c. ^jj ; c^jl glder, &c. a very in Its original value is that of z) ; unknown ; aya-sulug is C^* pronounced is Turkish in pronounced therefore the Turkish - i^j\3 is But the letter O -" O siiblt,^! eser, ti>lja.l Ihdfis, In some Arabic-speaking countries ; when JoJej oJ so that cjlybl fiya-thulug, for 07^0? #60^.0705, O a taj, taj, JJl etel, in derivatives, .> peder, and the Turkish found in Arabic words only, and this value is name of Ephesus, &c. U : as bad as our bishop for einovcoTro?. and Persian as our as, ^X;! few borrowed from the Greek. our th ; esp, ^^ durdu, ^^ durdum, durdun, 5^^ durde, *Lji-? gldlp, g&Hp, vjj>^ In Turkish grammar 6t. o^l It, and quiescent ^Sj] Ider, cl^JuJ Idlp, it, cjjlf cae i_>. positions sometimes changed into movent originally final kltap, this the in all positions: ^jj o is is qirip. our p top, are usually written with The Arabic Uis fetva, is L_J gldlp, ^j-$> The Persian word u_*jj Ip. L-}jL> as, uAjL) to hear, Especially kltfipji. ; L_JJ common it is 35 this letter has become tdlata, &c. The Arabic - in Turkish is our soft g, which we represent OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 36 by a j Thus, ^>\ (J (j-^. jine, speaking countries raesgld, of , 6sf it We J isisT^" J x vjjf* chnruk, churek, takes the sharp sound horse, hurl, her ^^\ achmaq, J. cham, ( J O x r l^ja. chorba, >\ eU ich, in letter, ; not _& Turkish but not as a rule. -., sound, as heard in head, him, half, its soft used in Arabic words ^ fettah, h, to distinguish The Arabic ^ We j^rh. from it 5, q.v. ; as, ,-^A- hisin, it represent it Aspirate has no equivalent in our language. counterpart of the Scotch and German the student has learnt it as especially is it O hidiv, not kldiv), "-* A, ; is the ch in loch, ich, &c. It and never pronounce initial. 00 " h Until true pronunciation, he should con- its a variety of when by always. It generally transliterated kh, as in the present treatise. sider chek, has the harshly aspirated sound of our h in chiefly v^wa. huseyn, some adopt our trans- in (not Persian, and there are no Arabic) words, The Arabic is as, ; O orthography In Turkish derivation, this chlchek. It latter J sometimes becomes Arabic is it as, jsr** ; the value of our ch in church, of our tch never use the O or foreign &c. hard g like our Sometimes always the former literations, Ci^ja. aghaj. pronounced origin. In some Arabic- q.v. in crutch. x -Ul ejuas, is segda, &c. The Persian _ has r, whatever their positions of all words, in all - Thus it as a k, khidlv (pronounce ji^i- ^ ^Lijaj'^i. khdd..vendghyar (pron. hudfi...), THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. In Turkish words, this Ikhlfimur. ^.U shfikh, jj+y-\ often used, provincially, for nounced j. aqsham Thus, (for , j; as, our d in s is all classes o, and ji.1 ; ilL, Different this, ji The Arabic words e^ thus, : (v?</^. zlklr), is . lb d&gh. a is It z. is found in The Turk z. x o jj.u me^khuz, ^b bar, ard. ^,1 important remarks, however, which it is bezr. all classes of There are two necessary for the English student to bear in mind with respect to this, peculiar letter. Firstly, it secondly, the value of the vowel before for, far ; cur, cur other consonant ^ pir, j* qlr, ; JJ ; (as it in the ^ qir &c. ; q6r, ^ qiir, ^ pa't) same when we pronounce &c.), but always kept thus, to him, must always be pronounced (never dropped or slurred over, as we pronounce part, must never be corrupted reads, x ^,jj our r in every position, in re 3 fet, ; Arab communities pronounce o j zlkr in the that, sometimes takes the it as a d, or as a QC>- akhz, of Ottoman words, and be to repeat an Ottoman mouth, j, in as our soft th in s lill used instead of U in original words also is dJL^gltmek, Jl^glder The Arabic o Q it of Turkish words only, Arabic words alone. it sometimes pro- bakh&lim (for ^JUb baqdlim), plifi requires no comment, unless derivation itself is &khsham). The Arabic place of and letter is ; and syllable pot, pat \ pure, as with any sur, jfgyur, &c. ; OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAM3IAR. 38 ox The Arabic j z~id, i\j jjl i\z ; o zir, j_>_j literated zh It The Arabic words. O Ox is J ; ~ lz > f It and is ; transeta- 8-^i pezhmurde, ^jjLLJl of very rare occurrence. a soft is <j s, always followed by a must never be pronounced as qavs, jj- z ; soft vowel thus, ill asii, ^\ ish, suz, sdz. our is sh, always ; ill shad, as, neshr. ^ja, and foreign words ,j*^l only. in Turkish, ^ used 5, in vowel ; Turkish, thus, C"O^ O-O^ J2>\ it z. very peculiar, being used in Arabic words is sometimes as a hard d pronounced as a hard z ; thus, J>\j razi, Us O x ^U qadf, jClj! ^U Its a hard also, to designate a hard It is generally x is asmaq, j^-sj^ susmaq, j.n.^ qismaq. Never read The Arabic &c. J ^z> O The Arabic i\ss, y^> <i* ^z > in treasure, pleasure, s zhazh, j\j The Arabic yi i ziir, nezc1 > only found in Persian and French words is as, ; mazh6r, &c. jS z6r, jjj of the value of our in all O" oo x j &c. The Persian J it is our z in every word and every position is o qazl-'l-'asker Arabic sound is ^^ Turkish, but qaza, ^llil enqilz O (vulg.^CLc inimitable to a in ^ ; ^ qaz'-'a^ker), European without long practice. The Arabic t>, always as a hard besides being an element of Arabic words, t, is used in Turkish and foreign words, sometimes with that value, sometimes as a very hard d, when THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. c> Thus, tiilQ', ^IAJ? tiqdmdq, The Arabic k j;+iKjli> davranmaq. used in Arabic words only, as a very hard is o J Thus, Jt z. il& tatll, OxOxOx Oxx diigh, jjo tuz, jik i.khatt; qiitr, 39 Jk zallm, JLU ziilm, zifr, jLb LI zdfer, hazz, kjks? mahzuz. The Arabic c It only. is as is. a general rule, used in Arabic words a strong guttural convulsion in an Arab throat, softened in Turkish to a hiatus, and often disappearing entirely. "We represent ^L by a Greek it word ^jJL melun, 'anlbd (for AJ^C always written with The Arabic c hard g, ik5 qat', ^1) cjW . 'asr, The Turkish its derivatives, this letter, of course corruptly. a peculiar Arabian kind of originally, is, with a sound vergeiug on that of the French r grasseye, gallb, medial or is it pronunciation imitate. But either a simple hard g, when final in changing, like into a it, aghlamaq, clt dilgh, O ; often ; Thus, s6wuq initial ; as, Arabic words only, or like our softened gh hard vowel. J in Turkish gay da, &c.; and either that when dilfi gaflet, sill in Turkish words O maqtu however, with is, which English dandies sometimes uji Thus, ^ac spiritus asper. 1 ta'n, J x w is our ^yi* magfur and iltilrn ; ^^\ oldAw^i, ^Ic^* sowau, J^-Jo diwan, s jjcUo tawAq, The Arabic ^J so, sound after or before an JlLil Igfal, c.^, sadg, ^^ or nearly disappearing, J ^o^ / IfiwAti in all ; &c. words and all positions. OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 40 There is no reason whatever Latin-French ph instead of khalife, alll. Thus, The Arabic is j; is g- f as in caliph, a corruption of t in all words and erroneous and regrettable to represent done. The words rectly rendered, J^ farz, klf lafz, JT our the senseless, false to write ^J^J qur>fm, jjl all by k as it is t generally are thus cor- its represent It positions. o5j wqt, aq, the k to leaving sof. legitimate ancestor, d. The Arabic When initial in d, in words and all positions, is our k. all a word or syllable before a long and also before a short utAru vowel, mouth, the sound of a y after it or j vowel, 1 borrows, in an Ottoman itself before the vowel Thus, iLitf'kyazib, J^s J^^sj kli-Jim, addition; ^^\ 6kyul, Its vekil. ab^9 kyilpek ; but not ; so before the short ustur, the short esere, or the long I vowel. ^^= kcdl, name, in Arabic, requires no but in Persian and Turkish it has to be distin- guished from the Persian letter of the same form, but widely different phonetic value. 'areblyye. It is unchangeable by grammatical words, then termed A-J-J^C In Arabic and Persian Ottoman words when final, it becoming movent, and even as a y ; inflexion undergoes is it in kyafl remains Turkish phonetic degradation on pronounced as a Persian d, and or sometimes as a Thus, dLjl lp&, c&SLjJ ; but ^_J$ Ipeylfi, w after &L>\ Ipeye, an uturu vowel. jCj Ipeyl ; e)^l THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. sftluk, dL^jJj-j suluyuii, Itmek, ^ ^"*--*\ Itmeyln. The Persian _90 ^^U i 'ajam kafl), is i.=^ suluye, ^>^ suluyu; v, called A _-^Ls kyzifl farlsi, or is ,j^ _jo _j^kyafl ^. it is undistinguished from its with a double dash it Turkish books it is The Ottoman in segln, JS gjulj : s some In ^g- *' ^ du. dots: J5, previous writers, eastern all by but the Persians ; ^' &-* V marked with three d, ignored final Ox (*i^- seg, Arabic original O */ mark ^sF In ordinary writing and print J^ gal. ; ^J in Arabic, never is * u*L Thus, syllables. A^=^-* sege, ^^1, segl unknown and O Turkish words or and filrlslyye, 'ajarai (vulg. It is Persian words, in kyiifl ( * the Persian ^ard unchangeable 41 and western, consequently nameless, but which we venture to term jJlJ-ff kyafl 'osmanlyye, the Ottoman t_^S found in Turkish words only, as a medial or a as an initial to a word, though a non-initial syllable. Its phonetic value all cases, though radical, as in it has no dJ bey, J^S it is mark dlyll, used as an is is never final, letter in initial that of our y in to distinguish ^^. ylylrml ts), ; or both It is it. it is gram- matical, declensional, servile, representing a softened Arabic radical or servile d, e&Cp kyupeyln, become movent, iJl^kyupeye, surmek, ^cCJ^j--* surmeyln . savdlyln, o^j- ; d^ sivdlyl. as in ^^ *b^^ kydpeyl kyupek, ; ctLJ^l savdlk, jCj^j_-. savdlyim, Most European writers 42 OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. represent this value by gh but the practice ; is insufficiently considered, and altogether misleading. The Ottoman nasal d, distinguished by the is ^jiyiU saghir nun, of the letter <<*), Spanish nasal name of surd or nasal letter, which we transliterate with the It has the phonetic value of our English n. In ordinary writing and nasal, as in sing, thing, &c. mark by which a student may recognize has no times three dots distinguish marked it with one dot, it, never initial to a As word. sometimes begins a syllable maq), ^^ JLf==T ailiz, it is a medial, as, lanil (vulg. till) When medially final it is ; with it in t<*) , anna- (vulg. j^I final to denlz, a word, (dan), ^ c*L- s6n (sin). usually softened in like manner, or jpM<^l and In derived from e)Taii), the following J porated dots, as, i*L bei! (ben), oJlL daii ti^galln (gdlln), elided in pronunciation. but some- ; sometimes ends, J>j<L* gyuiiul, usually sounded as a simple n When it ( ; it This value j+\ s,\ aiilamaq s^jfp s6iir& (vulg. sAra). sanlii (sanln), is ; print, with him the three (as <<*) it ng and one recent writer has serve to point out the Persian letter or sound). is n, a second special Turkish phonetic value is its derivates (itself exceptionally incor- pronunciation, as though by a kind of inversion of the Arabic rule of conversion for the J of the definite article J! before certain letters called solar (for which see next paragraph on letter J). The Arabic J is our letter I in all words and all positions ; THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. J luzum, as, rj mentioned above, with is, exception of the capital The Turkish word dal. Jb aUn, its 43 modern Ottoman derivatives, a and the Arabic rule ; version of the J of the definite article Jl , for the con- in pronunciation, when followed by a noun or pronoun beginning with a solar letter, ur*^ J/* harfl shemsi, into that solar letter redupli- a teshdid, cated by The compounds. is a classical exception, peculiar to Arabic solar letters are fourteen in the half of the alphabet) \j, 1 k , J t o, ^, cl>, Tnus we have B^Jl u > viz., ; ^>j>j> et-tln, es-s^mn, tjTf ed-dA 'ii, Ji=jJi ez-zlkr, esh-shems (whence the name of ed-dnh^, ez-zuhd, O the written over the J ; , The Arabic all In the pronoun ^JJI the letter letters + ^ and ^ es-semek, t ez-zilm, and its The is ^1 el- derivatives, * sign named placed vwasl, J-y of that word, specially modified. are our words and positions: JU mal, ^j*. , so omitted in pronunciation, is \j> l^Jl es-safa, ' of the article disappears also. and > es-semen, ( yj J ^^Jf JUTi j^>) u* u** { jljl et-tall', '&'' lazlm, ^^Jl en-nur. junction jJlkJl number (exactly JJ 772 and n respectively, ernel, in ~j beulm,ykU nazlr, hAzn. The Arabic vowel. When letter ^ is sometimes a consonant, sometimes a a consonant, it has the phonetic value of our v, of our w, or of these two combined, the v beginning, and the w ending the sound of the letter. Thus, J(j var, ^\j>- jewab, 44 OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. j-j vwasf, The vwaqf. 3lj alone can ear But when the consonant j differences. Arabic word, is as, Jjl avval, Jlja Ottoman corruption even then may sound qavval. lettered words, as a reduplicated qawwaf qawaf) (or u_s^i w these reduplicated in an has always the v value; it decide qawwul. in hard The word uJlji it, an Ottoman corruption of Arabic is iUi. khaflfaf. \ When it the letter j a vowel in an Arabic or Persian word, is always has the value of u; excepting a few Persian words, become Ottoman vernaculars, Thus, ,j^ ^j^5 which in memnun lurum, ^j^** .j ; 6, which there or of u, u, u, shiir is may have 6. do.-t (dust), c^-^-i ; In Turkish and foreign words khosh (khush). generally, if not always, short, and of takes the sound of it is it either the value no means of distinguishing, With save that of accompanying hard or soft consonants. a hard consonant, in a Turkish or foreign word, the vowel-letter j (often omitted) must have the sound of either o or u, unless it be considered thus, j^i long, when it becomes 6 or u ; qomaq, either J^,ji> u or With qurmaq. u, u or u ; as, a soft consonant, d^ji yuzmek, is lost ; derivatives there as, is, \y b6z, If suzlu. be neutral, buz, buz, jj-. suz, all In suz. however, frequently a servile vowel or o consonant, hard or must be read j-)j^-* the accompanying consonant or consonants guidance it soft, that helps. Thus, buzlulAq, &*jj> buzmek, Cil^j-* suzmek ; ^ t but J J J ^jy bozan, y^* J J^^J suz has no THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. such helping derivative. As must decide individual ear to the long and short value, each for itself in words of these two Vowel j Turkish and foreign. classes must be preceded by O'OJ O * r 1 45 to represent an never is initial it ; uturu sound initial ; J ulmek, &c. as, jjjjl olrnaq, aLjjl has already been fully discussed. The Arabic letter The Arabic letter ,j, like the j, is either a 5 consonant or a vowel. When whether a consonant, it be initial, Especially must this it has the value of our consonant be understood when the As sonantally fiual in an Arabic word. as a consonant, we we use a y as the transliterate final y, medial, or fiual, simple or reduplicated. it a consonant, and only a y. by letter is con- Therefore, of a transliterated Arabic word, be read and sounded as such, never as an i vowel ; when it must an obser- vation that continental scholars do not generally understand, unless they c yedek, jt, o ^ at first, JjJ as When or i mey, ^ veshy, ^1* meshy. we have the sound be ^ is beyn, OX ox og, ^ oox J yaz, j^_ yuz, shey, ^\j re<y, remy, Thus we have: j>_ OjJ o>. may be Germans. - initial in boyun This it is ; qayyum, djj c^ ^ pey, ^ ^ vely, ^ 00- Ccix ^ hayy, nothing like a vowel, ^^ yer, 0,x a difficulty to a student it in English. is never initial. If a vowel t any Ottoman word (Arabic, Persian, Turkish, or foreign), the ^, if written, is always preceded by OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 46 an 1 ; long ^jjl as, When j-oV/J irlainaq. Idl, Arabic and Persian words in medial, In Turkish and foreign words, medial vowel not always short; in an Arabic word, razi, cb dfi'i, j^J as, i^U^j vlrinek, ^l- jaii, "When qirmaq. ^U qiizi, But there are &c. sari, always. ^cj bin. (j is generally, if also always short; as, it is <^,U emTr, as, j+*\ ; it is final ^^ hosts of Arabic words ending in reduplicated consonantal ^, which, Persian and Turkish, are used as Arabic words, generally iu adjectives, terminating in a long vowel ^^i <jj^* senevi, shehri, Li\ Afiiqi, (JiAa. hlfzi, &*> as, 'arebi, When &c. reduplicated nature of apparent; .^c their yevmlyye, 1 or ^jt ! ; ^^_ yevmi, as, faiisi, jJas qat'i, these become feminine, the consonantal final &~*h.9 <_$ becomes qat'iyye, &c. There are many Persian derivative words, adjectives or substantives really end not used others (besides long vowel ^. in The in Turkish), which adjectives are precisely similar to the Arabic adjectives just described, as modified in Persian and Turkish jbU. but they have no feminine. ; shahi, 'royal;' (jjj***. The 'of Shiraz;' &c. khiisrevl, 'imperial;' \^'}j^ shirfizT, substantives indicate abstract qualities; ' a?, (^^ tions ;' shilhi, ' royalty ;' \j>\) veziii, vezirial office or func- &c. Turkish and foreign short vowel sin!, Thus, " O J x >/\ ; as, final ^jo kedl, 6dayl, ^} ^, radical or ^1 ari, terejl, &c. fec. ; servile, is always a baba^j\ evl, ^**CC TUB LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. The vowels arid 1 sometimes interchangeable in are > 47 Turkish words and derivations, and are sometimes omitted, without any inflexible rule being assignable. eL,u^J is : , e*C*2.1 , Itmemek, are Thus, dul^jl The admissible. all , true rule " Never introduce a vowel letter into a Turkish or foreign possible doubt as to pronunciation word without removing a never leave out a vowel in such word, doubt Arabic and Persian words is fixed, ; by the omission a The orthography created as to pronunciation." is of and admits of no such Persian words admit, however, of abbreviation by variation. the omission of a vowel as, sU. ; iuiolj padlsh!ih), (vulg. if ^ sheh shah, padsheh &Jtl ; sUob padshah shahlnshah, <LJ^ shehlusheh shahlnsheh, sll^i shehinshah, Turkish words the vowels j and In many <_$ ; jJLiaU, &c. are used for one another by different writers, at different times, in different places ; even at one place and time advisable. JO^gellr ; Thus we have: jj\ aru, dri ^l ; even by one writer at document different times, or in the selfsame a license or an inadvertency. ; ; but this last as Consistency in this matter jU>b, b&shln, words &c.; bashli, Jib $ is gelAr, differently written, but the selfsame in reality. The Ottoman alphabet sonants, hard, soft, number : . , are only six : , I ^ ^ , , is divided into three classes of con- The hard and neutral. o , j , , L, k (j- , , c, c, j. letters are nine in The soft letters ( d , 5 . The remaining letters, OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 48 sixteen in the whole, are neutral As word LJ , i> , i> ,-.,, A, i,j the orthography of every Arabic and Persian fixed and unchangeable, is foreign Ottoman words, and , Ottoman Turkish and it is only in the declensions and conjuga- in Ottoman words, that the tions of all and : rules relating to hard This soft letters are carried out. the is and chief first part of the beautiful system of Ottoman euphony. If any one of the hard or soft consonants Turkish Ottoman word, letters of the word, of or conjugation, the all must be of the same Thus we have: j^lS qazmaq, J^J gizdlyl ; jj^fii qarliq, The Ottoman vowels hard vowels are : vowels also eight are a, a, : radical gezmek <!*Lp ^Jj/gydzluk ; or !, T, 1, 6, 5, i, li, u ; neutrals. accompany any class of consonant. Cl ana, lib pasha, ^ servile ^jo*J6 qazdigM, ; &c. eight in u, u, u, u. &an, ^ The a declension are also of these three classes. a, e, the and its in of the neuters. class, or The These vowels always accompany a, a, a. of consonants, j^ojii other derivations, and of its used is The all. The soft neutral vowels their neutral own class vowels can Thus we have : bb bukl, ben, j^,J qirmaq, duJ-T glrmek, qomdq, J^js qArmaq, i^UJ^gyuzetmek, isl^jTgy \irmek. When letter, its in a Turkish Ottoman word a vowel is the dominant consonant or consonants being neutrals, the decleu- THE LETTERS AND ORTHOGRAPHY. sion, conjugation, Ox xo O O ^s dll Jl elemek, When ^J\ atmaq, thus, ; O^ O J xG J O-- j*V^l irlamaq, <j^jl umrnaq, jJ/jl 6ghramaq aghirliq, Jjjjfrl and derivation from that word follow the which the dominant vowel belongs class to 49 inmek, (sJuJjl csLjji an Arabic or Persian word Ottoman Turkish, ; yuzmek, (Jl^l urmek. declined or derived is letter or vowel decides whether the declension or derivation shall be made in from, its dominant last with hard or soft letters and vowels rJO Ox Jcx j^l?^* merbutluq asanliq jj*l ; o emir, o ; thus, Ljj^* merbut, o > dJ^J emirllk oo x^ "*" ^Ll ; asan, j^liU &c. ; When the sole dominant vowel of a Turkish Ottoman word, or the last dominant letter or vowel of a Turkish, Arabic, Ottoman word, is possible consonants, and all Persian, or foreign or soft, all of the o or u class, hard vowels in the declension, conjugation, or derivation therefrom, not only conform to the class of such dominant, but furthermore, all consecutive servile vowels in the derivatives that would otherwise be become liturti, of the class of the dominant A when the dominant dominant 61dA ; is ft or ti ; u<*j> tutgnn, is 6 or li, that is, esere, become and become u when the thus, {^>j\ olgnn, <jILi)j! olgAnhiq, ^jJjl jL2jL titgiinliiq, ^jl^> tutdii surukdurulmek mek, ; ; ; dl (sC,*, surush- surAs ek, dij^j^j.,*, eilj^*, surAshdurmek, dijjj.,*, surAshdurAlmek J gydrushmek, ttlJJy^ gyurushdurmek, E ; OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 50 gyurushdurulmek. come But if, such words, an ustun vowel in by the ordinary course of derivation or conjugation, in and be followed by a syllable or syllables with vowel, the influence of the radical dominant uturu by such intervention o ; as, <j^i)jj - o 1 t maqliq, jyuUi)^ b6zushmaghin gyurdshmekllk, ^^Cl ; is an esere destroyed bozAshmaq, j>lJUi^> bozAshO'ojj^ ooxoJJ 1*1^^ gyurushmek, CHAPTER II. THE OTTOMAN ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. The Noun Substantive. SECTION t THERE special isJcjl If the female of an animal has not a no gender. is name, a hen, jjl^J (qisraq), a mare, as, jjjlk (tawiiq), (mek), a cow, jpsite (qanjiq), a bitch, the female O as with a lioness named us, ; a .> (dlshi) ; but mentioned as j is matron, accordingly; as, .Jjo as, ^^Lj,! If the female be a girl or &c. dlshl, Jb she..., ^s?*Ji^J There ^15 is, .c?^' (ashji qari), a (dlshl arslan), woman, she or (qiz), maiden, (qiz khizmetjl), (khizmetjl qiz), a servant maid, a maidservant ashji), or named, is xO Cx woman ; never is ^J (qarf), or^J ^^* j*. js^\ ^Ja (qaii ( a cook woman. cook, no declension of nouns in Turkish; but really, the prepositions, perhaps eight in number, by some termed postpositions, are subjoined to the noun, singular or plural, the plural being always formed by adding the syllable^! ler) to the singular ; thus O x O J Nom. jjjl -9 Gen. 6q (arrow?), O J j-^-*j\ -"O J (^5jl 6qun (lar, : {of ), 6qlar (arrows). J e^lsjl oqlarin. OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 52 Dat. ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. A-frb chardagha, soften into Turkish jLll (Ip6y6), it (Ipeyln), Those chardaghi. i*b, d These tives ; jCL Those Jv- (*PW1 in Persian sfontf, d (0 dx_i* (sengln), (sengl). rules do not apply to Arabic and Persian substan- these retain their final borrowed word has passed everyday expression consonant ^ (babauin), M> dominates) ; into the d final A^J unchanged mouth of the vulgar ^ consonant ^lAT ; as, in the genitive, UL (baba), father, jJ (qapA), (babayi); (qapuya), ^jJ an and s separately on account of two (kedl), cat, db.jT(k6dinlfi), dliUlj door, gate, (qapAyu, where uturu t letters ^), <u^T * ^^ (arlya, written (ariyi) ; (^^.3 ^^(kedlye), ^.^jS^kedlyl), Singulars ending in vowel sign of the plural, in writing (sii), as dil-J flstighin, &c. (ariniia), (ari), bee dc^jT ^J\ * * The word y> unless the ; dative and accusative, to support the (babayd), dJjJ (qapAnAn), or in a vowel, take in the vowel taken by a j as, ,jp~9 fistiq, ; Singulars ending dij- d Arabic (y value); eS^I (ip6k), si7&, dCCljl value), do not change it; as, diL- seng, L; (senge), in 5 ; do not join this letter to the as, sj-j (pide), water irregularly forms , &c. JJ^J its (pideler). genitive as (suyun, almost the only exception or irregularity in the language). <jj*> (s6y),sor, ends in a consonant, and >J* (s6yun), 4ji (soya), J^, (s6yii). is regular; OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 54 Arabic and Persian substantives never change their consonants for declension elllj ; (Imsak), refraining, j^> (tabaq), plate, &iL> tabaqin ; { iS\L*\ (Imsake) Their worship, (jXe (salati). final rules with those in Turkish oi ; (slat), vowels follow the same final Icj (du'a), prayer, words; du'anln); s^Cj (piyiide), foot-man, *J6.Lj (plyadeye); charsu), market, ^j-^s* (eharsuyu) ^ti root, J& ; (sulasi), triliteral (sulasiyl). They form Turkish words their plurals as ; but Persian names of men and their kinds use the Persian plural also, if This judged proper. is formed by adding an ustun vowel, o followed by ^\ , OOx to the final consonant of the singular is it changed into consonant vowel, before the ^1 of the plural ^ o ** j o ,jl>^t.jji. instead of ^ arms, ^UbL- saying: rolled " e) ; Those ending in like (slpahlyan). The final into one. as, s (Persian), with ustun A*!^ (kh'iije), master, vowel j take conSingulars ending J o J as, j^vj^ (khub-ru), a beauty in face, (khub-ruyan). into consonant ; c*J in ^Ka.lji. (kh'ajegyan). sonant as, If the singular ends in ^* (merd), man, ^1^* (merdan). vowel, ; * Ox O manner vowel ^C- <j change it (slpahi), man-at- [Persian writers explain this by long vowel One as, ; in of these is is in reality now used two letters <j as a consonant."] Other Persian substantives form the plural by adding the syllable hones. U hii ; as, l^iU (nfin-ha), loaves, breads, \$~*\ (esb-hii), ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. for men and women, for these and other things, Arabic plurals, of the regular forms and of the various irregular forms and also the Arabic duals, are used in formed by adding ustun followed by which becomes ^ J is The 0T> 1 u^rJi9 (qiitbeyn), the ; latter is as, vliaS (qutb), o ^LWS (qiitban), two poles. regular plural masculine nominative for men by adding nturu followed by becomes eser& followed by ^ ^ (In) ; by ol (at) This in all cases OOJ a Muslim, <jjjl~o (musllmun), cj..L > is with o J o J O J formed in the oblique case, also the plural feminine o ftstun followed is (un) to the singular. used as a nominative in Turkish O dual (an) in the nominative, (eyn) in the oblique case. O ^o J The The Turkish. frequently used in Turkish as a nominative pole, 55 thus, .LM> (musllm), ; O - O J oUL* (musllmin), (mt\s- llmat), Muslims. The irregular Arabic plurals commonly used are of rather numerous forms, and there are forms used occasionally. in Turkish many more plural These irregular plural Arabic forms are not obtained by adding a letter or letters, vowel or consonant, to the end of the singular, but or vowels of the word, and vowel, as letters of the case the may singular. by adding by varying the vowel letters, be, before, between, To enable the consonant or or after, student to the obtain a fair insight into this very intricate but beautiful system, I have to say, first of all, that a paradigm has been adopted by Arabian grammarians, according to which all such modi- OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 56 fications may be effected. They have taken (fa'ala) as the representative the of any and every triliteral ji triliteral root- word, and they have modified this root into every shape that can, under any circumstances, be taken by any derivative of any when not effected made on the vowels by adding All those modifications, the language. triliteral root in alone of the a servile letters, or and there, before, after, are triliteral, servile letter, here and in the midst of, the three radical consonants, with appropriate mutations, in each case, of the vowels, long or short, in the new word. Thus, to speak only of Arabic nouns, substantive or adjective, used in Turkish, have, in the first place, to learn the (for they all have we forms of their singulars and then the forms of the definite forms), plurals special to each of these singulars. To facilitate and systematize knowledge, the Arabian this grammarians have divided the whole language of biliteral, triliteral, quadriliteral, quinqueliteral, &c., roots, ' ) X J which they term, (ruba'i), ^cbj respectively, ^Ct ^LJ (suna>l), to ; but it may perhaps be found. Of the quadriliterals coming ^^l>.i for uniliteral these, the triliterals form by very far the most important and numerous next. These I do not re- have seen or heard the expression (uhadi), which would be the analogous name root ^j^U (sulasl), (khumasl), ^-lil (sudad), &c. are the Turkish pronunciations of the terms. member ever into sections These are class, represented, ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. by the supposititious paradigmatic words respectively, (fa'ala) and Every 57 JU (fa'lele). capable of giving rise triliteral root is theoretically Ox O to fifteen chapters of derivation, called cjLj (bab, pi. These chapters are respectively termed ebvab). the chapter (fa'ald babi), of the triliteral babi), the chapter of (the verbal noun) (mufa 'ale babi); ^C Jl2l (If al babi) 6, 11, ) ; 9, ^C jlJl (Iflvval ); The use unknown 9 and ^ (If 14, ^C 5,^1?' jltf (tef 'il JblL (tefa"ul ); ) ; Hal); 12, ^C j5lUl ^ JUJl (Ifinlal from the last in Turkish, if not quite so J^Usl jjj 3, ; ^-AS J*9 ); 7, of words 11, ; J^si-J ^ 1, ^'j^J (Inffal ); 8, ^jlT juJl J^ (IfHal ) 10, ^b JUil^ (Istlf al (tefa'ul ^UjiUJ (f ftial 4, 2, : * Of <->\j->\ , J^Lsi , is (tfl al ); 15, ^ ); 13, ^C Jljjl jLJl (Iflnla four chapters is ; ). next to and the use of chapters ; confined to the colours, the second expressing an intensity expression of of degree. All the other nine chapters of derivation are constantly met with in Turkish, as nouns, substantive and adjective. even a verb is All but the first used ; Occasionally, but as a kind of invocatory interjection. of these names (which out of the six varieties of its verb) is is the form of three the form of one of the verbal nouns, or of the sole verbal noun, connected with the verb of the chapter; and each chapter has two adjectives ' OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 58 deriving from it, of the chapter. the active and passive participles of the verb The its or verb other than its chapter possesses, triliteral, forms of nouns deriving other special furthermore, several from first, verbal nouns (which are a kind of infinitive, or noun of action or being, corresponding with our English substantive form in -ing, as, walking, singing, cutting, Of these, suffering, lasting, &c., as acts or states). merely those frequently met with in Turkish ; I give here and it must be understood, that in this simple triliteral chapter, the various forms of verbal nouns are never verb ; all found deriving from one but certain forms belong to one or more kinds of literal verbs, again, are of two sorts tri- These kinds of verbs, others to other kinds. there are verbs transitive or active, ; and there are verbs intransitive or neuter ; and certain verbal nouns are more used than others with each of these two kinds. Again, there are the six conjugations of chapter ; and each conjugation has forms of verbal noun. on this subject vol. i., preferential The Turkish Qamus form or dictionary dilates more than other works, and much information can be obtained from in the " its this simple triliteral it, in addition to what should be studied of the Arabic Language," by Dr. Wm. Wright, " nomina verbi " p. 109, par. 196, where 36 forms of Grammar are given for this triliteral chapter alone, and several others may be found in 1831, vol. i., De " Sacy's p. 283, Grammaire Arabe," 2nd par. 628. Those edition, that are principally ACCIDENCE OK ETYMOLOGY. used Turkish are the following: in 3, jij (fl'l) 6, & 4, ; (fa'ale) ; jlj (fii'l) A& 7, J 1, (fl'le) & 8, ; (fii'le) JUs (flal); 11, (fa'ale) 13, ; JU, JU 16, J^j (fuul); (fu'ule); 20, 21, ^ *LJ <j 17, J^J 22, ; (mef'al); 26, ^ (fl'lan) oJUs intercalated: 29, 1 original substantives forms here given ; nomen ^ (fd'alljet) ; patientis, is: and jQ (tef al); 30, in frequent cases (fa'lle) 33, JyJu 38, J^ J-J (fa'l); (fdll) ; 36, jjS (fA'lan) ; : the JUJ : W 25, jial (mefile); o, with long Many (tlfal). disputed whether it is The [> ; chapter is: active par- 31, Jcli (fa'il) and the passive participle, ; 32, nomen (mef ul); 34, feminine, Jjail (mefule); derivative adjectives are as: 35, 19, ; and the special servile initial ; Jl2 and adjectives are of one or other of the agentis, of this feminine, a-l cl_a 12, : (mule); such words are substantives or verbal nouns. ticiple, JliJ (fd'fil) 15, J^xs (f&'ul) : (mef'dle); 28, with the two special forms in vowel 9, : with their feminines , (mef'll); 27, J^l 23, ; ; some of the same, ^ 18, (flll); ^ servile initial ; (fa'le) the same, with final servile ^1 added special feminine form: 24, forms in (fiiale) and their feminines ; (fd'ile); (fa 'Ian) JUi 14, ; \ and their feminines (fu'al); (fl ale) with long vowel j or a-CJ the same forms, ; with an insititious or servile long vowel 10, 5, : J 2, (fa'l); their feminines ; 59 met with, branches of (fd'il) ; 37, J^i and the feminine of (fd'ul this last ; . this chapter, oftsn feminine) 39, *L (fa'lle) ; ; OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 60 the diminutive, substantive or adjective: 40, jxs (f&'ayl); the noun of unity: A& 42, (fl'le) alas (fa'le) 41, the noun of kind or manner ; the noun of place and time ; sometimes mef'll and iLdu mef 'ale) abundance receptacle mlf al& ; : : 44, ilxL (mef 'ale) 45, JaL> (mlfal muf lil rarely J*o* which need not be special forms 43, : jiL mef 'al ; the noun of the place of ; the noun of instrument and ; jJL sometimes JUa* mlfal, and j : mufAle) and &du classified here, and others ; still though a knowledge of their and meanings, when acquired, an accurate appreciation of Arabic assists greatly to diction, as occasionally met with in Turkish. The the words are substantives and masculine, are (fu ul) 2, j 6, Jllj Vli 3, ; (fa*ala J\i and (fu"al) 8, *&> (full a) 10, and ; 7, (fl'al) ; ; culines) 9, 3JUif (efila for the form A , 1 1 _. 16, for the form ; 14, JSU their variants) ; and others more & (fa'a^ll E'ile); 15, JcUl (mefall 4, ; jS A-LU (falU & in form, either; 11, J^s (fTal (full met with, when irregular plurals of these forms mostly ; ; (efile) ; both for the form JcU) ; (ef 'ul) fa'la); or 13, ; & 5, when they jQ for the forms Jcly (fevall ; 1, JUsl for the JJU fl'le), (ef al JUi ; fa ale, form (mefail rarely used. ; fall) ; are feminine or 12, J^ as for mas- J^ Jl_clJ) for the forms mefal, mefll, 17, J-fitiu J^ both for the form for the form fu'le), ; ; ; (ef al) : ; fa'ule besides mlfal, and for the forms JldU, ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. Adjectives masculine derived from this much used J^i (ef'al) for Arabic for Arabic 61 triliteral two forms in Turkish, are of the J-xs (fall) i^ <J*9 ; (fa'la, not comparative) or iis (fu'la, when of the same Jxsl ; plurals of these are the substantive when of jisl }U : (fn'ala) or and Jxs ; d\ (fi'l), for Jxsl (eflle), for and as in J.^, feminines. its now come The verbal nouns of the second chapter are to the derived chapters. o ; The comparative). We JUAJ (tefal and ^ feminines, respectively, *LJ (fa'ile) and ; chapter, sometimes tifal), and WJ : (teflle) o* J-jtaJ (tefil), ; the plurals *s O of the whole of which are of the form J^lw (tefa'il) ; makes also a quasi-regular plural, ol^" (tef'i'at). the first Its active participle is jidl (mufa"il, its passive participle is which the masculine fern. Jxa* (mufa"al, is aLL though mufa'lle) fern, dliio ; and mufa"ale), of also used as a noun of time and place. The verbal nouns of the and JU (fl'al participle is ; third chapter are aLcll. (mufa'ale) this latter only occasionally used) Jc> (mufa'il, fern. participle, jilll (mufaal, fern. first : JcU* mufa'lle) &L ; ; the active the passive mufa'ale, exactly like the verbal noun). The verbal noun of the fourth chapter (muf '11, fern. ,*ul); p. p. is jiH (mufal, JUsI (If 'al) fern. ; a. p. OTTOMAN TUEKISH GRAMMAR. 62 O, The fifth *); 'll, fern. The Uu chapter has sixth v. n. : (mAtefaal, The seventh (mAnfa'al, J^ jllij C.J J*aJ (tefa"iil); (mAtefral, (tefa'iil) a. p. J.L. (mute- fern. AU:.l). Jcllju (mAteffill, ; dk). JU1 (Infi al), J*j>H (mAnfall, ^uH). The eighth The ninth: no : p. j9. v. n., : jQ : (Iftial), J&L (mAfta'il, (Ifllal), a. JuJsJ (Istlfal), (m4f4H j5Ul U f mfifalle); ^?. ^?. The tenth: jxIiH (mfistefil, itoll), (mdstef'al, *UilI). The no eleventh: J^M 1 ( ^ lni aO> J 1 (mufftll, i?. ^7. As to the significations of these chapters, said that when or intensitive causative ; still the first is transitive, and when the in the same the second first is intransitive, shortly causative is the second sense, but not intensitive (a thing) do or be (so or so), and so), of so and so) The may be is tran- Sometimes the second has the sense, not of making sitive. (so it ; but of making (it) out to be deeming, judging, pronouncing, or calling rarely, it unmakes (it also. third chapter denotes reciprocity of the action between ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. or two, many when one agent only reciprocity letters (to mutually writing of a reply tion or several among ; agents, 63 shown. is an or one another), a writing JLS a mutually striving to expected Thus, kill A.J&* a in expecta- one another, O O J When fighting. the triliteral is expressive of a state, as ^^a. (husn), a being beautiful or good, the third form expresses an ..- action corresponding with that state in the agent and (muhasene), a doing good, to kindly acting well, - j thus, A^(S? ; (the other). The fourth intransitive O thing) The by j. fifth one's ^rv times art, ; causative, Jll^l (Irsal), (Iqbal), ; sometimes an advancing. form has the sense of acquiring a own as, generally, but a sending (some person or act, ^.uJ i. e., state, sometimes sometimes through the act of another (tekessAr), a becoming broken. &c.) The thus, ; is *>O JLsl ; form (ta'allum), a learning ; as, This may be transitive at a becoming knowing in (a science, (it). sixth form has the idea of reciprocity, something like the third, but more decided, more certain in fact (taqatftl), a mutually killing one another. sense of feigning a state ignorant. ; as, Sometimes, again, UlLJf (taqaza), it jl(J ; (tejahul), it has the a feigning expresses a repeated act a dunning, repeatedly demanding and discharge (of some incumbent act or debt). JJUJ thus, Sometimes ; to be thu., the fulfilment OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 64 The seventh and eighth forms, like the acquisition of a state, either of the act of another one's by own act, or as the result thus, JUnil (InfTal), a being acted upon, ; a/ected, hurt, wounded, vexed (by another's act) a (becoming) looking forward ; transitive is thus, ^l^isl (iftlras), a seeking to acquire; or, ; as, x the in of sense O ^UJI (lltlmiis), obtain (a favour) by (morally) feeling one's groping, requesting) (Intlzar) an acquiring (game) ly huntO ing Jk&\ ; (for the occurrence of an event). Sometimes the eighth form acquiring imply the fifth, a seeking way (by to touching, a requesting. ; The ninth and eleventh express two degrees of state as to colour, and sometimes as to defects; the eleventh denoting intensity of that state ness ; thus, ;\>&\ (Ihmlrar), a being red ; }s**\ (Ihmirar), a being very red ; x^jp-\ (1'vljaj, ; red- a being crooked; crookedness; -.Lasj-cl (fvijaj), a being very crooked ; anfractuosity The . tenth usually expresses a trying signified by the first an explanation of form) ; as, (a matter). ^LJLj (the act or state to get (Istlfsar), Sometimes it an asking for has, like the second, the sense of deeming or judging (a thing) to be (what the first form signifies) ; as, JliLj (Istlsqal), son or thing) heavy, disagreeable, tedious. means an acquiring a (Istlshfa), state, And expressed by the a becoming restored a deeming first to health. (a per- sometimes form And ; it thus, again, it ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. occasionally (tstl'dad), has the sense of the form first a being or becoming ready (external or mental); mental capacity and 65 as, ; prepared readiness ; quickness in acquiring dexterity or knowledge. Quadriliteral roots have but four forms are perceptibly used in Turkish, the ; first of which only two and second. The has two verbal nouns, figured paradigmatically by Ju/ first (fa'lele), JW and j5u (fi'lal); iLlUl (tefa'lul); the (saltanat) a verbal noun of the first second, but one, figured may by serve as an instance of form, and ^WuJ (tesaltun) as an example of the second. would occupy too much space It to detail here the modifica- tions of these results arising in the case of roots where the second and third radicals are identical, or of those in which one, two, or all three of the radicals belong to the trio out of which the long vowels, the spring. De These letters details should be studied Sacy's Arabic Grammar. But it is I, ^ (j, of prolongation, in Wright's, or in necessary to remark that these Arabic verbal nouns belong equally to the active and passive voice of their verbs; so that, as in English, the same word, for instance, will :* fet-h sometimes mean a con- quering, at others a being conquered, just as our does. not This last rule much used in word conquest holds good with Persian verbal nouns, Turkish. It is not so, however, with Turkish verbal nouns, excepting, to a slight extent, with the F OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 66 present, as in A* ma, me and ; this for the simple reason that every passive Turkish verb has its own nouns special verbal complete, present, past, and future. Every Turkish, Persian, and Arabic substantive has its diminutive, the two latter seldom used in Ottoman phrases. The Turkish diminutive substantive whatever Thus, (*Ly d^liT jlk) a syllable do- (jlk) or whether origin, a (eiikjlk) (kltabjlk or little clerk,' is formed usually by o o suffixing the to j>>. (jiq) the word, of end in a consonant or vowel. it plum, dJii little J^llf kltabjlq) a a gsLtjd (devejlk) a little flat-iron, a little apple, j^Ailj (pashajiq) little a dlssjT(kedljlk) a little a (Itjlk) book, little dog, ^^(kyatlb- camel, sUj^l (utujuk), little cat, little JAjf (elmajlq) pasha, (jsf'Uolj (padl- O JJ + shahjlq) a little monarch, jfeJjfr (khojajiq) a (Jfrj? little (qipAjiq) a professor, little &$J* door or gate, a (qarijlq) little ivoman. In words ending with or j, after a cs) would form a cacophony to repeat The diminutive. less important is movent consonant, these letters therefore it the for sacrificed to euphony, and omitted in the diminutive, a vowel letter usually taking its place: shovel or oar ; e^jT (kyurek), etLs^r^yurejlk), j^y*. (chojuq), This form of the diminutive of JKJL (j&ytz), j*l ( jaghlz) ; <Jjjis (chojujuq), a little little child. sometimes modified into that thus, j^]f (^vjeylz) a /zf^ AOMM, ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. ^JL^-J vowel of the d little girl. As is diminutive has in the -. as the esere has Turkish a (qizjaghiz), been passed on (y value) or c. (soft gh to the 67 seen, the former esere now become an or <*) j , modified into Euphony value). ustun, requires it. These diminutives are used as terms of endearment also, German, and as our nursery vocabulary says, exactly as in daddy, mammy, granny, aunty, doggy, horsey, &c. ; Turkish, the method all classes, not by children is of universal application, by only. The Persian diminutive always ends U (pa), only, in AAJ (pache), or in d in *>. (che) preceded by an ustun vowel j^(kenlz), c^Jr(kenizek). The Arabic diminutive also makes its first as, ; ; as, vowel uturA, and the next vowel ustun, followed by a quiescent consonantal <_$, whatever may be the vowels or quiescences of the original word ; as, ^L^* (hasan), ^cl* (huseyn) ; ^^a* (hlsn), ^.^a. (hiisayn); &c. The Persian and Arabic diminutive applies The Arabic rule has substantives and adjectives. fications in details. tives But are taken into as these Persian Ottoman use equally many to modi- and Arabic diminu- as original words, has been said on their subject for the present purpose. enough OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. G8 SECTION As The Noun Adjective. II. a general rule, the adjective, in Turkish, is invariable, having no gender, number, case, or degrees of comparison and this, as, always precedes the substantive qualified OxO^^OJ dj~j (bljuk adam), a great man, JLo! dj-j (blyuk adamlar), origin. OX** +*\ ; whether the word be of Turkish, Arabic, or Persian O great It ; J men; Jijjl dj-j (blyuk Inekler), big cows. But the Persian form of phrase in writing), is also much used (especially by which an adjective of Persian or Arabic origin follows the substantive qualified such adjective remaining ; in the singular after a Persian substantive plural, the substantive qualified always taking C O 1 adjective du ; thus, an esere of subjection J d^}-? -O to join it to the f ^i^* (merdanl b&zurg), great men works. j^l^Uc ('amelhay! nlk), good If, in this Persian construction, the substantive is both words are Arabic, and a feminine singular, or an irregular plural of any kind, the adjective must be put in the feminine singular, or in an irregular plural form as, ; aVtV J> L^ ('dsaklrl mun- c tazime), regular troops, llJLe ..^-L^L" X \ X (selatlnl izam), great Sultans. Persian adjectives have three degrees of comparison, more or less in use in Turkish composition. formed by adding the syllable^ (ter) to The comparative is the end of the posi- ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. tive 69 and the superlative, by adding the syllables ^J? ; (terin); but these never qualify preceding substantives, being only used as substantive members of phrases, or to qualify a following substantive >ill nejat), the best nejat), the lest of thus, olai ; the (blhterint vesa- have but two degrees of comparison. (efal). This positive, the comparative substantive than an adjective. it exceedingly, nejat), is is more more as a If followed by a substantive a superlative with the sense of very, extremely, and the like ; thus, oU t&~j ^\ (ahsanl vesile'i (J a very good means of salvation. stantive be in the plural, the adjective the sense of the most nejiit), the best ; as, If the following subis a superlative, with ol?i J5Lj cr->l (ahsant vesa'lll of the means of salvation. If an adjective be used as a substantive, it admits the Ox j plural of the used, in Persian construction, is as an exaggeration than as a degree of comparison, singular, vesfi'lli means of salvation. Arabic adjectives J3 ^.^ means of salvation; (blhterin Whatever the form of the form JjLj . and the prepositions, as substantives; thus, Jij)\ (iyuler), o * J the good; i^)j>l (lyulerln), of the good, &c., &c. Every Turkish adjective, besides its positive signification, betokens, on occasions, the comparative, the superlative, and an excess of the quality employing the adverb it expresses, too before the which we explain by word. Thus, dj^ (blyuk), OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 70 large, larger, largest, too large; too hot The ( s P<l)> jVg^ hot hotter, hottest, ) &c. too cold; Jtjj*> (soghiiq), cold, colder, coldest, ; much used Persian compound adjective, the positive degree only, is of many in Turkish, in Some kinds. are com- which may be pounded of two substantives, one or both of Arabic or Persian, never Turkish majestic as Jemshid Jj^ai ; ^jJ (sheker-leb), <^Ju>\ (asaf-tedbir), light of foot, light-footed ; ; (jem-jenab), Asaph just) (i. e., by a substantive +> in counsel KlLlI tU'Ic sugar-lipped; destgyah), a very loom of justice adjective followed ejlla. as, ; ('adalet- others of an ; ^L^a^ as, (seb&k-pay), or a substantive followed adjective ; as, alllj.* (dll-tlshne), thirsty-hearted desirous} ; or a substantive preceded by o o ox **> ; (i. e., (hem); by an ardently JuLl +& as, (hem-ashyane), of the same nest; ^J^** (hem-jlns), of the same genus; ^j^Jui (hem-shehri), of fellow-countryman like; as, ; same town or country, a (Jy(,-i (peri-vesh), fairy-like; followed by colour; as, d (rang), ijll U (fam), or f ^j (vesh), a substantive of (gyun), (sebz-rang), green-coloured ; fam), emerald-coloured; (i. e., the of a substantive followed by all signifying ^j (zumurrAd- wheat-coloured fr^sS (gendum-gyun), dark-complexioned, brown) ; of a substantive followed by or J\T(kyar, gyar), jT(ger), ^U (ban), fshirm-kyar), sweet-mannered; J* >_j\ jS (dar) ; as, ;*& (aferid-gyar), creative ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 71 0x0. X creator) e., ; O j^\ (zer-ger), (bag-ban), garden-keeper (i.e., keeper; or followed ^b (Istan), all pen-case ; by names of goldworker, goldsmith gardener) (dan), (muhr-dar), seal- ^LJ (qalem-dan), a as, ^1 .xjs ; O x ^Lcb ; or ^L. (sar), (zar), jj special places ;j\^^ ^ J)JL^= (gy&l-zar), a flower-garden, a flowery mead jLjtjj (kyuh-sdr), mountainous district; Arabia; or a substantive repeated; ^LL^c as, ('arablstan), eftjrC (chak-cbak), imitative of the sound of repeated blows with axe or sword the same, or two different substantives, with them as, CiJUXU. ; a-pa), from head to foot; or with \J or o in place of the I as, ; Ox xox (ser-ta-pa), from beginning same sense; ^^J^, to and day (which or several nights (ser-te-ser), is all night and days pey), step by step, gradatim on hand, hands crossed; and end, all day, twenty-four hours, in one succession; ; as, some or with ^^ j-j pey-der- o-^^ws*.*.^ (dest-ber-dest), hand &^~m~ (sme-be-sine), breast to breast; J O jjij^Uyj (dush-a-dush), shoulder to shoulder^ back to back; (ser-be-rauhr), t^z^A <Ae sealed up to unique), JJ^AJ Li (shebane-ruz), meaning: other Persian preposition between the two; J X from end end; or with ^\ in jj^iLl (sheban-ruz), night a whole night and day, O ; placed between 1 (chakya-chak), same signification, Cj^ (ser- x xO x IjlJr- ; ; x'-i ' head (or mouth of a bag, bottle, &c.) or with a substantive and c 1 ^v^** compound (bakht-ber-geshte), whose luck is adjective ; as, reversed; or even OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 72 four words combined; as, w^ostf foad varieties and l> ; s Zi/tedf up j^ii dta^** to the (ser-be-felek-keshlde), very spheres besides ; ^ especially the two privatives in (na), not as, ; manners, unmannerly, impolite \^*j\j ; other (bi), without, without education or _> (bl-edeb), c_o1 many (na-biina), not seeing, sight- less, blind. Some Arabic epithets in may be expressions Turkish and Persian lord of the conjunction (i. (veli-nl'met), associate of sions formed of ji (zu), as, benefits (i. e., of which imply possession e^jtifJj ; a benefactor) (zat), JA\ (ehl), * * f all ^J^a-a-U (sahlb-qiran), master of the age) e., the oli ; regarded as compound expres- ; and LLJ\ (erbab), j as, u\j i ji (zu-zu^abe), possessed ; of a forelock or topknot, and AjUijj (zu-zunabe), possessed of " a following comet)-, (i.e., f^e possessor of the side J ' if -*is)' oli (zatu-'l-jenb, VM/^. satllj.au), pleurisy) (i. e., ; or in Persian con- struction; as, jj^cjjtl (ehll-'irz), possessed of honour or virtue, honorable, who virtuous honest, possess the chief seat qualified of her with^c (g^yi')> than circumscribed ; j'...^^^! (i. e., (erbabl-mesned), those high dignitaries)-, or an adjective other; as, jj.xs^-.fr (gayrl-mahdud), (i. e., unlimited, undejined) Arabic verb in the aorist made negative with V \M*I$ (la-yiihsa), not to be counted, innumerable untold, innumerable ; z," * (la-yetejezza), Oj^V not to (la-yemut), who ; (la), or an not; as, ; jjoV (la-yu'add), dies not, immortal be subdivided, indivisible; ; or an ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. ibic adjective o*A*>ii as, 73 followed by a definite article and substantive eternal in duration JjjJl^jjl (ebedlyyu-'d-devam), ; ^LiJl ; ^ o ,QlViO ,' it * (qavlyyu-'l-bunyan), strong in build ; &c., &c., &c. Every Turkish adjective that, without also an adverb is verbs as well as substantives a beautiful stallion; gracefully. whether used own 1^3 The same adjectives, as .^j Turkish or in ; Ll. when used ; -l\j cession, successively; ' As its to walk Arabic (hasanan), beautifully. *o 11 ? . 5 y)' as, ^Ui Arabic substan- Turkish adverbs by being put ; as, & ^ ( 'ale-' t-te vail), ^c ; may be, and ('an gafletln), in continued suc- (fl-'l-haq!qa), in reality, really, i oU-ijJlj (bl-'d-defd'at), on several occasions, repeatedly ; (11-sebebln), for a reason ; ; &c. with substantives, so also every Turkish adjective has diminutive, formed -ish, to ^as, j^ as adverbs genitive, indefinite or definite, as by inadvertence L-.>;ml ^ ^o oT JjjT(gyuzel at), thus, Persian phrases. in preceded by an Arabic preposition truly to say, Arabic substantives, require to be put in their by act own ; Jj j> (gyuzel yurumek), tives are also sometimes used as in their is the case with Persian adjectives, is accusative case indefinite (fi'lan), that any modification of form, the Turkish adjective o qualifies ; by the addition of the suffix <so. (je, ja), the word, whether this end in a consonant or vowel J-lj (yeshll), green, o green; Jj_i A-sfe (yeshllje), <> (qizil) red, ; greenish, somewhat Aa^-i (qiziljd) reddish; o J c*J^-> (blyuk) OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 74 x->X (ufaqja) (qara) *t o * largish; large, **)-*-> (blyukje) smallish; ^>\ (irl) /ar<7<?, (qiiruja) dryish. (liiji) AS^J! ^5 >/ac, Aa.s^ (qardja) blackish; A modification by substituting a letters at the used for the words 00 is final c*J or (qAri\) dr?/, A largish. O A-&-JJJ* O J e)j-j , J O x J JX csJ^, (J^jl X for the s, ^j end of the radical word, as csUjo (blyujek), ^ largish; of this form, dictated by the O principle of euphony, small, jLs^ (Afaq) and suppressing those for substantives thus, ; further conformity with the sense J J O of euphony, avoiding two ^ji-yl vowels in succession, makes , O J jja-Ujl (ufajiq) last smallish, and J>/ va?jx (kuchujuk) smallish ; this being doubly euphonic. These diminutive express in adjectives, as in every language, often Turkish the reverse of diminution in the quality they represent, being in fact exaggeratives in sense, and meaning very, exceedingly, extremely, &c. adam dir), he is as, ; ^ +*\ a bravish man (i. e., SECTION The Numerals. III. *>-jj~>> (jesurja a very brave man). Turkish, Arabic, and Persian numerals, cardinal and ordinal, are used in Ottoman. one-tenth. Arabic fractions are also used as In this sketch, however, the numerals alone are explained. distributive, fractional, and five sorts These are the indefinite far as of Turkish cardinal, ordinal, numbers. ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. The simple Turkish cardinal numbers are (Ikt) JoJ 75 two, (uch) -^\ three, oy seven, J\\ (altl) six, t^i (yedl) nine, ^/l (6n) ten, & (^^ ^CC, 01 _J (durt)/owr, JXl (blr) one, yj (eeklz) <%/^, (besh) Jive, (doqAz) j^L (ylylrml) fu;<mfy, jj-jjl (otiiz), thirty, ^Jfj: JU3T forty, JJI (elll)//ty, mlsh) seventy, : (altmlsh) (seksan) e^Afy, ^CiL ^'(yet- aiarfy, (d6q^an) ninety, O Jj-i (y^ z ) C The two a hundred, duj (bin) a thousand. O J lives, djj (yfik), a hundred thousand, and substan- JO ^j^lL (rallyin), a but they are not true numerals. They are names of aggregates, and require the numerals before million, are also used ; one hundred thousand, &jij> (blr y&k), as, mllyon) one million U>L &c. ^jl, o o * o J o them; and so on ; for higher The French numerals ^j^j (blr numbers, ^jlb (bllyin), ^jl y6n), &c., are sometimes used. The compound Turkish built cardinal up by putting the units numerals are uniformly after the tens to 99, up and by O J placing the word jj> before the simple or compound expression o J up to 199; then by adding the units from 2 to 9 before jy_ up to 999 ; next by using dLj before these simples or com- pounds up to 1999; and finally, or up compounds before eleven, ^*~ **S" J^l ^yo dl > to by again using the simples 999,999 thus, ^Jjl (6n-blr) o J o J j o J (ylylrmllkl) twenty-two, rj\jjj\jjl (yuz C* ftch) one ; hundred and thirty-three, CO ^ j^ O J O .^ + 6tiiz O ^_X_* dLj (blii OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR 76 seklz yuz q!rq besh) one thousand oOJojoj o ^ ^x x o 0;Joj!j^i duj^_A-i ^j'l- hundred and eight ^i, (beshyAz altmishseklz blnyuz 6n dart) 568,1 14, dLj J^l ^Cii JjT^JLJI j^jl (uch mllyon, yedl yuk, d6qsdn Ikl bin, 4111 y^z, o When combinations. ^L ^,1 t^ ^J* fich Alt!) be noticed thatjao conjunction enters these It will 3,792,356. forty-five, x * lljjii . the foreign expression J o ^. \' , or the o t treasury word djj multiples is O O of not used, the native method of expressing J <*L_)jj3 number of such is to the state multiple, and then *^ o times, before the *fS (kerre) simple or compound to intercalate the o o 9 J word dujj^j J 3 as, c*Lj j^j ; word * *s ^_> ^jj (yedt kerr4 yfiz bin) seven times one hundred thousand, 700,000 dL->3ji lXj->\^\j oy elll Ikl (durt yuz ; kerr^ ynz bin) 45,200,000. The Turkish interrogative cardinal numeral is ^U (qach) how many ? The tives, cardinal numerals are adjectives may is used as a substantive when enquiring " what number ? " or " what is the " how dldlnlz) " galdl) to Even the be used as substantives, and declined. interrogative III or " what but, like all adjec- ; is it day of the month o'clock ? ? " many did you say?" how many (hours) has (qich4 verlyirsun) " " or " at what price ? Thus : j->^ (qach \$& *& ^ the clock come ? " " at how much art thou selling ui' (it, them) ? ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. )* ^^ Cikl (ayiii qachl dir) 77 " the how-manyeth of the month it?" 18 The Persian compound first, cardinals place the higher elements as in Turkish and English but the conjunction j ; troduced between each two members ; (hezar li as, c^flaj is in- o~o^j c>~jjx ->j jVj duwist u shast n heft), a thousand, two hundred, and sixty-seven. The Arabic compound tween each pair also oo^ J o, o* cardinals take the conjunction j be- but the lower elements stand ; Jo ^IjtyJUj ^-^.j elf) the year one in Turkish, 'Ai- (seae-i tls ; as, A khamsin A ml'eteyn u thousand two hundred and fifty -nine, expressed .^LjJL The Turkish first x * e -*J $jjL>\ dLj (bin Iklyuz ordinal numbers are formed elll dAqiiz by adding an esere to the last quiescent consonant of the cardinal, simple or com- ? pound, followed by the termination ^^jc first, .&jyj\ (otiizunju) ^K^ thirtieth, (blnlnjl) thousandth, as, ^-j> Jfi\, ^$> &>}&. ^. But, in the numbers that end in vowel ^, this before the same termination (altinji) sixth, ^f*l ; (jedlnjl) as, >^si L5 seventh, O Of twentieth, its final ^.^ (elllnjl) fiftieth. The ;. is suppressed (Iklnjl) second, ^^Xj cardinal ^^^ (ylylrmlnjl) oji changes into ^ before the ordinal termination; as, (6n-diirdunju) fourteenth. (bliinjl) (yuzunjA) hundredth, ^jy. ^^L ; JOJOJ ^ O J OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 78 The Arabic and Persian may be found in the lexicons, &c. The Turkish dinals ordinals are frequently used, and distributive by making numbers are formed from the Astun, and then adding a quiescent (besher), J*J (blrer), Their sense is examples word *& (ynzer), (6tAzer); expressed the numerals, by Jj^ to the . car- movent with their last quiescent consonant as, ; ^ >j> (blfier). English, which has no such in words each and will thus be rendered apiece ; the foregoing one each, five apiece, thirty : o a hundred each, a thousand each. each, Q*> c is apiece. the cardinal ends with a vowel, the syllable^ (sher) suffixed to form the distributive o apiece, JIJ^ ** o* o (Sltisher) six each, j~l\ '* as, ^iLjol ; (Iklsher) two - j~ Q-> (yedlsher) seven apiece, (ylylrmlsher) twenty each, ^ijUl (elllsher) fifty each. In the case of more than one hundred or thousand, cardinal that designates their o J tributive suffix c*Lj o cardinal o,-> J becomes j*j* (ddrder) four When The ; as, j^j o + jX number the clis- x" jZ*\ (Iklsher yuz) two hundred each, jZ> (besher bin) five thousand apiece. numbers the it is that receives the And in distributive suffixes are added to the compound numbers of thousands, of hundreds, and of final units or tens, to indicate o - one distribution blrer) five ; thus, G^S' jj ^J^i ^ ** Jji j~^~ (besher yftz ylylrml hundred and twenty-one each,j2jf*\ J^j^^^csLj^jC.. (seklzer bin, yedlsher yuz, qlrq Iklsher), 8,742 apiece (yAz elllsher), 150 each. ; ^LBl -^ ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. The Turkish 79 numbers are very simple. The number fractional of the denominator in the locative, and followed by the number of the numerator (parts), one; i.e. J, the i.e. as, j> ; ^\ half; .x^ (iklde blr) in two siL (beshde iki) in five, o two; * Sometimes one of the synonyms ^U (pay), f, two-fifths. *^ (q^m), ^J ^_a. (juz>), the form is numeral of the fraction; (hlssa) part, is as, ^CJ^ sjjib added after each J^l (ikl payda, blr pay) in two parts, one part. The Arabic numbers are fractional Excepting the word uJLi (nisf) a O OJ O of the form Jxi ; ^ vw?^r. 'ushiir) (sAmn) an used ; khums) as, OOJ ^j-, (suds) a //i!A, two-fifths, ; *L" UJI ^G ^lc ('ushr, used, JjlLU the others a Turkish numerator JJi ^^C;! (Ikt 4 ^> (besh tus ) five-ninths, &c. ^li One of the adjectives, (yaii), signify <^e ^,l> (yarim), AaZ/ (of one sole (yarim elma) half an apple, a half apple lf*Jl fcUlji (elmanin The is *^, (sub*) special Turkish adjectives and one Turkish sub.-tantive, as, dual of ilj (i\ch rub') three quarters, substantive to express half. thing The all OOJ szxi/j, -J (tus') a ninth, eighth, but for ; ^,1 There are two and the all O OJ a fcwM, a <zYA. (sulsan) two-thirds is they are thus, eJC (suls, vulg. sulus) a third, AJ^ (rub*) ^^ (khums) a a seventh, half, the half, O-J OO-J a fourth, used up to ten. also other adjective, yarfsl), Ji^J Me Aa?/ o/ an (biichiiq), is ; (or of the) apple. used after some whole OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 80 number, never alone apple and a and a half. When as, ; I*cL, half, Ql Ji^> J^ ^>\ a complex fractional ^ buchuq elma) an (blr (Ikl biichnq sa'at) two hours number consisting of an integer and a fraction other than one-half has be expressed, the to Turkish or Arabic fractions are used, the conjunction J or the preposition aLl being introduced between the integer and the fraction a_^ as, ; When fourth. the Turkish fraction the genitive in *Ll &"' u+ o^ (ba'zi) some ; o a few, a j^=\ &c. j* (her) every j - ; -* ti~ (ekser) the most part j\ (az) /ew little ; : ; J ; as, of one. - ^ js ; (her blr) (hlch blr), no o O o used, the numeral j> three-eighths * C* som, a few; and & (hlch) no, none; every one, each; Ua3a ,jj five, numerals are indefinite is two and one- ^-^ also introduced before the fraction is 1^ The or *jj j> AA ^o! j> j * ; o ~&J. O^ (blr qach) O jj_. (choq) many; jl^-j (blr az) o > jj-^ (blr ch6q) a great many, a great quantity; Of these, jit> is always an adjective; the rest are adjectives and substantives. There is a small series of Turkish numerals of a peculiar nature, from triple, a j~-jj trine, (iktz), twin, twins, J^ (diirduz) and perhaps on to through ^-^jl (uchuz) fourfold, to J-jJ (beshlz) five-fold, \J.I (6niiz) ten-fold. Adjectives are formed ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. from these in j) J O 1 (branches, &c.) ; possessed of twins, oj twin as, jJj^jl (Iklzll), ; 81 J ivith three j^-jl (Achuzlu) (lambs, branches, &c.); &c. The 1 9, written digits are With 0. . these, : 1, I r 2, r 3, o 5, i 4, 6, v 7, A 8, i compound numbers are written English, from left to right; as, n. ro 25, as n.i 160, in 3409, VA..T.H 78003046, &c. lu dates, the thousand, and generally the hundreds, of the year of the Hijra are omitted, as also the dots of the letters stands A_ thus, for * __.* in the year (of the Hijra) ; (sene bin Iklyuz d6qsan aid) 1296 ; b 4uL, r i ^ ylylrml blr (fi za, sene 97) on the 2\st Zt-'l-Qada, '97 (A.H.). i- O The > -., ; signs for the months, in dates, are !,, for for-J^f^J ^i VI o 2 t^iUa- ; Jf ; -j, * -* J, for Jlj-i. b, ; for J^f^ for i_^ o o^ for 5Xx_kJl ; as, A i^e. + *3 \ ^i ; ^, ^j , <u- \jo L> ^ ; Not these shortened numeral dates. date is written out in full words Jji^LJii ^^ y ii.^ fttl all ; as, for ; is ; jj^, for ^ST^iUL j, for ^i ^U^ ; ; The day . and the ; -> ^^ I for As?1 (gurre), while the thirtieth 8/c U, ; for ^L*^. ^^^j, always precedes the sign of the month termed +, for : first named 11 day is (selkh) ; dots being omitted in so, however, when the O o ** J o J n -x" ^Lji-L \jS^\ ^l^ ^ }$> (*L-j Jo *--_i' (Ishbu bin Iklyuz d6qsan diqiiz sene'l hljrlyyesl mah-i muharremlnln 6n G OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 82 beshinji penjsbenblh gyfinfi) This day of Thursday, the 15th of the month of Muharrem, of the Hijra year 1299. The Pronoun. SECTION IV. The Turkish o o -. ^ (ben) /, personal pronoun has no distinction of gender ^ t ( (san, not sen) thou, j\ (6 o J jy in writing, generally, ; o o 61) he, she, j\ and their plurals it ; (biz) we, j~* (slz) you, j* : * (anlar, onlar) they. In politeness, j-> and j_- are used instead of They then have own their which cannot be expressed plurals is same way, out of practised in Italian ^5x3 (kendl) self, persons, singular is and but ; : Jljt (bizler), and c^_-,. J^ (slzler), third person plural is politeness, for the singular, as has not it a kind of It plural. The ^j These are even used in English. as singulars, by the over-polite. used, in the : J ^ its common is plural. The word pronoun, of specialized by the all the posses- sives. The personal pronouns, singular and plural, are declined in the same way them have a as the nouns substantive, excepting that some of special genitive, person, singular and plural. of me, my; her, it; your esU-, (sanlii) his, her, its; ; e)j2l (anlar'iii, of ^ but those of the second all These genitives are: thee, thy talil ; ^ (benlm) (aniii, 6nu.fi) of him, (blzlm) of us, our; c^*, (slzln) of you, onlarin) of them, their. But, to take either ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. o J of the prepositions ^^1 , be put in the genitive, *Ll ^j^\ ^) forme, ^J>- 83 ^ A)\ all , after their singulars, they but the third person plural with you, ^jg] diil for him, her, must as, ; JLil it, tigl with them. These genitives are used, when required, to emphasize They person. to corroborate &c.), are never used alone, without their possessives ; thus, Job (babam) ~j (benlm babam) Jj'j and number and corroborate the possessive pronoun of the same my my father my (not mother, father (not your father, or his father). The possessive pronouns, too, have no distinction of gender, either on the English or im) my ; d (In, in) thy French ^ ; his, her, its lari), ; j* o (Imlz, imiz) our, ^ jS 1 ^ or, after a vowel, (1, i), o They are principle. (1m, (st, s!) *- (liilz, Inlz) ^ your; (leri, their. These possessives are to the suffixed substantives qualify, and form one word with them. word then declined like a simple substantive they That compound o (evlm) my is my house, house, c*Ujjl (evlmln) .Uijl (evimde) in of my here before the bare possessive, my house, house-, is t+)J\ &c. * thus, vjl ; (evlme) (The <_$ to added thought by some to be needed in the case of a preceding consonant that does not join on in writing to do not consider it its next letter in the same word. necessary, and write: +j , is)jl, ^1, Others &c.; but OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 84 when after Ox the compound, in declension, &c., takes another vowel it, CiUjjl it more usual is add to (evlmln) of (evlnlz) your house The vowel my ; this preceding vowel also O <** - my to house, A*JJ! (evlme) house ; as, ; -X*" &c. that precedes the bare possessive an e^ere, soft is or hard, given grammatically to the final consonant of qualified substantive, ol horse, (&t) a * ^-V^l when Jl (atim) (at!), his, her, its horse, your horse, ^$jL^\ it my ends in a consonant. horse, isijt (atln) the Thus, thy horse, J[l our horse, j_5T_j1 (atinlz) J^-ft (atlmiz) After an uturu vowel their horse. (atlari) dominant, this eser& becomes uturu also; thus, Jcjl (6ghAl) a son, jicjl (oghiilum) or (budiim) +*j) face; J^(gy^ When is z) my my thigh; an eV e > j (yuz) ~a face, \j$ (gyuzum) my to form a syllable be; thus, JCC (babam) O (surulerl) my his, her, its (qapusu) our bayonet; (yuzum) my J J " with that vowel, whatever door or gate ; jx^jXJj-, JlocL of ^5 after may ; (suugyumuz) > , j-$jf (gyurgyuiiuz) their it father; djiib (yanqon) thy echo i i your experience; \j}jjj The example here the substantive ends with a vowel, in lieu (buti\m) eye. given, shows possessive singular of the third person, when +jji_ Jj the substantive ends with a vowel, the bare possessive added ^j* son; o^j (but) a thigh, ^ is with the clearly that the possessive, a consonant. If the final vowel of the substantive is B , it is never joined ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. on to the possessive in writing. d^J (maternal) aunt, Tier aunt Thus, f*)-^ (teyzem) my (teyzen), thy aunt, ^-^-J (teyzesl) his or j+ijl (teyzemlz) our aunt, ; 85 J->J (teyzeniz) your aunt, their aunt. (jJ*)+> (teyzelerl) When the final vowel the third person singular, and in all tailor, d(jjj Thus, and ^^J it In the possessive plurals, Ox they join on. first in writing. ^, the possessives of the is second persons singular do not join on to O (terzl) a tailor, ^Jj^ (terzlii) thy tailor, O ** -(^/-J (terzlm) our tailor, j**-jj (terzlmlz) j*.jj> (terzlnlz) your There (terzlleii) their tailor. custom alone has myself, issbli tailor, (j)jjj> no valid reason for Thus are formed: so. it is (kendln) thyself, ^JO-i my (terzlsl) his or her tailor, this rule ; ^j!_T'(kendlm) (kendlsl) his, her, itself; J*jjjj(keadlmlz) ourselves, j_5Cx5(kendliilz) yourselves, ^i^ (kendllerl) theirselves. A final ^ , in a polysyllable, as in declension, c before the possessives, singular or the third person plural Turkish d mansion, c5O his (qinaghim) ^cl_jj_3 or her fowl ; ; plural, excepting that of so also, an Arabic (y value) in like cases. (tp^ytn) thy silk (Ipeyliilz) ; changes into cs) changes into Thus, jljy (q6naq), a my mansion ; Jjli (tawiiq) a fowl, CiLjl (^P^k) silk, ^lL (tawughA) ^cljj9 (qonaghimiz) our mansion, ^_x_x_j_jl your silk; ^JLJJLi (tawiiqlari) their fowl. The OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 86 reason of the exception no vowel before is the final consonant takes evident, ,jj. These possessives equally qualify plural substantives, and follow the sign of the plural. f * * horses CiJ^JLJl (itlAiln) thy your aunts By J ^* o .> u^jjX-jj- (M\ugyulerl) ; (sAHUerlmlz) our flocks; bayonet* ; j*jjjf iilz) Thus, +j^ (evlerlm), my houses; ' his, her, its Jx^J (tejzeleii- jjJijLjji (qonaqlail) their mansions. ; a consideration of the examples above given with the possessives of the third persons, singular and as plural, attached to singular and plural substantives, two peculiarities become evident, namely: when the possessive 1, the plural sign the substantive is is not repeated for itself plural ; con- 2, sequently, the combination of a substantive and a possessive when of the third person, the two, leaves it has the plural syllable J> between altogether doubtful whether this plural sign it belongs to the substantive or to the possessive. ^o - o * Even is not the case, whether <jja\jj3 it if the J combination ^JJtLijJ (qonaqlarlerl) had been in use, would have been impossible which to decide (qonaqlari) was intended to betoken the sense of his or her mansions, on the one hand, or their mansion, on the other. sions, Add to this difficulty the third sense of their and the puzzle becomes conversation, the doubt of the necessary, by proper enquiries. still man- more complicated. hearer may be removed, In if But, in a written document, ACCIDENCE OK ETYMOLOGY. 87 intended to be understood by an absent reader, possibly after the death of the writer, a method was seen, especially by judges and legists, to be necessary for distinguishing between the three cases. That distinction is effected, in somewhat writing, To expense of plain grammar, as follows. the at distinguish the single possessor of the plural possessions, the singular cor- roborative genitive of the personal pronoun is placed before ' - the combination containing the plural sign (anin qinaqlari) his or thus, To mansions. Tier ; Of I ^Jj\jjp dul the distinguish plural joint possessors of a single possession, the genitive of the plural personal pronoun is violated by omitting the plural sign of substantive and possessive their mansion. ; as, still ctJ^Lil be The felt, ^'^ is from the combination (anlariii (sJJLjl qonaghi) In the third case, the sign of the plural used in the corroborative and (jj&\jp and grammar prefixed, in the combination (anlarin q6naqlari) their mansions. ; A doubt is thus, may and these distinctions are not always used. declension of the combination with the possessive of the third person, singular or plural, takes a special form, a ^ being introduced before the prepositions, and the final vowelletter of the original when the latter is combination suppressed before this jj, joined in writing to the combination sin- gular, or does not itself possess a vowel in the combination OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 88 This plural. tives rule, applied to possessives joined to substan- ending respectively When ^j-i-i means own; is consonants or vowels, acts thus in an adjective, it remains unchanged, and thus, .J-jLj ,jj_i_S (kendl \ ' ' ' : bdbdm) my own father, s- ".^ JjJl^ (j-'S (kendt viilldelerlnlz) your own mothers, &c. The Demonstratives. SECTION V. These y are, (bA) ji this, that or this, or j\ (6) (shii) J o o as in the personal) that,j->j\ (61, other. (ol-blr) are used as substantives and as adjectives They jy o j (6-blr) or ^Jjl ; the being declined or invariable, accordingly, like other substantives and O^^J adjectives. O O^ C Thus, L_jLi_5 that other man, (bunda), J# (bAnldrin), (l)Anii), ji are thus J j the personal or j\ J^l J mn ; these books; &c. j substantives, jj and j 0^7- ^Aos jX*' ^>\^S j> J JU^l^j! j As this book, OxOx** O i *dj>j\ C,O' y : j> Q J (bA), dj^ s-} 8 '^/ xO ^ (biinAn), \^> (bAiia), sjj^ ^iljJ (biinddn) $}> (biinlM), declined, something like J ; jii^J (biinlar), (biinUrdd), fl3^ ^gJ^J (bAnlarl), 89 ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. ' 4j4 (bAnlardan) nounced jjZ* shAl), written Jj_i ^_i (shA, sometimes ; dii^i (shAnA), jjJJj^ (shAndan) larln), sjly, (shAnHra) But ^jjl , ; Jiijl (shAnlar), isJ^Liji (shAn- ; tlJijL (shAnlarda), With OJ JjV^ji (shAnldrddn). put in the genitive ; Jyjal and *Ll <sli^J XOJJ for this, to be used as a substantive, sive suffix of the third person appended Or it may O ; It ; is i^j' (o-blii) then declined xOJ J J : ; as, ^)*i^ji (6-blrtmlz), the other J '^- of the other one of us us, CiJ)*^jl you with that. take either of the two possessive suffixes of the and second persons plural of i&jZt to it J O like all similar combinations dJbl must have the posses- other one, the other one (of the two). its (shAnlari), i^ij their singulars are CJJ as, ijjg\ pro- sjjji (shAnda), (shAna), (shAnAfi), tf^ , in the other ones 8-^i^jl ; of us f )>o/j^ to ^e first one other one of the other ones tjjf>.jj>j\ of you; &c. SECTION who ? ^p (klm) such, singular and * O ^>" *+5 in whom is The Interrogates. always a substantive, and declined as plural: du-T^of ^ ? VL ,5-*^ whom whom ? whose? ^jfto ivhom? O X O ^X* ? ^.U-P who, ivhat or which persons ? &c. of or from ivhom ? 90 OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. what AJ (ne) it ? is generally a substantive, also used as an adjective, is (nenln) of wliat ? <ui what? ^AJ what (accus.) what ? (neyl) '^ (forJJ, and is (for A>>, neye) to neler) ? u ij and declined then invariable what (for ; : but eJoAi ? *** (uede) in JpJ, nedan) from what (things)? what d^i (nelerln) of (things); &c. Ox jjus which ? (qangi, vulg. hang!) is both substantive and declined or invariable accordingly. adjective, These three words, as substantives, take the possessive suffixes. Thus, *P (klmlm) my who ? ^AJ (nem) my what dH aJU-^(klmlS) thy who ? its wliicli which, sons? (one) of (nelerlm) jyjjj my it ? (nen) thy what ? ^--^ ^.+^-S (klmlerlm) ? (q^Qg^l) my what per* what things? J-iiJ (qangfmlz) which (one) of us ? jCJLiJ (qangilerlnlz) which (ones) oj you ? (qangileii) i^AzcA (one, or, i J or Jiij (vuZ^r. which ones) of them Dilqadar) Ao^ mwc7^ are both sub- ? > JrJ j* ? AJ (vulg. ne turlu) w/iaf sort ? SECTION VII. THERE stau tives and adjectives. The Relative Pronoun. NO RELATIVE PRONOUN is \ IN TURKISH, though attempts are made to use the Persian relative and conjunction, A-3 (kl), as such, in literary composition. junction *_) is a very different thing. The Turkish Its use con- by Europeans ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. pcans and others, as a This avoided. is relative pronoun, all pronoun Aryan and Semitic It is the perfection of language. tongues. The numerous active and passive participles of the Turkish The verb obviate the necessity of a relative. ticiples take the place of our relative is greatly to be is avoidance of all use of the relative the prime distinction of Turkish from to a verb 91 when it active is par- nominative and the passive participles do so when our relative ; the accusative, or any indirect object of a verb. (See this explained in the paragraphs on the Participles, in Section VIII., on the Verb.) There a peculiar Turkish relative, however, to which is have no parallel in English, the suffix ^ It (kl). to nouns and pronouns substantive in two ways. stantive be in the genitive, the combination and indicates that which belongs CC , <sUC\j , ,^32CV the) father, father, J^SL i \i\i (bab&siuinkl) father, his father's one locative case, the ; &c. combination sometimes an adjective. indicates a substantive, (the substantive) the one (babamiilkt) The attached If the sub- (babantnkl) the one which belongs JC5CCC ( to is is we ; thus, to a (or which belongs to my the one belonging to his (or her) If the substantive be in the is sometimes a substantive, substantive combination then that which exists in (the simple substantive) adjective combination expresses the (substantive) which ; the exists OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 92 in (the first substantive). (babarndekl) the Thus, ^-SsjJo thing, the one that exists, that is in (the possession or my of) father, which my Jc father has or holds; keeping ^_$8.XJ~,\jl) (babasindekl 'Him) the science possessed by his father, that is in The his father. are declined With a ; substantive combinations form the plural, and the adjective combination is invariable. noun of place or of time the same particle, ^j, forms a relative combination, substantive or adjective, having relation to the place or time named. place, the locative preposition the foot, or lower part, plil is at the foot; -i In the case of the noun of may also be employed. CcU) and the evening, ^ol Thus, sj^cU.! that which that which was or will be (present) in the evening. SECTION VIII. As The Derivation of the Verb. a general rule, each primary Turkish verb forms, itself included, a system of twelve affirmative, twelve negative, and twelve impotential verbs, by regular derivation all ; one half being verbs active, the other half the active verbs being transitive or intransitive having thirty-six in ; verbs passive; ; the passives for their nominative the direct or the indirect object of the transitive, the indirect object only of the intransitive primitive. In another mode of subdivision, on the other hand, these ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. two equal thirty-six verbs divide into 93 classes, in pairs, each pair being simple, and the other causative (which permissive, as the sense may also show). Each simple and causative indeterminate, or reciprocal one of is ; pair of verbs so that, is either determinate, by a special division of the same thirty-six, there are twelve determinate, twelve indeterminate, and twelve reciprocal verbs imperatives of each, for economy of space) ; : thus (giving the 94 OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 5 a - ^^ s " " "c JMI ^ -S "a, s j; ^ i. 1 s> 5 ::> j S ^ ^B ^ O r-i I ^"8 O 1 5, I II # a a, ^ -^ J ^ 2 J^^ ^ "^ : 8 .; J "a t 'q- -^ S- s R " n ii Ul W '^J ?i .~ ^ -^ cc I S O aATXV93NJ ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 95 S -o S -2 CL ^o "*** ^> 'i "S o S ' o o< 2 , =>> to -2 kick zj unable &a 1 -a ^N a ~ -S CC cc "l>\ ^*s> o 1 -0) <W .52 ually OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 96 Remarks on The the foregoing Table. the root, or simplest form in the is imperative singular conjugation, primitive or derivative, of the This conjugation unique for all Turkish verb. the thirty-six forms, as will consists in adding certain vowels be seen further on and con- sonants to the end of this conjugational root. When the conjugational root of the simple affirmative form ends in J , instead of J or in a vowel, Thus . its passive by adding ^ (bul) find, JJ> (biilun, the uturu Jy : forms it dominating) be found; %\i (qapla) cover, ^^LlS (qaplan) be covered; jij\ ^j\ (6qii) read, In the fore- (6qun) be read. going case of the vowel-ending, the passive sometimes takes O both the ^ and the J the , u nJ sr ' o always preceding - J j o xo thus, Ji^lS ; J - (qaplanil, as i^blS), be covered, JijSjl (oqunul, as ^jijl) be read. When syllable, the root of the simple affirmative has more than one and ends by adding a in letter (ql^al) become J o shorter; shorten make or let (it) ; or a vowel, c-JUi (ql-alt) J O its let ; spoken or said (by him) let (it) \. j* O O Thus, Jlli . let J (it) become J O 4ijj- (suweyle) speak, say, (him) speak or say, make or ; formed is (uksur) cough, c^j... ^-*j\ (uks\\rt) J J make or causative make or J ^^=>jl (him) cough (sAweylat) make or , in lieu of the syllable shorter, O ^ , o e-Juij-*. let J (it) be J ^Jjl (oqu) read, recite, OjJjl (6qAt) be read or recited (by him), make (him) read. ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 97 simple affirmative verbs ending in consonants also Many form their causatives in times written J> J preceded by a servile esere, some- , and even j , , with uturu not in ; ^ No . rule appears to exist on this subject, and the dictionary alone, or experience, can help the student in O O drink (it), j^\ (by him); oU sink ^e (it) -.Is ; (qdch) make or j*\i (qdchir) drunk (it) be make or (thou), j\* (batir) flee, escape, let let (it) make or let sink, (him) or escape. When is (b&t)sm& Thus, g\ (Ich) ' it. J (Ichlr) or jjg] (Ichur) the simple verb, affirmative, negative, or impotential, transitive, its causative governs the same accusative ; and the nominative to the simple then becomes a dative to the causative. 000*** ^1 eJ-j^li written by or Thus, > ^ When ^ ^ / (ben ani yazdim) wrote (sau anl bana yazdirdin) thou madest me (thou causedst me write lettest +*j\-i O x to me the writing it), it to it, be thou madest it. the simple verb is neuter, its oJ nominative becomes t J / slept, the accusative of its causative ; as, p-^ijl (uyidum) s o Jo J Ox (san benl Ayiitdun) thou madest or lettest me djjgjl ^j -9 ^ sleep. An indefinite series of causatives of every formed by repeating the causative after o. They suffixes, o verb after may be ^, and j* are sometimes useful, but are generally used QXO in irony ; each augment adds an agent to the chain ; H as, * j^G , OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 98 ^C thing) two indeterminate More uses. nification is generally Thus duLl lies is, It has to kick one's feet or heels jjt-'J^ (baqlumaq) man is, to in a passion, a look times, this agent is form either is the that the act direct done dying and But, at other and then indicates that the transitive, is about about, here a perplexed or inquisitive manner; &c. action, to has the same intransitive sig- it or stands (like a dancer, a animal, &c.); there, in io cause (a then performed without any determinate exterior object. or also, of the to or for the agent's self. Thus, indirect object, JO JLS (qilij j^jlijs isUijjJ j\ (glylnmek) put on qushanmaq) to gird a sword on (ev edhimek) to acquire (qashlnmaq) to means ast caused (by a third) with the simple form, as to the action, but betokens is O xC * * to be also called the Reflexive form. that this action as one *kis ; (by a fourth agent). be written The ' caused (by a second) to be to put on one's put on my boots one's self; scratch one's self (with one's nails) to boots, a house for to one's self; -*! CiUlp clothes, CiUi-v**)*>> (chlzmd glylnmek) ^ilS^^^i^^ ; ; j (chlzmalerlml glylueylm) let me &c. Passive verbs of neuters are defective in the third person singular only, and person and number exercise no influence. such that the neutral action takes place ; they are conjugated in inflexions They in, to, over which signify, to be for, by, on account 99 ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. of, &c. (as expressed), something named, as the act of some or any indeterminate agent. Thus, jjLJ <si-jjj (buyle teplnllmaz) + QS.O the act of kicking about z's not thus performed, jJuJ teplnllmaz) the act of kicking about We be fought for sense of (burada as, to be slept in, ; passive verb always has, inherent in able. will be cut (then), not eaten (as a rule), (either J to &c. ; to be + not allowed here; &c. have such passive verbs in English The Turkish it is + *i\jj> Thus, ^_L.T(ke=lllr) it is it cuttable (always); it is cut it, (often), j^j (yenmaz) will not be eaten (then), it is the it is not eatable now, or by nature). SECTION IX. The Turkish Conjugation. All Turkish affirmative verbs, active or passive, transitive or intransitive, are conjugated in one and the same invariable manner, modified, as to their servile vowels and consonants, by the laws of class and euphony alone. The negative and impotential verbs differ from the affirmative, as to conjugation, merely in the form of the aorist active participle, and of the analogous aorist tense indicative. So that only one sole con- jugation exists, in reality, in the Turkish language. The conjugation consists of one simple and three complex categories of moods, tenses, numbers, verbal nouns, and gerunds ; ajl persons, participles, four categories, simple and 100 OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. complex, being fundamentally but each modified alike, in a certain special manner, to express a modified variation of the action. Each category has necessitative, moods six optative (also : the imperative, indicative, subjunctive), and conditional, infinitive. The imperative The indicative has eight tenses, in four pairs and imperfect perfect ; The ; mood has one tense, the future. the aorist and past ; the ; the present perfect and plu- the future and past future. necessitative, optative, and conditional, have one pair The each, the aorist and past. infinitive has but one tense, the present. Each category has is five active participles; the present (which the general active participle, applicable, in one sense, to any time, past, present, or future), the aorist, the past, the perfect, and the future. the perfect or passive, European languages and and is different ; are each is not confused distinct in from the gerund in sense, different The In Turkish, the present or active, together as in form and in sense, in form, as it IP, in grammar from the verbal noun. active participles of the passive verbs denote the direct recipients of the action of verbs transitive ticiples of the same apply ; the passive par- to the indirect objects thereof. The active participles of the passives of iutransitives denote the ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. indirect objects of the intransitive action ticiples of 101 the passive par- ; such passives are not in use. Between the five active and two passive participles of each category, a Turkish conjugation thus furnishes twenty-eight these numerous use of By the avoids all for every verb, primitive or derivative. participles it participles, entirely necessity for a relative pronoun. The jjl , present active participle adds an ustun and the letters or only the letter ^ , to the root that ends in a consonant the aorist adds a vowel and the letters with an J^ ( ^ with an uturu, esere, for or only the letter^, and^ and the letters dki or J^AJ (&!>*} , (ejek) or Ife jL (tepllan), ^,1J ; it and in ^ ^ as, ^ (teplnllan), add the ustun and ^1 into 1 before the letters ^1 (6turdan), (tepdlk) ; ^,\,JJ ; as the ; roots, including the ; (tepdlrllan), &c. ; eU^" (t^j^k), diil*? ^J (teplnan), and J,llJ ( (tepl- (teplshilan), The causatives while those in o change ^J-J thus, (qiran) (tepan), ^j^-S are those of the simple affirmative derivatives. Ji the past adds (&j&q) to consonantal roots, Thus, are present active participles in ; future adds an ustun with ustun, to vowel negatives and impotentials. shan), The (diq). , only (or sometimes^) (mlsb, mish) to all roots, whatever their ending jp ; o which no rule can be given perfect adds e*b (dik) or and , o o with an ustun, .1 a \*jjj\ (tepdlran), JLJj (tepmish) (tepmeyejek), ; fi OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 102 (tepemeyejek), the final i of the negative particle <u being elided as useless. When the root ends with a vowel, as the case with is the negatives and impotentials, the syllable ^G added or in the present participle, the final being suppressed, and by some even the 1 ; (yan, yan) ^ is of the root but the j is kept Thus, ^G^Lli or (jCLU (qaplayan), ^L^J (tepmeyan), intact. O-JJ Ox'-'X u L*ajJ O J - * (yuruyan), ^Ij^jl (6qiiyan). (teplnemeyan), J*jj The Turkish present active participle, in colloquial lan- guage, as a remanet from eastern Turkish, takes after preposition as, all ,> de, da, to it the form an adverb of past or future time ; sjjxi (gldaude) when (I, thou, &c.) went, or shall go. The aorist active participle, of the same form as the third person singular of the aorist tense of the indicative, always ends in a letter^, in negatives in affirmatives, and impotentials. and in the Thus, ^J syllable^* (maz) (teper), j+*> (tepmdz), UA-J (tepemez). In the simple affirmative, the vowel added to the sonant of the root, to which the final ^ cannot be defined by rule. Of course, have ustun, others ; ; all hard verbs add soft but different verbs esere, others again uturu, for their and with the ustun, verbs then appended, must be hard or it according to the dominant in the root is last con- 1 , as do while other soft verbs dispense with this vowel some letter. ; soft Thus ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. we have: J(^ j^(gelur, vulg. The rally 1 aorist in its The pronounced as eser& and^). We (s&nur, vulg. sauir), (slyirlr). simple reflexive forms the same. O ^ gellr), j^U (glder), j (qirdr), 103 j^ have, therefore, uturu and jj (gene- simple reciprocal does (teplnur, vulg. teplnlr), ' j^ All the simple and causative (teplshur, vulg. teplshlr). passives follow this rule (teplntlur, tepldllr), dlrlllr), ; thus, jj-LJi (tepllur, teplllr), ]& (tAplshllAr, teplshlllr) This these words. is ^ a mechanical rule. The same rule is J in The preceding j is follower its reason for the addition of that ^, when applied by (tep- It will intercalated before the is a letter that does not join on to vowel. J^ (teplshdlrlllr). Jj^j-J (teplndlrlllr^^jij be observed that a vowel ; j^^> this is the sole ; the following J has a many to the j of the has vowel, as o causative it .j , in like cases always has in the therefore be written, no effect The that ; when j$*j>^ , and the future passive future active: e)jJ (tepdik) There its ., ; but this has same form as the active jjl^J^l*) on the pronunciation. aorist passive participle has the perfect, it The words above given may aorist. j^^ is, ; d^AJ are three verbal nouns formed by adding negative imperative <u ; identical in is ; form with the (tepejek). the present or general, (me, ma) to the root, exactly like the the perfect, identical in form with the OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 104 and perfect active aorist passive participles two future identical with the djj (tepdlk) (^P^ k )- The d.*2 ; present verbal noun participles. ; and the future, Thus, A^J (tepme); form *^J (tepme) of the also that of a verbal adjective passive, is signifying done, made, effected as the result of (the action of thus, A*J, as such adjective, the verb); means caused by a kick or kicks. This derivative of the transitive verb active simple and causative can also take the passive sense which naturally means an x 3 O act of being cut; It cut. as, O verb is transitive cut tobacco transitive ; ; and as, ; as, -t 1 (kesmesl qolay) x O <x- O ^\i\i is it easily when the ' *s?\ (inje kesme tutun) finely as an active adjective JU jJU an also ( as a passive adjective ^y *> (kesme), means *V X' ^ ^S <jVjS A+J thus, cutting, often of x o much used also is act ; when the verb in- is (babadan qalma mal) property remaining from (one's) father. Leaving the gerunds into the for the present, mode of formation of the before doing so, we must we may now inquire tenses of each mood. But indicate the differences that serve clearly to distinguish the active participles, the passive parO ticiples, and and the verbal nouns, of the two forms in (*L. In the or first in eb O or jp , j.. place, the participles are adjectives, while the verbal nouns are substantives. Therefore, whenever a deriva- ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 105 tive in either of those forms qualifies a substantive, a participle; cannot be a verbal noun. it name of Secondly, the active participle qualifies the actor only. It ; as, o he who its therefore always a simple and invariable is word, like the other active participles is there must be it any man who has gone there? <yy* **\ tfj0 ^jj c * ^^ o - x ^ art tiiJb-*J-3 4^1 thou go ? is to Thirdly, the passive participle always qualifies the name of the direct object, or of the indirect object, of the action, and is always accompanied by a possessive pronoun indicating the The actor of that action. first of these two facts distinguishes the passive participle from the verbal noun tinguishes Thus, ujlLj (oqudughum +so_*y3j\ O (now or formerly) book which I am * ^ O x going direct object qualified. (klt^bi read which (i. read. to e. So, xx ^Lj the second dis- kltiib) (uyuyajaghim the (6quyajaghim kltab) These are instances of the O J J J J ^Ljojsjl (oqudughiim zemfin) (jJis? 6da) the room in ^^ ^^i j*j\ the meeting in which are instances of indirect objects the book, which I read the book J J when) I read ; and 6quyajaghim mejlls) *Ljjl *ia.jjj)jl *" i_jbj Juujpj\ ; O the time in ; from the active participle of the same form. it I am ; as which I going is am to also going to sleep. As instances of the substantival nature of the verbal noun=, O let us take, ^ J * ^^**i**&j\ m f <Jj\l (y^ yazdighimi gyurd&nuz- OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 106 mu) have you seen past action of writing writing? my you ever seen me write ? -J ^^Lj- suweyledl) who mentioned my future told (you, him, &c.) that I was i. action of coming ? to klm (galejeylml ^^jCa.Js about have e., i. who e., come ? Proceed we now to discuss the formation of the tenses. The in third person singular the the root of each tense, except Leaving the numbers and persons imperative. future consideration, is we may the second tense in each pair, of every imperative and the infinitive), is mood (excluding formed from the of the pair by the addition of the auxiliary it, we may for say, in the first place, that, as ^^\ leave these second tenses also first tense was, after (Idl) for the future con sideration. By these means we arrive at the conclusion that there are four tenses in the indicative, optative, conditional, and and one each infinitive, in the necessitative, the forms of which have to be defined. The four indicative are tenses the present, the aorist (present habitual and future promissive), the perfect, and the future aorist ; the single tense of the other three (present or future); and that of the moods is infinitive their is its present. c * The present indicative adds an esere and the syllable ^y_ (yor) to the consonantal root ; thus, ^J (teplyor). It indi- ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. cates a present action (actual or habitual) now he Add kicks. habitually ; 107 he is kicking (now) ; the auxiliary ^jj) to this, 3 \3>\jj~j (teply6r A ing (then). and Icll), o final d^X ^j/(gldlyAr); The forms the imperfect, he was kick' it more frequently changes es&J , form of the servile in the affirmatives, . and and impotentials, being in the negatives in \* as, syllable, (rnez, maz) identical with the It indicates a present habit active aorist participle. ; (AdlyAr); Ac. j^J aorist indicative varies in but always ends in to ^ (not a present action), or a future assurance, a future promise, as the context or circumstances kicks ; he shall or will kick will break ; he reads; j+J may jjj$. (yurur) J^J ; lie (tepmaz) he does not kick The ; Thus, ^J (teper) he (qirar) he breaks walks he will read; jjo\ he cannot kick. require. he will ; (isiiir) walk he bites; he will not kick auxiliary ^Jjl , added ; he shall or ; jjSjl (oqur) he will bite; j*aJ (tepemez) ; to this, forms the past tense (showing a past habit, or an unfulfilled condition) ^jjJ^J (teper idl) he used to kick ; he would kick (if he would have kicked (had he been able); in senses, the expression is a virtual negative cause he is not able ; : ; he could); which two last he kicks not, be- he did not kick, because he was not able ; 0^ Cf l^Jjl)*J (tepmaz Idl) he used not to kick; he would not kick (if he could); he would not (tepemez Idl) he have kicked (had he been able); used not to be able to kick ; he would OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 108 not be able to kick (if so to and so) he would not have been able ; kick (had not so and so); &c. The perfect indicative is formed by adding the syllable (dl, di), in all cases, to the root. and also in kicked (then) all ^ jjl ^ J-AJ ; The he ^jj Thus, the pluperfect results had not future indicative and passive future is tional root is identical in and the past future unable changes to ^ O sonant The ^ to kick. form with the active : and a kick Final o ; he about to is the auxiliary ^jjl was going ^jjl t!*L.du..<iJ in the root , to kick, he was generally vowel requires the addition of a con- O^^JJ ^ dla.jjl final to by the conjuga- not going to kick; is Add results ^jjl isU.AJ he he was not going , had not he ^J^J d^aJ thus, ; (sL^A-j+J he be about to kick. to Add and with the future verbal about to take place &si~>iJ he will not be able isI.A-*J! (tepdl) he been able to kick. participles, kick, he is going to kick; to ^jjl ^jJf (tepdl : It indicates that the action expressed noun. ^L past time. or ^JjJJ (tepdidl), he had kicked; ^Jol kicked ^i used in a determinate, he has kicked (without defining when). ; the auxiliary ^Jjl, and (>\ is an indeterminate past sense, referring the action a given past time, or to idl), It , dla-AJ^ji. aorist necessitative is (mell, mali) to the root. perform a future act ; formed by adding the syllables It indicates a present duty to and corresponds with our must or ought. ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. Thus, jUJ he must kick, he ought to kick kick, he ought not to kick With the auxiliary JUJ }\ UJ we have , he must not _jLA*J jULjJ' he ought not ; <j->\ he ought to ; 109 the to be able to kick. past necessitative, have kicked, he should have kicked; he ought not to have kicked ; ^jj) jUU-sJ he ought not to have been able to kick. The vowel is optative formed by adding an ust&n and to a consonantal root, or a syllable 5 vowel is aorist Sometimes root. 1 used in place of is a quasi-imperative, implying optation, or Thus, AJ (tepe) let him kick, with suppression of the tL+j (tepmeye, him not kick, (tepemeye) may may able to kick. he not kick ; (that) he . it is may not kick the auxiliary ^jol , (tepe Idi, ; kicked; had not kicked he not been able to kick, if he he had not been The any not be ; thus, ; that he if he had had not ^j^^iJ (tepemeyeydl) had had not been able to kick ; that able to kick. aorist conditional is (se, sd) to let A-*A*!> more frequently written and pronounced tj^j&^S (tepmeyeydl) had he not kicked, that he ; and we form the tepeydi) had he kicked, if he had kicked ; kicked ; may past tense, a virtual negative, expressive of regret A*J kick of the negation) may a tense a subjunctive. he not be able to kick; (that) he Add now The (that) he he kick; may (y&, ya) to AJ formed by adding the syllable A- root, consonantal or vowel. This performs the OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 110 function of our conjunction (eyer), can be placed before if, As a tense-ending. action ; A^J (tepse) (tepemese) he not able have the past conditional, which O ^ Ox Thus, ^ -v. ,.. ; ; to o A.. <4 ; were not, be he kick! that desiderative, a subjunctive admits the possibility of the if he kick, if he were to kick should is really virtually denies the occurrence. it of negation elided) if he kick is it, it it present, as a future, appearance; but, as in if, lie (tepmese, the not to kick kick. With &c. Thus, ; it (j>\ added, we always a virtual negative. is *Q* (tepseydl, for kicked ; (53 -... <J.JJ!A.~*J) had he kicked, if he present of the infinitive or jj* (m&q) to any root. quently written with to end the root 1 as, ; , is <sXUJ (gltmek q^lmtlqdan evla) * verbal noun in -m# .3! <* ; as, to kick ; ,3*^ fre- c^**^ (tepmemek), for dI<uJ' , for by the verbal noun , T and sometimes without a vowel-letter in -ing <70m<7 zs after it dLA**J ; to ; i^^er ; JIitt (qaplami- This tense maq), j**4jijl5 (qaplayamdmaq). takes the suffix dJ . formed by adding du (mek) negative and impoteutial are duUill, BtUl*^ (tepememek), in English * to kick. Thus, c*UJ (tepmek) The to cover. had Ox"x^ (tepmeseydi) had he not kicked ; ^*. w < (tepemeseydl) had he not been able (qaplamaq) A-~AJ Sometimes O^^ox The > as, Maw is often rendered Jjj cpiJU staying. form an equivalent 00*0 (iKi_i an acf of going. There are seven gerunds, one gerund-like verbal i*llL_$ It also to our locution of ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. and six cause, one of verbal proportion, 1 1 1 to indicate various All of these gerunds and times in relation with the action. gerund-like locutions presuppose the occurrence of two actions expressed in the sentence, one by the gerund, the other by a The gerunds subsequent verb. are a kind of verbal con- junctions, while the gerund-like locutions are verbal adverbs. The first gerund, the most uturu, followed by (yub, yub) frequently used, ends in an (ub, ub) after a consonant, or L_>J after a vowel. It indicates that by i_jj-j two actions are IxMng mentioned, of which the one implied by the gerund prior as to time or natural sequence. English, express junction and, though breaks, will kick break we Turkish does. as the and relation of this (it). The letters its two actions by the con- Thus, J^S ujjJ (tepub qirar) he kicks (it) ; or, kicking (it), he will Conversationally, this gerund and with ; second gerund is p is pronounced with in place of i_> ; as, teptp, formed by adding ustun, and the d^s (erek) or j^s (araq), to a consonantal root, d,<u (yerek) + to a vowel-root. J^AJ (yaraq) of the is usually, in &c. qlrip, o+ more occasionally use our gerund in -ing, and break eser& in lieu of uturu or We first It is sometimes used in lieu gerund, to obviate its too frequent recurrence distinctive use is to indicate that, of ; but two contemporary sustained actions expressed, the one, subsidiary, accompanies o the other. .X' Thus, ^JJLJ - -' -* (2)ju> kicking, he went off; i. e., he OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 112 went o/, kicking away laughing The (all the time) (all d^^a ^jJ^ ; he came, the time). third gerund, in &* (inje, Inja), after a consonant, or u&. (ylnje, yinja) after a vowel, and the fourth (used in writing and much more only, rarely), in c*li (Tjek) or jjk (ijaq) after ^A (yijaq) a consonant, dl^J (yij^k) or sense that its action is after a vowel, has the to be a kind of signal for the occur- rence of the other expressed in the sentence rendered by our on ... (with a verb). 61a) (that ^jj ^JT(gyArunj& Thus, ; jUl j,l fifth gerund tive, repeated. identical in is qlrdl), kicking, The c (and) kicking sixth gerund the Persian . d is known reaches), be (it) form with the aorist opta- (it), means *~> (tepe tepe (it). d (y value), and the the verbal reason o because he kicked, *J the infinitive with esere and ^> added o * Thus, ..J^lj The seventh gerund (j^ Thus, he broke softened into Turkish It expresses second action. e., it It expresses repetition of one act as a to the performance of a second. i. (vasll 6Hjaq, ma'- J^l J* on reaching (as soon as tepdl) on seeing ). The into may, then, be (with a gerund), also by our as soon as ... (him), he kicked (him) lum it ; ^" o* o ^ ur,^ j precedent for the * ox j : J v ; he kicking, I fled ; I fled. expresses the beginning of a time com- mencing with the occurrence of an action and lusting until ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. during which another action has repeatedly or con- now, tinuously occurred In form it is (14) or j 113 J gerund equivalent to our ever since is the fifth gerund (not repeated) with the syllable (11) added to ever since he kicked, The it ; lie it. Thus, ^Q has limped. causal gerund-like locution equivalent to the sixth is with It is the infinitive, in sense. JlaJ (tepelu aqsayor) softened down, and with the preposition its final A>\ consonant added, (lie, ila) XO, xOx and shortened into No ing. A) Thus, A*-> (tepmeyle) by (le, la). agent of the verb then expressed in the verb, is XO, xOX though it be so exteriorly There ing. is Ox J_J ^ as, ; noun O (dan) are employed. O - O^ my kicking, Thus, kick- and suffixed possessive pro- >- ^ O ^^ O X K->^\ * T (tepdlylmdan) by This pronoun varies as of kicking. I is cast, and the ablative preposition indicative of the agent, (past) act by another form into which this idea which a perfect verbal noun, with a in kick- is ^ my required : O, ^.X-X-Xj jj (tepdlylndan) by thy act of kicking ; &c. The portion gerund-like locution of verbal, is i. formed of the perfect active adverbial suffix of manner, A&. (je, jd), e., of actional pro- participle, with the added to It defines it. a duration of time for two concurrent actions, the first circum- scribing that duration for the continued or repeated occurrence 0*0* of the other; I as, o^lo kick, so long as I ^ O ^ O* O X AS) jJ ^ x^ kick, (b&n tepdlkje, san tut) while do thou hold (him). It sometimes i OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 114 expresses the rate (proportion) of rapidity of the two actions J - o ^^" as, jj2kj>\ by, it ; oo, oS*- (waqt gechdlkje, iilleshlr) as time goes AS)JJS? euSj grows large (larger). The six verbal times indicated, in reference to are the following: when the action action occurs when 4, ; 1, the time has occurred it the time before the action; just about to occur; is when 6, the ; it 3, 5, ; time the time just occurrence. its the present verbal noun in the ablative first is 2, the the time while the occurred time after an action, as, ; &H+J The (tep- meden), to which, for precision's sake, the adverb J^l (avval) 5 o or , j *j,io c3-" O - (mnqaddam), C&S sOs O anteriorly, is subjoined. Jjl cp-uJ (or Jjl e;J-J), then, the action of kicking ; i.e., means o,n,Q, vulgarly expressed as J^l ^^^ expression to (earlier Sometimes than) this is before (the agent) kicks not; while (as yet) he has (or had) not kicked. e., The second gerund-like participle added to kick to ; The tion anteriorly before kicking. oZ* i. The x^Ox : locution of time is the future active with the auxiliary gerund C^=u1 (Iken), during, it thus, ; L e third ij^-A , j^i\ <&***> ( when just about during (the time of being) about to kick. the aorist active participle with the same addi- is ^ during (the time of being) kicking ; i. e., while kicking. The fourth is the perfect verbal noun or active participle, put in the locative (of time). It may be used impersonally, ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. with no addition in it and ; it may be 115 used, for precision, with the possessive pronoun of the agent between the verbal noun and the preposition. possibly a participle is verbal noun. or ; kicking The ; i. when I e., as, ; ^ it is doubtlessly the when I (became) one who has when I (performed) my act of (past) kicked. the past active participle with the auxiliary O ^7-Xjl in the latter, Ox O- fifth is ^ ; Thus, sjJo^J ^ *jJ ^ ' O kicked O In the former case, the verbal derivative O 's' ' Cf-x_jJ ^L+j during (this time of the condition of) having kicked ; i.e., now that kicking has occurred, since (I, &c.) have kicked. The sixth noun the perfect verbal is the ablative (of in ' time), followed ^o,, J o ,n-Q * by the adverb ^X-*> after the act *j~a jjjXx-J (tepdlkdan s6ra) may be possessive pronouns 1 * O the preposition my as, ; s^JLo (s6nra, sora), after - of kicking. thus, The introduced into this locution before o c> - O^ O, J*^J-'V (tepdlylmdan s6ra) after action of kicking. SECTION X. In all The Numbers and Persons of the tenses the first person singular is added to the verb, with eser the personal suffix ^ tense-root, when this is a ij of the tense-root where consonant it occurs ; ; the Verb. expressed by given to the and suppressing the final adding one where wanted. OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 11G It is am wanting kicking; rlm) / kick ^jol .^..J I ; Thus in the imperative. (teplyor-ldlm) shall or will kick : I was kicking; I would kicked ; I did (tepdlm-ldl) kick ; / had I have kicked have kicked; ^jJ (tepdlm) I / was .jjCrj.AJ (tepejekdlm) / must kick; .jjj j\ f I had to kick / I am going to +t kick; should have kicked, O (tepem) that I may kick; x Ox ; xx O *-*-j O ^^ (tepsem) if I kick kicked; ^jj +>+? (tepmellylm) ; x ^ O (tepeydlm) that (tepejeylm) going ex ..JJJJ (tepdidlm) or ^jjl (tepmelt-ldlm) O ought to have kicked; ; -*& kicked; (tepeto jJ^^* (teper-ldlm) ; I would kick; ^J / used o kick; / (tepiyorlm) pjj-^ O + Cx *J~~J (tepseydlm) if I had kicked. The second person singular, in all the tenses in ^, is o formed by changing the vowel as, djjl ]'x dJjl ^V e*)jjj (t^jek-ldln), d^J dj-~J diii), (tepty6r-ldln), (tepseydln). ^ into the nasal Turkish ts) ; Jlf (teper-ldln), cSjJ (tepdln), JUJ (tepmell-ldln), eljlj (tepey- All the other tenses form it in ^^ o (sin), sometimes written and pronounced dL-. the present of the conditional, which forms it (slii), with dju- (ean, o^ san) ; sometimes written dL,, but pronounced like (teplyirsin), t>j-^J (tepersln), O excepting 0^ e*)<) . Thus, jy^.JC&.AJ (tepejeksln) ; -"x (tepmelislu), ^jj-AJ (tepeslu). The first person plural, likewise, in all the tenses in ^j, is ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. formed by changing the vowel 117 into Arabic ^ d (k value) ; excepting that of the perfect, which, in hard words, always O O forms this person in Idlk), ^jjj dJil^J dj2 or djllj Thus, djol 1 , (teplyir- ,j-J djojJ (tepdldlk, or (t^pdlk), tepejekdlk), dj^J JUJ djjC.<J or d^aJ (t^jek-ldlk, djol dJC>AJ djllf (tepeydlk), j^G djj (teper-ldlk), tepdlk-ldl), tepejeyldlk, O instead of d. j (tepmell-ldlk), With a hard word (tepseydlk). (baqmaq), the perfect forms jjjiG (bdqdiq). like If this per- son in the past future indicative, in the past optative, and in the past conditional, with hard words, use jj diq), jj.J\j (baqaydiq), and present optative, used in the contracted form, these also, is instead of JJ--^ it is yalim) ; o * leyellm), UJ thus, In the imperative formed by adding J having fistun and Js to esere for its vowel ; by adding the two syllables JAJ (yellm, (t^pellm), ^G o > l ^fj\ jj^ASb (baqajagh- as, ; (baqsaydiq). the consonantal root, the syllable or, in vowel-roots, d (b^lim), ^U^ (sAwey- * J J (6qAyal!m, for jJ^jl). In hard words, the present of the conditional forms this person with jA-JU (baqsaq, sometimes written ,j-^C), j also ; as, jijJjl (oqAsaq, O ^ J i j>-yij!). The present, aorist, present necessitative, form it and future in indicative, with the j orjj, with esere added to the final consonant of the tense-root of the indicatives, and o with that vowel given to the (j of y^ in the necessitative ; OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 118 thus, jjj-J (teplyiriz), j^j ' x "x Arabic liylz). d (tep&rlz), d changed into Turkish (tepejeylz, y value), JjjUJ' (tepme- In hard words, the future indicative before the j), with esere The second person formed in words, diniz). j&_* final j which Thus, j-Xp^-J consonant <j in written alFO (softened ^ JX^-^ and vowel-roots (baqdlniz), JjljjjJ (tepdi- JjC.jjJJ^J (tepmell-ldlnlz), The imperative (tepseydlnlz). jjCL^) j dsG (ij as, ; (baqin), ^"* J > (qaplayfn), j_x_jjjl (oquyunuz is (teper- jS\ both preceded by in , j_.>^J (teplyordlnlz), >^-p (tepdlfilz), JJCjjiG dlnlz), J.C J^^J (tepejeydlnlz), d c. hard in the perfect of hard is ; has two forms, in in plural, again, in all the tenses in (dlfilz (tepeydlnlz), is as, Jia>A$b (baqajaghiz). ; dlnlz), JX^ , the j_L*AJ ' (tepln), 3_GG and a esere, j-$ (baqin?z); (teplnlz, du^blJ O the other tenses form in it the uturu dominating). ; ^_A_*. (sliilz, present conditional, which has ustun for written JjCJjlj ; vowel, often Thus, better). ^" (teperslnlz), JSCJC.AJ (tepejek^S Ox O ^Sr y^> (tepeslnlz ; *Q* hard is ^* JxO> baqajaqsiii!z), j_X*^UlJ in hard words, O t)aqasiniz),j5a-j' (tepsenlz; hard in third person plural O + hard in hard words, ^)_XJL.AS\j (tepmellsinlz), The it except the (teplyArsiniz), J-5 O slnlz its first (sanlz, saniz, to distinguish J_A sinlz), All ^* ^LdsG O + hard words, jjA^G baqsaiifz). formed from the same person of ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. the singular, with the syllable (tepsinler); ytf$ j^J The (jA becoming "O J + added. may Thus, JljJ (teperler), (tepmeliler), tenses in ^jjl JJ *J (tepdller), >~J (tepeler), be formed in this way, the plural sign may be given element, and ^jjj be kept unchanged Ox ; as, J * O O* Jti*$ \S*vjsf optative, (ler, lar) j!J Jbjol (Idller) ; or, the radical * jjj (tepejekler), (tepseler). to (teply6rlar), J 119 j)s? I an ^ so throughout, except the past which prefers ^Lj. SECTION The Complex XL Of the Complex Categories. Categories of every Turkish verb, active or passive, transitive or intransitive, affirmative, negative, or im- even as to their potential, are formed, O ' O roots, with an auxiliary > verb, j^Jjl (61maq) to be or become; itself conjugated, as a simple verb, in conformity with what has already been laid down, and joined to the aorist, past, and future active par- ticiples of the verb of which the complex category formed. The O * j \ O > the First Complex Category; with the past participle, it to be auxiliary follows the participle. "With the aorist participle, the auxiliary verb the Second is Complex Category; and with the future forms \J it forms participle, forms the Third Complex Category. It would be possible to avoid using these terms, and to fuse OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 120 the whole into one vast conjugation, by following the method used by European grammarians, each for the European lan- guage in which he In some respects, treats of the subject. such an arrangement would possess an advantage. It would bring together tenses of the one verb, which are but delicate The disadvantage would modifications of each other. the whole, preponderant ; be, on for the one vast conjugation of simple and complex tenses formed with continually inter- mingling, varying participles, would be very puzzling to the novice, would choke out of view the principles of the sub- and division, prevent a lucid exposition thereof, besides demanding the invention of a host of new names by which to distinguish the numerous tenses so brought together ; whereas, by keeping the same names for the same tenses of the four categories, it would seem that a truer perception of the shade of meaning which distinguishes each of the four tenses of each firmly grasped. offers a certain name will Still, be more easily attained and more as a comparison with other systems amount of utility, three complex categories apart, to we have show given below the their principles, and have then arranged the whole four categories as a single conjugation. SECTION XII. This is The First Complex Category. formed with the aorist active participle, of every ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 121 of verb, active or passive, transitive or intransitive, class In form, primary or derivative, affirmative or negative. it is simply the conjugation of the auxiliary verb Jjj! (61maq) to be, an adjective, remaining invariable the participle, as throughout. We give one person only in each tense. Infinitive. J To be a (teper olmaq) willing, natural, deter- mined, constant, or habitual kicker ; to be kicking kick (habitually). to ; Imperative. Be thou (teper 61) kicking ; kick thou (habitually). Indicative. Present, (teper 6lly6rim) am I continually kicking. Imperfect, O n J J rs (teper 6Hy6r Idlm) I was continually kicking. Aorist. y J? (teper olurum) I am continually kicking ; I shall be ever kicking. Past. 6lur Idlm) fo\jj (teper I used to be always kicking; I would be, or would have been, always kicking. 122 OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. Perfect. O J o J OXx I became a constant kicker. ^jjjl^ (teper oldum) Pluperfect. jjl jjJjl^J (teper oldAm Idl) I had been or become a constant kicker. Future. j*ia.A)jl^J (teper olajaghlm) I am about to become a con- stant kicker. Future Past. O Ox ob.. x . O "v Jjl^J (teper 61ajaghdim) I was about to become a constant kicker. Necessitative. Aorist. fj (teper 6lmaliyim) I must be, or become, a con- stant kicker. Past. ^ (teper 6lmaliyldlm) I ought to have been a con- stant kicker. Optative. Aorist. ^jjjl^ (teper olaylm) That I may be a constant kicker. Past. -jJjl^J (teper olaydlm) That I had been a constant kicker. ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 123 Conditional. Aorist. Were (teper 6lsam) should I become, a I, constant kicker. Past. jLjjI^J (teper 61saydlm) Had I been a constant kicker. Active Participles. Present. \j+> (teper 6lan) Who or which is, was, will be, a constant kicker. Aorist. I Ji (teper 6lAr) (perhaps unused, as a cacophony.) Past. jijjl^J (teper olmush) Who has been a constant kicker. Perfect. >J (teper oldiiq) Who was a constant kicker. Future. ja-AJy J (teper ilajaq) Who is to be a constant kicker. Passive Participles. Aorist. (teper 61duq) Who or which (a kicker) has constantly kicked. 124 OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. Future. Who, which (teper 61ajaq) (I, &c.) am about constantly to kick. Verbal Nouns. Present. aJjl^ The act of being (at any time) a constant kicker. (teper olma) Perfect. The act of having been (then) a constant kicker. jjJjI^J (teper 61duq) Future. &ffyjf The (teper olajaq) act of being about (now) to become (hereafter) a con- stant kicker. \ Gerunds. O 1st. J J O" - s-i^jW (teper Being a constant kicker 61iip) (and 2nd. ). Continuing to be a con- J>jdj\jj (teper olaraq) stant kicker (so and so also occurs). 3rd. &)\ Jll (teper olunjd) As soon > 4th. ,l^j^ (teper olijaq) as becomes / J (became, will become) a constant kicker, ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 5th. Jjl Jjl^J (teper 61a 61a) By 125 continually being a con- stant kicker, 6th. ^OjjI^J (teper olmaghin) By reason of being a con- stant kicker, 7th. J J,ljj (teper olall) Ever became since been) (has a constant kicker, SECTION XIII. The Second Complex Category. Infinitive. Present. Jj/l JLli' (tepmlsh 61maq) To have kicked. Imperative. Future. *J' Be thou one who has (tepmlsh 61) kicked ; have kicked. Indicative. Present. *-j am becoming, one who has kicked; I have I am, or (tepmlsh 6lly6rim) kicked. Imperfect. ,ji*-> (tepmlsh 6lly6rdim) I was, or one who was becoming, has kicked. Aorist. i*J (tepmlsh 6liirum) I shall have kicked. OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 126 Past JU-J (tepmlsh olurdum) I should have kicked. Perfect. JU*> (tepmlsh 61dum) I became one who kicked, I had had kicked. Pluperfect. 5 (tepmlsh oldum idl) I had become one who has kicked. Future. (tepmlsh olajaghim) I am about becoming one who has kicked I am ; going to have kicked. Future Past. - t O O* was about to have kicked. Necessitative. Aorist. Ij2j1 ,jLj (tepmlsh 61mallyim) I must (now) have kicked (then). Past. (tepmlsh 6lmaliyldlm) Imust (then) have (already) kicked (before). Optative. Aorist. f J !*!/ O O' JW (t&prolsh r *Jjl ^lay^im, 61am) That I may have kicked. ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 127 Past. 0, i O OX O l*J (tepmlsh 61aydlm) That I Had I kicked (then). had kicked. Aorist. l^Jjl ,jiJ (tepmlsh 61sam, pJjl) Past. v r j.1 JL*J (tepmlsh olsaydlm) Had I V x (already) kicked ** (before then). .4cfoV0 Participles. Present. " (tepmlsh 6 Ian) Who has (already) kicked. Aorist. LJ (tepmlsh 61ur) Who have (already) will kicked. Past and Perfect, perhaps not used. Future. *J (tepmlsh olajaq) Who will become one who has kicked. Passive Participles. Aorist. OJO J O O iUJ (tepmlsh 61diiq) Which (a kicker) (already) kicked. had OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 128 Future. Ox O x J Ox UJ (tepmlsh 61ajaq) Which (a kicker) will hare kicked. Verbal Nouns. Present. lJ (tepmlsh. olma) The state (present of) having (already) kicked. Perfect, (tepmlsh oldAq) The (past state of) having (previously) kicked. Future. (^Pmisl1 ^^j^q) The state (future having of) (previously) kicked. Gerunds. 1st. 2nd. t-jJjl jyJjl <j^ ... (t^pnrish 61up) ( ... oldraq) Having kicked Having the kicked (and t A^l continued of quality 3rd. (and....). ... ( ... oliinja) As soon as ( will be) one having ...). is, was, who which had kicked, 4th. jij/l ... ( ... 6Hjaq) The instant kicked, ( .... ) or . . . had ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 5th. *Jjl jy jj^ (tepmlsh old 61a) 129 continuing to have By kicked, 6th. c^iJj' ... ( ... olmaghin) .... reason By kicked, 7th. ^j-Mjl ... ( ... 61all) of became Since who had SECTION XIV. having .... kicked, one .... The Third Complex Category. Infinitive. Present. (tepejek olmaq) To be about to kick (ready to kick). Imperative. Future. *j (tepejek 61) Be thou about to kick. Indicative. Present. O 1 J Q J (tepejek 6lly6rim) I am (often) on of kicking ; the point I become on the point .... Imperfect. y or Idlm) I was (often) on the point .... Aorist. jl <s^^ (tepejek 6lAnim) I am shall (habitually), be the point (then) ... I on \ OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 130 Past. I used (habitually) I should be (then) on (tepejek 61urdum) ; ' the point .... Perfect. I (tepejek 61dum) was (then) on the point .... Pluperfect. (tepejek oldum I Idl) had been (before then) on the point.... Future and Future Past. liLj/l tsU^" (tepejek olajaghim) } I Not used, as being caco- jek oldjaghdim)) Necessitative. Aorist. ci>.A*) (tepejek 61malij!m) I must point be on the .... Past. o ^ xx iitAv (tepejek 61mdliyldlm) I ought to have been on the point .... Optative. Aorist. O + +* A*J (tepejek olam) That I may be on the point .... ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 131 Past. That jek 6 lay dim) I point had been on the .... Conditional. Aorist. ,0 -Jjl o f r+ (skxJuJ Were (tepejek olsam) I to be or become om the point .... Past. Jjl ctkj-A^ Had (tepejek 61saydim) I been on the point .... Active Participles. Present. jVjl ciU<V Who (tepejek 61an) or which on the point is or becomes .... Aorist. Who (tepejek 6lAr) or which is (naturally) or will be (some time) on the point .... Past and Perfect. (tepejek 61mush)' ) I Who ,, or which has been or Future. ; Jjl ttL *^ (tipejek 6lajaq) Not used, as being cacophonous. OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 132 Passive Participles. Aorist. jy 12-UdI? (tepejek oldAq) Which (a kicker) point was on the .... Future. Cacophonous not used. ; Verbal Nouns. Present. Jjl The sLLaJ (t^P^k olma) act of being or becoming (at any time) on the point .... Perfect. (tepejek Alduq) The past act or state of being (then) on the point .... Future. Cacophonous ; not used. Gerunds. 1st. tljjji <*U*J (tepejek 6lAp) Being (and 2nd. 3rd. (jjd^ A_sjl ... ... ( ( ... olaraq) ... oliinja) about kick to ....) Continuing to be about to kick (and ....) As soon as ( is, was, will be) about to kick, 4th. ^^1 ... Cacophonous. ACCIDENCE OK ETYMOLOGY. (tepejek 614 5th. By Md) 133 to continuing about to kick, 6th. * olmaghin) ( By reason about 7th. .. Ever olall) ( of being .... became since on the point SECTION XV. be .... .... The Combined (true Turkish) Conjugation. Infinitive. Present. J" Imperative. J Future. O IJ Indicative. Present. Imperf. Aorist. Past. Perfect Pluperf. Future. <ak**J j.*)jl ... vjfc-^jl ... (not used) (not used) OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 134 Necessitative. V Aorist. PaSt. (Jjjl Aorist. J 1 ;> f Jjl^J A_J^1 )- , *J j Conditional. Aorist. Past. Active Participles. Present. Aorist. Past. (^U)^" ^-*> used) Perfect. Future. used) Passive farticiples. Aorist. Future. (not used) ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 135 Verbal Nouns. Present. Perfect. jj,i... Future. (woi used.) 4,1... . . .Gerunds. il X 'x 1st 2nd. 3rd. 4th. J 5th. XO J 6th. 7th. SECTION XVL TAe Negative and Impotential Conjugations. The Negative and number cisely Impotential Conjugations, twenty-four in to each simple verb, as a general rule, are on the lines formed pre- of the simple affirmative conjugation in its four categories, as above given, with the exception of the aorist of the indicative, as to its root-word of the third person OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 136 singular, and the corresponding aorist active participle, OX end which O j* (maz), instead of the final^ of the affirmative. in Infinitive. Present. Imperative. Future. Present. N. O J Ox O x- i Oxox O J J O /Ox Imperfect. Aorist. oJJO-0' O J J Ox xxO.. ACCIDENCE OB ETYMOLOGY. 137 Past. JO J J Of xxOx jo J of f ,r.f Perfect. Je J ox-ox Jo J xO- o UM-M.' >v Pluperfect. Future. j>. Jjl uloUJ o * (no ws^c?) ** (not used) Future Past. J O xO, (not used) (not used) Necessitative. Aorist. J jL.U? V v Ox XXOX 138 OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. Past. <j.>j Optative. Aorist. - J Oxn. Past. Ox ,-Ox O- J Conditional. Aorist. O Active Participles. Present O x J CxOx O x t O X XX X* ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 139 Aorist. Past. used) "Perfect. X J OJ-) O -f Future. wsec?) Passive Participles. Aorist. Future. o - - i o -o. (not used} 140 OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. Verbal Nouns. Present. Perfect. o if oxo x o Jn J o Future. O x <xOx O X J ox * * (not used) (not used) 1st. 2nd. 3rd. dl 4th. ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. 141 6th. 7th. SECTION XVII. TAe Dubitative, Potential and Facile Verbs, &c. The Dubitative Verb (mlsh, mish), or the is word formed by adding the syllable to <jl*jj (Imlsh), any JL personal verb, indicative or necessitative, active or passive, affirmative, negative, or im potential the syllable said ; and ^ is ; but, in the perfect indicative, (dl) of the root. It casts a doubt often added, in conversation, to express that he considers it displaces on what is by another speaker, what has been affirmed by the former speaker to be questionable, or hearsay, or mere assumption. When the first speaker uses express that what he relates is it himself, he does so to either doubtful, hearsay, or erroneous assumption, from some other person. vulgarism, to It is a gross which Armenians and European novices are addicted, to use this dubitative syllable, in conversation, where OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 142 the <j* of the perfect indicative, or of any compound tense, is In writing, there required. no denying that is form this is systematically used, by the host authorities, in place of the The form has tense they would employ in speaking. musical sound and ; it Persian verb -forms in is, in my a more opinion, a fruit of imitating Turkish; initiated, by the probably, Persian scribes of the early reigns. In dubitative conjugation, simple tense-root and this its plural, syllable preceding the compound and personal terminations, singular or plural by another person. In this Thus : o ^jl^-j-J (teplyormlsh kicking; (jt+*\j*> Idlii) (teper Imlsh) (tepermlsh Idlk) <o have kicked (tepmlsh slnlz) ; it is it is J comes alone, - it it is is that &c., Potential Verb kicking; that thou waft said, fyc., that he kicks; fyc., we used to formed of the kick it is fifth said, , fyc., J^ ( its to be able, , is re- entire con- This jugation, the gerund remaining unchanged throughout. then means that .) gerund (not peated) followed by the verb dijb (bllmek) in auxiliary verb ; that you kicked or (This word or syllable, Jt+A is is fyc., said, $c., that said, I am really the past active participle of the obsolete verb diil The it said, ^+>\ JOZ-*-*** (tepejekler imlsh) they are going to kick. be spoken it -1^,^-J (teplyormlshlm) said, supposed, pretended, suggested, eJjjJ unless ; last case, it naturally o after all other words. the follows ,jl and answers to our ACCIDENCE OR ETTMOI Ex.: <sU* English can. ., .jib *J (tepe billy orim) The Facile an esere Verb (tepe bllmek) to be able to kick; t~> / am able to kick, in ^ a consonantal , ^ the root-vowel and the servile vowel (j this , vowel servile * made is ^5 ^ added between is and with a verb in ; as, isL^j---) ; which to into a consonant with esere, then added is vowel &c. a vowel verb other with e*ere, , and the (tepl-vlrmek), O^O-'jJ * " ; and the auxiliary ^ With verb d^i^ (vlrmek, vulg. vermek). than one kick formed by the root of a verb, is added, followed by a vowel is I can (qaplayi- vlrmek), ftU^j^ijI The (qaziyi- vlrmek). (oqAy u- vlrmek), sense of these verbs is that we of great ease, readiness, off-handedness in the action, which express in English by saying just cover over just to out &c. ; just ; to to kick, Just to give read or recite ; just There are several other Turkish verbs to a kick scratch in use as special o auxiliaries after the gerund of the original verb O-O^ QsC O>O<* ; ; ^ o^, dlji as, *> J^j^ (dormaq), jjli (qalmdq), j^Jlj (yatmaq), and ^j^Q (yazmdq). The first expresses a frequent or natural (galmek), happening ; the next three signify persistency ; and the last the idea of having almost happened, of being within an ace of happening. Thus, c*UK quently, of course, as L_>jC (baqiip is well *Jjl (614 known; durmaq) to galmek) to be to happen fre- a common occurrence ; stand looking ; j Jl A$G (baqa OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 144 qalmaq) stand (remain) staring in surprise and amazement; to -Ljlj (_j^ijj remain to (dushuuup yatmaq) (lie) pondering, in 1 a brown study; j^G A>\i (bayil& to give one s self up yazmaq) &c. (write) as about to faint; &c., &c., SECTION XVIII. In Turkish there in all its is The Verb Substantive. no extant verb substantive, answering moods and tenses the Turkish j^Jjl performs the independent verb ; In one sense, to our verb to be. as an auxiliary office, but as such, and as an a verb adjective, and con- it is tinually lapses into the parallel idea of to become. The Turkish (Imek) originally had a true verb substantive, This exists fragmentary to be. etU^l Ottoman Turkish; in perhaps in certain persons of the present, certainly in the perfect of the indicative, in the aorist conditional, in the past active participle, in the perfect verbal noun, and in the gerund, apparently modified from the present active participle (which in eastern and old Turkish was and Js , is traces of which are numerous formed in jifor ^U , even in Ottoman, as adjectives). Thus: Indicative. Present. *>\ thou art slfilz) (1m, 1m), ; you ^_>1 are. ^ (Iz, Iz), (ylm, yim) y_ (ylz, / am ; ^ ( ylz) we are ; (sin, JjC sin) (slniz, ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. Perfect. he was / (idiin) ^>\ d Jjl ; jjl (tdiler) was, eljj (Idln) thou (Idlk) we were ; >5o jjl 145 ivast, ^jjl (Idl) (idlnlz) you were ; they were. Conditional Aorist. +t~j\ (It-am) if I o*)A-j1 (Isek) (l.eler) e)^ am, (/* we (Isan) if thou art, A~\ (Ise) if he are, / you jS*~>\ (Isanlz) are, is ; j*~$ z/ they are. Past Active Participle. (iinlsh) Verbal who or which was. Noun (Idlk) the fact Perfect. of having been. Gerund. O ^X" O JXjl (Iken, " oW ^.1 Ikdn) c/urm^ the fact of being. These fragments are made negative by prefixing the adverb p dlyll) not. (dlytl idlm) o o 7 was Thus, no< ; JXp (dlylllm) / am wo^, liljl j5sli (dlyll Isem) ?/ ^J / am jC,A not ; .^ djj! JXjj (dlyll Idlk) not used as a verbal noun, but replaced O xO J O'O by j^ljjl (61madiq) the negative verbal noun perfect of Jj^l ^! (dlyll Iken) wfo'te no< j^o The present verb is ; iem^. tense indicative of the foregoing fragmentary completed, as to its third persons, singular and plural, L ; OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 146 by using, when necessary distinctive dir) is, and dirlar) are its particle of affirmation, is (dlr, just as well expressed by the singular). o still ..> conventional (unnecessary) plural, J^> (dlrler, (which This word and most only, the special, unique, Turkish invariable ..> pronounced o J , written in eastern Turkish in provincial Ottoman, is ^ (dur), as it ' o old and eastern writings, under the uncontracted form of jjjj* (durur). is, to This circumstance leads to a suspicion that the originally, the aorist of the ordinary word verb J^j-i (durmaq) remain. However that may is is often found also, in be, the peculiarity of the word is that it not special to the third person singular, or to the two third persons, singular and plural. It is often used, in writing and in conversation, after a verb of the first or second person also, singular or plural, of any simple tense of the indicative, with or without the plural signal, in fact, c'est when the sense admits It it. is, an exact equivalent to the French inchoative expression que, and the Latin constat quod, which can be used introduce any indicative proposition, as the Turkish to conclude and complete any such. And, as the ^ is to used French and Latin clauses can be omitted without the sense suffering, so also can the Turkish ^ . In conversation it is much more dispensed with than used. The negative of j* is ^ jC^ (dljll dlr) is not ; pi. ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. and (dlyiller dlr) SECTION XIX. (dlyll dlrler) are not J^ jC> expressed without the 147 (just as well ]). The Verb of Presence and Absence, of Existence and Non-Existence. THERE ARE NO SUCH VERBS What IN TURKISH. and what Europeans have erroneously chosen there are, to designate as o o * two such, are may (y6q) Like any other substantive or adjective, absent or non-existent. these J adjectives, j\j (var) present or existent, jjj be followed by the verbal particle of affirmation any other case, which, in this case, as in may ^, be omitted in conversation. It convenient, occasionally, for a novice in Turkish may be OxoOx to suppose that or jij means there is not. .3 or it, non-existent) existent is The Jj ; * that j;^ or expressions really say and present (or existent} as, ; there is oj i-> o J Jiji- But, unless rightly understood, those ren- derings are misleading. he, she, o means \j ^\ ; he, she, or it, is mean absent (or (atesh var) fire (is) present (here), or (somewhere) ; jjj ^"1 (atesh y6q) fire (is) absent (here), or non-existent (anywhere). Then, such a phrase as o existent), J^l becomes exist, o , (var 61) be thou present (or be thou absent (or non-existent), j^_i (y6q 61) clear. and J^l Jj J The first is a kind of prayer, Mayest thou ever be at hand, ready to help the afflicted ! while the OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 148 second annihilation, Avaunt wish a or my pocket) ; ^jjl jjjj J o-> my * o * j\j 5>G *>*._- (jeblmdd pdra var) money in my * J-i)l JjLjl my firewood was firewood in : present (I have some is pocket money o J By Away I &c. ! special instead of general house the nature of a curse, in or using a locative with these two expressions, they become By m banishment condemnation, a sentence of a is absent, (evlmde odunum yoq Idl) in house). using a possessive pronoun (with or without a genitive as well) with these two expressions, the idea of possession superadded ; ^G exists / (i. e., as, j\j have money, yoq) money belonging money); dir) my wanting, non-existent (I had no to thee (is) ^ ^ ^^Lillj many (param var) money belonging I have some money} non-existent jj*. eL-Gu books belonging to his many books) ; ^jjl jjj; is)i^ (i. e., (babl-iniii chAq O s * Q is me (parafi thou hast no kitahlari var father are existent OJO ^_ .^L^i " father has ; to (i. e., his <* KL ~j (benlm sana thtlyajlm y6q Idl) any need of mine to (lean on) thee (for assist- ance) was non-existent SECTION (i. e., XX. / had no need of thee). Of the Compound Verbs. Besides the Turkish verbs already described, the Ottoman language has been indefinitely enriched with whole classes of ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. compound and verbs, active passive, transitive 149 and intransitive, formed by a Turkish auxiliary verb preceded by a substantive or adjective of Arabic or Persian, even of foreign, origin. An active compound verb formed, generally, by an Arabic, is by a Persian verbal noun, or by a foreign substantive, rarely o - followed by one of the auxiliaries ti t f) * (itmek, vulg. etmek), *} O* O * Q* eUJLjl (eylemek), to o " command, to O jJLS (qllmaq) to deign do ; or or to do, > O > J J^j-j (biiyurmaq) by an Arabic (very seldom, a Persian, never a foreign) active participle, followed by the tive or intransitive. in sense ; the first These verbs are either to be. auxiliary j>Jjt (61maq) The first three auxiliaries are identical the most frequently used is often, the third occasionally, replaces tion ; and the fourth is it, ; the second so as to avoid repeti- used when a deferential tone is 0-00*0 (irsal c Thus, d^oj JL^l buyurmaq) to (Irsal dCLl ; ^y O^rs J a home) ; o + visit, to (tevattiin eylemek) o pay a to or *0 JJ c s O j^-i JU,1 to favour by J v^> (mujlb 6lmaq) to settle (in a place, as + jjjl ^U-ij (peshlman olmaq) penitently sorry (for send ; deign or condescend to send, sending, to have the goodness to send; j>Jjl to cause to etmek) 0,0 t assumed and politely in speaking or writing to or of a superior, of an equal. transi- some act) ; to be regretfully dU^I *^j>.) (vlzlte etmek) or to visit. Transitive verbs of this class form their passives with the auxiliary <jJy (Alunmaq), which, by itself, does not admit of OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 150 translation. Thus, have done (to it) the JU,1 l (Irsal to be sent, to olunmaq) action of being sent and (for the Arabic Persian verbal nouns, the reverse of the more general Turkish rule, take the passive as well as the active sense). compound Deferential passives are formed with the passive auxiliary (buyurulmdq) ; jJ^J as, descendingly sent, to jC,! (Irsfil Jj^o to be con- buyurulindq) be kindly sent. Reciprocal verbs active of this class are formed with the reciprocal of mek) that , isL^jjl as, ; i*Xio1 is, with the auxiliary diio>>! (Idlsh- (khusumet Idlshmek) mutually tz**j-ai. to exercise hostility, litigation, or spite, towards one another. Causatives of the simple and reciprocal are formed by the r +o o e-oo 0,0 0*0 causatives of c*LoJ and &U*Jti, namely, d^jql (sL^j^jj , OiL,jij1 Jt-^,1 to cause or to cause let or let (a thing) be sent; (aL^j^jjl (two or more) mutually attack each Negatives and 1 ; thus, o^^i. other. iinpotentials, as also dubitatives, potentials, o^o and faciles, are constructed with those forms of r other auxiliaries. not to 0,0 , 'O Thus, e*LLo\ jC,! to be able to send ; o ' ' JL-.I not to be able to send ; ,ji-oj JL^I jl isLcjl it 9U^#Jg) is send ; and the - O * O (*LL*5jjl JLj,) said that he sent; JU^ just to send. ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. SECTION XXI. the Interrogative Of Verb, 151 and Interrogation in general. All interrogations, in Turkish (when an interrogative pro- noun is not present in the phrase, as such), are ducing the interrogative particle or adverb made by ^ intro- (ml, mi) into proper position in the phrase. its The proper position of this particle in the phrase We of the word on which the question turns. valent for enclitic it in particle English ne, are ; its in Latin the word equivalents; also is the end have no equian, the and the French est-ce que ? This may be each of which best may shown by an example of turns, so that the adverb them 1. Is 2. ^ successively joined to each of is Thus to indicate that speciality. ^^-JCa-A-^j AIU^C it thou five elements, be the word on which the question specially who art 4^ 9-C ^5* to ride with j.^X_a.jjj <UA^C 4*? me <5?"W u-* : (sanml sabah benlmld 'ara- bay blnejeksln) to-morrow in the carriage" (s^ n sabahml bentmld 'ara- bayd benejeksln) to-morrow that thou art to ride with Is it 3. c>rJv_a.A^ Is it *JA>jC ^4-^ - eJ-*' (s^n me in the carriage ? sabah benlmlami bay 'ara- blnejeksln) with me that thou art to ride in the carriage to-morrow ? OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 152 . 4..~S^* ^c *U) JLo ^ (san sabah mi Is it 5. c in the carriage that ^ rr x_a.A^ U.HJS. 4U? blnej^ksln) thou art to ride with -W me to-morrow ? sabah benlmla 'arabaya ^r* (san blnejekmlsln) Art thou going This does to ride with me to-morrow however, exhaust the possible points of the not, question in the case of this sentence, the adverb ^ in the carriage ? in it. The phrase nor the proper places of itself may be in question, as whether these words were used, or some others, by the to person to whom the adverb verb ; ^ ^ the interrogation would stand ^JC.4Jj v_ujt 4^0 addressed. In that case, after the personal ending of the is ^ 1C1 e (san sdbah benlmla ara- baya binejeksln ml), which means, Dost thou say, thou wilt ride with me to-morrow in the carriage ? The last two instances call specially for the 0x0 f , el.5 >\ ^ JL^l Is it Ox*x to may be ask, to send (and not himself carry, for instance) that he is going to do ? Is he going ^ Thus we may between the two elements of the verb. O explanation that, compound verbs the proper place of the adverb in and x ^ x_jjl O ' O JL^I (Irsal Idejekml) send ? In Turkish simple or derivative verbs, supposing that the adverb is to follow the verb in the sentence, and not some ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. other in member thereof, then a further question is seen to arise to the exact part of the verb itself No. 5 above given, as that takes this first word it. In this respect, the tenses have The simple tenses take the adverb at after be considered. to 153 the end of the tense-root, and their compounds also, before O J O J their auxiliary ^jjl was ; thus, ^jjl^d w he doing? &>* ^jjl Next, a distinction has to be made between he doing ? the third persons, singular and plural, as one group, and the first and second persons, singular and plural The group. also, as another first-named group of tenses have no personal endings, the second group have special personal endings, and the interrogative precedes these, following the tense-root thus, jlrvjlj (teplyirmlylm) misln) art thou kicking ? O O J am I kicking ? O j-^jj-J (teplyormiylz) are we kicking ? are you kicking? .^^j^ ^^^ S* ; (teplyor- he kicking ? is ^jj*-? (teplyorml) + mlalnlz) { still * J jS^^^jj^ (teplyir- (teply6rlerml) are they kicking ? The perfect tense indicative forms an exception to the fore- going rule, as endings. it Thus, takes the interrogative after the personal ^*^ (tepdlmml) have I kicked ? did I hast thou kicked? didst thou kick? LrJoJ (tepdlnml) (tepdlml) has he kicked? have we kicked ? did we kick ? kicked ? did you kick ? did they kick ? did he kick? j^J^jJ ^JluJ ^ < kick ? ^JJ } (tepdlkml) (tepdlfilzml) have you (tepdllerml) have they kicked ? OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAK. 154 SECTION XXII. As Of explained in Section II., Adverbial Expressions. every Turkish adjective is also au adverb. Every noun of time (sabah gdl) come to-morrow early jJ&,LLU (akhsham ; ; climb up, ascend jo^jTj^Ll \sj&y. J ^U.1 ; (llerl git) as, ; J -\~* (jjft (j= j\ (erken galdl) he came a gellr) he will Adjectives of relative place, like adverbs; thus, j^a. an adverb also used as is come in the evening. all adjectives, are used as (yAqarl chiq) mount up, walk up, (ashighl gal) come down, descend go forward, advance; j^-jT(gerl ; gal) come back. But substantives of place, like adverbially by the sole O J J > thus, j^j^jl o> J - o , , substantives, can be used all means of being joined to prepositions he JJj'jl (vuqarida 6tuiiy6r) is sitting higher up; " x / am coming jrom below (Vl* cjJ^U.1 (ashaghldan gellyorim) o-^AcU A (sagha git) go o expression An ; as, &c. s* O 3 a^,.l (jji-s. ~* > ^ (ustuma chiqdi) he mounted on to of me. adjective, substantive, an adverbial expression side, to the right ; ; pronoun may enter into such an adverbial possessive the top ; J lower down; from lower down. ^J^ ; as, oJl and preposition may join aj^L Jjl (^lt (alt tarafda) tardfdan) from on to form the lower the lower side ; ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. So an 155 and preposition may adjective, substantive, possessive, + be combined in an adverbial expression the side above to yaulma) side below thee ^J^L cL ; o o * J a^U e>-yl as, ; (fist iCiG eJI (alt yaninda) on the me; (sagh tarafindan) from his (her, its} riylit-liand side. With any Arabic substantive or certain special exceptions, adjective becomes an adverb by adding an ustun and vowel to it this being often ; read dn an the word or, if is a feminine in s , ; thus, i^Jo (tuldn) in length, sign, longwise, in without it, longitude Of # U^_c ('arzan) in breadth, breadthwise, in latitude; ue bahran) by land and by sea; (lierr&n formerly; mu4khkh4ran) V^j* (qdt'an ve qatibetan) decidedly The bially; as, JJl thirdly; UK S (rabfa) fourthly (sadlsa) sixthly ; * ; \^ij\^> iJo\5 j (xWa entirely. much used (vv&\&) firstly; Li^ (sfmlya) secondly; s (tasl'a) recently; ten Arabic ordinals are thus first ; S , Uji* (muqaddema) latterly, and and by putting two with or without the double ustun sign to dots, I ; marked with a double ustun \ Ol (khamlsa) ' # l*JG adver(sallsa) fifthly; LjU S s UjL, (sabl'a) seventhly; L.U (samlne) eighthly; s ninthly; Iplc (Mshlra) tenthly S . OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 156 SECTION XXIII. Of Prepositions. Besides or pronoun. They always follow the substantive those given in the chapter on the substantive, there are but four or five others o : o and ^j-, ^-, (slz) the manner ^ (slzln) without, ja) according to, * (leyin) at the time of, after of. SECTION The A*, (je, upon, s^jjl (uzere) o conjunctions u XXIV. Of and (da) Conjunctions. ^^io (dakhi) word they unite to a preceding one ; as, *n* ^.^ I (gldersan, ben-d& glderim) if thou wilt go, (bu dakhi) also, follow the * o t^> o * o ' <&i~> also will go ; this, too. All other conjunctions head the clauses which they connect. The principal of these are u, li) and; jjjl (anjaq) only; ill (amma), J^,l : j ^Q (ve, in Persian couplets read (lakln), (eyer, eger) z/ ; ' + ...\i ...b (ya...ya...) either... or.. .;...*} s ?ior...; ^t\ ^ (hatta) insomuch since, by reason that order that; as far as. I^G (ve-lakln) but; (yakhid) or; ' ...ai (ne...ne...)nez'<Aer... tliat;js^ (meyer, meger) (Imdl) therefore, wherefore (chunku) ^XjJ Of ; ; \^ & these, Arabic, others Persian in origin. (zira) for, because (kl) that ; U ; unless; **-Jj* (ta) so that, in some are Turkish, some ACCIDENCE OR ETYMOLOGY. SECTION XXV. Of a I (ah) help on r ah; i\jj\ ^1 (iiferin, ; There is, (eywah) alas; i>-ft> father ; 1 O + however, a peculiar Turkish interjection mother. (a-ana) now ! ; *> vulg. iiferlm) bravo. it ; as, CGl as, Ujl I (d) 0, (a-baba) It also follows nouns, pronouns, ' see pre- (yii) (khdyf) woe; jj* (meded) and verbs, taking the sense of Tea! Indeed! I You They ^1 (ey), C : ^ that joins on to the vocative following U! in origin. principal are * + c c** The t Interjections. These are mostly Arabic or Persian cede, as in English. I5' XX (adam-a) a man ; you see ! told you so! J^- 'ijjS (gyuzel-a) nice; indeed! l^j (benlm-a) mine; in sooth! tfjLcs^yf (gydrema- din-a) thou couldst not see ; after all ! 158 ) CHAPTER III. THE OTTOMAN SECTION SYNTAX. Conversational brevity. I. Precision in writing. COLLOQUIAL and written Ottoman Turkish, is as far as Syntax concerned, are the very antipodes of each other. As in the orthography the rule a vowel-letter into a Turkish is given or : " Never introduce word foreign removing a possible doubt as to pronunciation out a vowel if in such a word, created as to pronunciation," as loquial syntax the chief rule its the sake guage clear that the omission a doubt is, equivalent, and is : is be always as concise possible without failing into ambiguity is duce by ; without never leave ; so also, in col- Never repeat a word, or intro- never use a subsidiary word^ unless for of emphasis; whereas the golden rule for written lan- is, and Never omit any word explicit. new words as may, sought to be conveyed. that tends to make a sentence On the contrary, introduce freely as in the requisite degree, elucidate the sense many In other words, Spoken Ottoman Turkish should be as concise as possible, even to the verge of ambiguity ; SYNTAX. written Ottoman Turkish must Io9 be as full, verbally, as to leave no doubt on the mind of the reader at any distance of space or time. The reasons are obvious and eminently practical, philosophical; namely: by reason of a speaker's conciseness, a doubt as If, meaning should his arise in the to mind of the person addressed, a question can be put, and the doubt at once removed ; if, on the contrary, a written document be left obscure in any part, the doubt thence arising must remain unsolved, and the mpan- ing guessed because the writer at, is either dead or away at a distance. Hence, if one be asked, ^ is y (^ what n ^ dlr) answer, in Ottoman Turkish, will be, for instance, an apple, as in English. Should the question pomme") (qarndashimi my \yulg. LJl (A Frenchman would answer: be, (elma) "C'est ^ ^^S^j^ ^^wlj^ JO une this ? the is '^ JO ,0 f qardashimi] gyurdunuz-mu) have you seen brother? the answer will be, either seen (him), or ^ji(gyurdum) / have / have not seen (him). ^j^jjf (gyurmadlm) Should one say to you, lyu**^ yer-ml-sln) If I (yemam) / will not of " it," As eat / will eat ^> (yeiim) In this (it). even by the asker, is to be instances of the omission of from phrases sana versam, J^> (bunii give this to thee (you), wilt thou (will you) eat the answer will be either (it)? j**^/j in conversation, last question, the or J^j omission remarked. all may (it), possible subsidiary words be mentioned that of the OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 1GO affirmative ^ (dlr) is, it is, he or she The ordinary assertion or negation. tive possessive pronouns are never is, on love (thee, you, thee (you), him, her, pjy.f ^^ it), (ben sanl a?, ^- -jjiy- in conversation employed ; occasions of personal and corrobora- O unless for emphasis or distinction all f > pjj.j* (s-avlyirim) (saul savlyorim) ...) /, / 7 love personally, love thee; ^jJ? ^CG (babain galdl) my father came, or has come. As a consequence of the desire to leave no doubt as to the meaning of a writing, nouns and verbs O fix, are much used such ; JO Ox ship, ^jJjl^-k^j JO) J C are, o-s^ j ^ (vldd u mdhabbet) friend- x j^X (^"'^ u tastir 6lAndu) its has been written. of the avoidance of unnecessary repetition A. result the third person singular of a verb of in apposition, in pairs, jj plural ^ when often is the nominative plural that is employed instead is expressed ; as, Ox OxO^ (adamlar galdi) some men, or the men have come, or ^jJbT .L^T came. Another such result is the use of a singular substantive with r a plural cardinal AJ^_C du-j waggons, usual, ; as, ^, ol J O j\ (uch at) three horses, (bin 'araba) a thousand vehicles (carriages, carts, &c.). To make name number written composition after introducing a still common more precise, it is very substantive or a proper into a paragraph or article, letter, dispatch, &c., never to use a personal pronoun to designate the thing or person 161 SYNTAX. so named, but to repeat the substantive or proper often as may name as be required, either preceded or followed by one Q JQ * O O * J of the indicative adjectives, ^jj* (mezbur), jj=*.'* (mezkyur), O for things or persons, ^\ criminal person, oo* J .j ' O * r^* (mesfur), for a contemned or for a reputable ^*^-* (tnuma lley-h), 9 - J person, and A-Jl^U-o (inushfirun iley-h), for a person of rank and These words consideration.. all said, the afore-mentioned, the said, &c. first reality, the afore- mean, in In the case of a person mentioned by name, or by a common substantive, these words may be used as substantives, we might of personal or demonstrative pronoun, in declension adjectives to its as a kind the cases of the all but, in the case of a thing, they ; say, must be used as name, repeated each time. SECTION A common noun or indefinite, and II. Syntax of the Substantive. substantive singular may may be either definite represent, according to circumstances or the context, either an individual or the individual, several individuals, a portion of the species, or the whole species ; as, O sPb (b&ghcha gyfizel shey) a garden (is) a pretty thing; ioU (padishah galdl) the monarch came, or has come; l (Ingllterada geml ch6q) in England (there are) OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 162 many ships ^ : jcjj' duJ^U iL- *" the ornaments dlr) flowers are *jjsl 30 / drank Ichdlm) (sii wine, &c.), J&\ j* nominative; (sii % of the gardens, (some) water, 00 +&g\ as, ; J of the garden I drank water ; (not indefinite, the substantive is as in the ^j-- (su ichmek) If the declensional accusative water). definite as, ziiietl aqar) water flows. In the accusative case p*l (chlchek baghchaniii ** to drink water (some is used, it is always 1 j^ (siiyii Ichdlm) I drank, or have drunk', the water. There are four two substantives different Turkish methods of constructing in a sentence. First, by simple juxtaposition ; second, by adding the possessive suffix of the third person to the second substantive genitive, and still ; third, first first quantity, the second a material; gold box O O+ ; + JK&. eJJb^- as, ; or, the first ^jS &j^\ first in- indicates a (altin qutu) a kll& arpa) a bushel (of) barley Jj> aJLw_T^j (blr ; .^ Jji a)JlcL.5oJ (Ikl sa'atllkyol) coats. ; and leaving the second unchanged. dicates a material, the second a form J the some other prepositional in In simple juxtaposition of two substantives, the O in adding the possessive suffix to the second and fourth, by putting the case, by putting the jl (ftch setrllik a distance of two hours journey ; choha) broadcloth enough for three SYNTAX. With the and species 163 possessive suffix alone added, a relation of genus indicated, the is genus standing bination remaining indefinite ^.^ o ^s**> ; - a house (domestic) doy look-cover; L5>-j^3 jl (ev kyupeyi) urdeyl) a duck of the wilderness ^s>^\ ^Li (yaban (J If the cluck). the definite With the as, ; the a proper name, the second ig>^j Jl/ first in ; the genitive, real possession dLcGb (babamin evl) When the first is remains without a the species, my the is indicated, and the combination first, (qirallii 'askerl) the king's army J Jjj * put into a prepositional case, the second suffix, and the combination may be JO s j^i (shehr& y61) a (or the) road to the 2 (demlrdan kyupru) a bridge of iron kerre) once in a month When two definite in either ; is) " as, \&\ (yazljl efendl) (who ; ; o '/ o i>jS j-> is * (ayd& blr &c. is made v*s ^U (chawush agha) Mr. Sergeant; ^^\ a Mushir. the combination as, *cBJJ! * Mr. Clerk ; O *O J town; (j^>^= u-5-^-3 substantives are in apposition, no change ' ; father's house. or indefinite, an active participle being always understood C is (azaq denlzl) the Sea of Azof. ^d^c dJ^ as, is ; (wild the individual, and the combination name of the possessor being is definite (jj\ first is name of the first and the com(kltab qali) a L-jlJ-J) j,lJ as, last, ; liC ^ (mushlr pasha) the Here, the generic word stands definite. Sometimes, the specific + g;^_ Pasha last, and word or OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 164 term complex and obeys is bashi agha) Mr. Corporal Colonel ClLj ; ^ \j\ . * own its dLj ; rules <5 Yl^-* ; as, \c\ ^G Ojl (6n- (mir-alny bey) Squire the (mirl-llva pasha) Major-General Pasha. There are two exceptions stands last, when word to the rule that the generic the other word is In a proper name. other cases with proper names, this rule holds good ; all as, ^UaL* Cll (esma sfiltan) Princess Esma, Vj* o)_c (Izzet m6lla) The Judge Izzet; ^jJLJl J^ji (arlf Aftndl) Mr. 'Arif; &c. exceptions are: 1, reign before his hamid); 2, the the word ^UaL., name word applied to the sovec ; as, J-*J' J-c ^liaL, when Vj*, name boy, also before his when ; as, (sfiltan abdu-'l- applied to a student or school- A_J^ Vj-* (molla rashld) school- boy Rashid. Any number of them of substantives may be + \ cjl the son, Refiq 5,lay refiq and one in apposition, proper name of the individual (6ghlum qiilunAz) (jJ, Jicjl my may be your servant, my (6ghlAm refiq bey qulunuz) your Bey ; j3Cjj5 eL jJ^ ^Vl^-* bey qulufiuz) your servant, my ; as, son; servant, Jl-*j^ (oghliim mir- son, Colonel Refiq Bey; &c. When a string of substantives in construction would in strictness require several of them consecutively to be put in 165 SYNTAX. the genitive case, the monotonous cacophony of the .repetition of the preposition is avoided by omitting where most appropriate; thus, JJl once or twice it dLu^u (*k~>*i~>\ ddtjl (pashanin enishteslnln dayisinin oghlunuii the horse ati) son of the uncle of the brother-in-law of the pasha, expressed in either of the following ways rjjo ^, ^ j dLJcjl Jil or , ^1 .^rjJOJO Jil ddcjl oJjo J s dLJLcjl (^---ib or , jjl ddcjl ^.^ - tb 'O - dl ;.>... ib be eUlilj * o s , or * * * Lib ^-Aijijl - ^Ailil of the may ^av.!')! * * eL*aii*l Ulj ^'OJ^OJO x isL -jlj : ,o o diillb * c*Llllj ; the last genitive preposition being, perhaps, the most frequently re- tained and necessary. Two or more Arabic or Persian substantives may be put Persian construction with each other. reverse of what it would be the king's English the king. horse is in Their order in reverse order is effected by making consonant of the preceding substantive J\S\ of sli, the with the horse in of In Persian construction each preceding substantive This vocal connexion sLJ:, then the Turkish construction, just as of a series must be vocally connected with thus, is in ^jL*>_9 the (fermiinl shah) its consequent. the final quiescent mo vent with eser& command of ; the king; fermanl shah! Iran) the tenour ^C,9 ^J+^A (muzmunu. command of the king of Persia. sonant of a preceding substantive is But, if the last mo vent, and con- followed by a vowel-letter, a servile consonant must be introduced to support the eser& vowel of connexion ; and this consonant varies OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 166 with the is or j 1 final the servile consonant , When vowel of the word. is ^ ; as, the" final vowel -letter ^G -J( ^U* Ox i pa-yl esb) the place of the foot of the horse ; du* ^^ yA ru-yu seg) ^ servile consonant required needed -^ sU (^ thus, ; ^ so that no written addition ; (p&ri-yl chah-1 burj) the fairy so converted into a consonant; but If, requisite. however, the the addition of a hemz& is vowel-sign is the of Ignorance often writes a hemze over such well of the tower. final itself into the this letter is converted , \** (mu- If the final A0 Aaz'r o/ <A0 face of the dog. vowel-letter be a (ja-yl 3 final vowel be the a necessity. is figured under it, $. it Usage really letter s is , not then Sometimes the esere is divided as to the proper place where the servile hemz& should be written. is at times line more correctly placed between the two words, on a with the writing the sphere (i.e., Aries) over the vowel Of two It s ; as, dJU ; as, ; and otherwise o <" " CiJUs ^ &j-> (bere-1 felek) the lamb it is less correctly of placed . substantives in Persian construction, the first is often the metaphorical name of the thing literally expressed by the second, the pair really representing one idea under two images as, the drover, destiny ^j jJJ' JfJU (scVlq! taqdlr) ; (o^-c ; <jl!c ('luanl 'azimet) the reins (of) departure. Whether in Turkish or Persian construction, the same remark holds good of a pair of substantives, one of which is SYNTAX. 167 o o* the word o + (emr), or one of ^J a J j (j^ai. (khusus), o^n-S silin ^U synonyms, (rnadde), like. Thus for precision. : of which signify all (keyf lyyet), &c., our circumstance, and the Turkish its /- u> are used They ^5LJI J& dJLas* in written *\j (rali-1 tah- emr-1 Insllaki) the matter of the pursuit of the path of study; ^>j^^ ^.-J^ diJ^lJj^ (donaumaniS gelmesi khilsusu) the question of the coming of the fleet. After a proper name of a person or thing, the word Jj (nam) name, i/id is commonly employed ; personage named Ahmed; O originally names or mean titles ob Jj j*a.l *JLJ* t& (ahmed nam zat) nam jezire) LjL_>. (jenilb), which (qirim *ij* named Crimea. the island (peninsula) The two words as, "* O * O o^-i_&. (hazret), presence, and aide, are ^ x used before or after the of individuals held in honour, with a meaning varying from that of His Divine Majesty down to that of plain Mr. or Mrs., &c. When they precede, they remain unchanged ' to the eye, but are in Persian construction (hazret-1 khudfi) ( ( -- peygdmber) ; O ' His Divine Majesty, God ; ZTzs Sanctity, the Prophet ; jenab-i padlshah) ^Tzs Majesty, the Sovereign ( sadaret-ma ab) ZT/5 Highness, the (the Grand 5 Vezir). construction, , as, When ; Repair of the Vezirate they follow, they are in Turkish and generally take the possessive pronominal OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 168 suffix of the third person plural, but sometimes that of the third person singular; as, \cfija* dj^alL *ilVI '1-lslam tahlr bey hazretlerl) His Eminence Chancellor, Tahir Bey ; ^->U^ ^jlil ^11. muftlst has&n efendl jenabi) Brusa, Hasan Efendi ; j^Ju ( His Honour ) the Interpreter Noah Solomon; Mother) ( ; ^UJu ^-^ (J^-s. suleymtin) ( ( ( ^j-1 ; - the (terjuman indicates one L} as, ; o^ musa) ( the prophet meryem) Saint Mary 'Isa) ) of His &c., &c., &c. name of the prophets, saints, or patriarchs of old (hazretl niih) the patriarch U^/ Bey; Generally, the word c^ia. before a single ; tLjj (burusa ^Jj^ia. lib J-a-, (sef Ir pasha His Worship prophet Moses (sheykhu- Lord High the State Counsel Excellency the Pasha Ambassador ; (jjij^ i& bey ^ the the (king) (the Virgin Prophet Jesus ; ^.^ mesih) the holy Anointed One (Christ); &c., &c., &c. SECTION III. Syntax of Nearly everything requisite this subject in the the Adjective. in a sketch has former Chapter (II.), been said on Section II. If several adjectives qualify one substantive, they follow one another simply in Turkish construction, and are OJ in the Persian construction ; as, .**. all connected vocally 169 SYNTAX. mahjub chojuq) a edebll, ^J 1^1 ^Ui irJla ^U ; pretty, well-behaved, modest child; (jli-yl blhlsht-numa-yl ferah-feza) a paradise-like, joy-giving place. One adjective ^L as, ~J (umem JLa.1 j several substantives in a sentence; may qualify u *7ie ejyall satire) and other peoples nations. An Arabic or Persian adjective Turkish or foreign substantive before one of these, it ; sllolj remains, like a ~kc adjectives take a restrict their application. ; as, is placed Turkish adjective, unclL ^Jic ( 'azirn dagh) e ( &zlm padlshah) a great monarch, eJj^ ^A?c (/azlm devlet) a great Some never placed after a and whenever either changed as to gender or number a great mountain; is state. substantive as a complement to In Turkish construction, com- this j plement precedes, with or without a preposition (sii doto) ivater. i > lid (o/) wafer, ^Jji ijj-1 (sa In Persian construction beyan) worthy of exposition ; it follows ; ; dolA) as, . i as, jl^L yo /Wed jLj j.V with (laylq- Ja (jJlj* (mnwaffq-! tib') con- formable with nature. The Turkish adjective ^) (glbl) like, follows substantives, the personal pronoun of the 3rd pers. plur., the demonstratives plural, the interrogatives singular relatives, in them ; when as, its and plural, and the compound complements, without any change occurring <^ j-c (sn glbi) like water ; .^^Ijl (anler OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 170 like glbl) them like (klm glbl) (jp-J ; (bunlar glbl) like these ^S^J^ whom ? L?X^ii ^^S^l^ father; the one belonging to like (bendekl glbl) like the other pronouns are put in the genitive, this word; ^f ~j as, glbl) like him, her, (bunun glbl) like this ; c3)- number jilifin) the as, ; is cufo. made AI- to dol (aniii you . ; f ctijj Numerals. cardinals always precede their this is usually left in the singular, (Ikl chlft) two pairs \ cardinal follows, the construction five senses; the two worlds (present and future). substantive ^ me; (slzlii glbl) like Syntax of The Turkish and Persian the All have. &c. SECTION IV. substantive, and I one ? my when complements like (benlm glbl) ^> it ; what things (neler glbl) like ^-SCxoLb (babamliikl glbl) ^S^LS ; plural ; as, ^lli. ejl^a. (jlhatl sltte) made is ^jjjj ; jC^ But jj> (du the Arabic Persian, (qiivayl whatever and the khamse) the the six directions (in space), six sides (of a solid). The Turkish and Persian numerals precede the the same substantive substantive) goats; ; thus, s,j*ju> *Jjl ; as ^^ adjectives of do also the Arabic (though after the aL* ^jl (Ikl slyah kechl) two black e^ia (heft lqlim-1 rna'mure) the seven climates SYNTAX. of the habitable earth hlre) *\ ; 6 171 a. khamse-1 (j\j (qiivayi the Jive external senses. But instead of an adjective, a descriptive phrase should if, comes between qualify the substantive, the Turkish numeral the two; as, e>oj^> biyunda blr Ip) a string ' ,~ .^ ' J^j? du<ijl (odanln ' O' o',o- of the length of the room; y*UJ! blii zfi- (^Jj jjol a^l A~-^ ^ <_/>* (her besh keys& aqcha eder yedl elmds) seven diamonds, each of the value of Jive purses of money. A Turkish cardinal number can be placed It does not then define the in the genitive, singular or plural. number of that substantive, but of a definite portion of this represents o man; " c as, ; ^ what dU^l (adamin blrl) one of mankind, a si* one \zp i^Ujl (adamleiifi blrl) (odauln after a substantive two rooms, Iklsl) of the men; ^^^J^ (odalarin Iklsl) two of the rooms. Very often, between the Turkish cardinal number and substantive, another substantive its introduced, with the sense is " ten head of individual or individuals, as in our phrases of cattle," "six sail of ships," &c. Turkish according numeral. For men head ^J, (re's) ^Wi (qlt'a) piece it is Ju for bulbs ; ; This substantive varies in to the nature of the things defined (nefer) individual it is ^ib for cannons, ships, ; by the for beasts (bash) head; for ships and it is it is villages, it is ijj (pare, OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 172 vulg. paii) piece ; for things usually counted number; for things not usually counted tana) berry ; for swords ^j : J Jive ^jc is ('tided) A-ib (dilne, vulg. A.i_ls (qabza) hilt it is Thus chain. it is it for elephants, ; ^ men; JJT, ^1 ^o onzows ships ; AISU ^^-j ^ twenty vessels ; (pieces of artillery); [$jf ifc a hundred eggs Jl\ ; Aib 000,0 swords ; J-3 ^ij The Turkish (blrlnjl geyje) d6qiizAnju ^> fifty villages ^o (^jj ; _L5 pearls; ^- ' C> one elephant. ordinals precede their substantives ^e /rs* m^^ ; ; as, AS jjL JLJLjT $i\ s^j (dltmlsh the sixty-ninth regiment. filay) The Arabic $\ cannon ^jl ^ew L->jL s^U ordinals follow; as, ^^U. t-jb (biibl khfimls) chapter the fifth. The Persian ordinals generally precede, but sometimes follow. The Turkish distributive numerals are used to express the O Ox- rates of collection as well as of distribution ; as, (besher pard verdller) they contributed five paras each ^jJ^-ij 5^,0 (anlari besher padl veiildl) to x Ji^ ; *" ^ ^ Ox + jZj> s^Lil them five paras each were distributed. For emphasis sake, the simpler distributives are often 173 SYNTAX. repeated but they are then generally used as substantives ; . (blrer blrer t6pladim) Xl I collected (them) as, ; one by one; (Iklsher Iklsher aliniz) take ye (them) two two together apiece each (of you), or, take you (or thou, them) each time. SECTION V. The Syntax of Pronouns. when an demonstrative pronoun, Js5 dJc^T (bii substantive uch blyuk gyuzel handsome, nubile The its ; precedes adjective, O other qualifications of all - J>Sf O J O -f gellnlik qiz) these three tall, girls. suffixed possessive pronoun necessarily attached to its is not, in literary style, substantive, but to the last word of the combination of substantive, adjective, &c., to which O may +* it O JO" Thus, ^jj *y*j* (merhum pederlm) my belongs. J as, Jjj-i &jt-> fj\ j> late father, be rendered in the Persian form, merp*py*jjj (peder-t humum) ; so also, j+\j>.Jb\L manner desiderated ^^^jLk in (aqtar-i o.t.4) (vejh-1 khatir-kh'fihlmiz) the mind by us (i. e., sharqiyye ser-'asker-l by me)-, jdc^ AJ^^llaSl ^ ill of (S^rjt (bu the zafer-rehberl) Ox victorious commander-in-chief ^Ual A&.J the eastern districts ; ^ J jjb vs\j y O ^ bdghln her blr ja-yi jan-feza-yi bihlsht-intlmiisl) each soul-enrapturing, paradise-prognosticating spot of this garden. The corroborative of the suffixed possessive pronoun of OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 174 Turkish construction precedes the whole combination to which the possessive is suffixed the genitive, whether j_i and ; this corroborative is always in be a substantive or a pronoun it (benlm merhum pederim) my late ; as, father ; (odanin blyuk qapiisu) the great door, of the room. One possessive suffix may ojtc j uAj^l j ^Cll j Jl qualify several substantives (al A as-hfib 'itret li ; A ahbabi) as, his family, companions, posterity, and friends. SECTION Verbs of the first VI Syntax of and second person agree with their nomi- number and person natives in the Verb. saw, have seen (him, her, it, as, ; &c.) ; ^ *Sj*p ^JCj^^i (ben gyurduin) j (slz / gyurdunuz) you saw, have seen (me, us, them, &c.). A verb if of the third person must also agree with understood; as, ^jf(gyurdu) When the subject is politeness ; its it A in number. singular verb in the plural, out of respect or a plural subject often has so as to avoid the &c.). (it, expressed of a verb of the third person, the verb does not always agree with subject sometimes has subject, saw, has seen (it,&c.); he, she, it have seen Jbi.^j^gyurduler) they saw, its its verb cacophony of repetition. in the singular, Thus : 175 SYNTAX. (bibim gitdll&r) my father went, has gone, zs gone ; (ushaqlerl galdl) his or their servants came, or have come, are come. So a verb with several subjects expressed, when third person, singular or plural, O O *> * O *Q J * Ju\2> J\j&. \-Jj~oj jS shay an cllr) ^O J -* ^^>j may If one of as, ; JJ (uluf-1 rizvan <-_sj)l A sunuf-i gufrfm thousands of prayers for God's acceptance^ and all kinds of wishes for God's mercy (on him, &c.) ' of the all be in the singular is (are) fitting. them be of the second person, singular or plural, and the other or others of the third person, the verb must be O ^*- of the second person plural as, ; O f -S'O* ** ^ ^f" -9^ J x ^xjj^i j\j> jXJiS^J j O ^^ * ^>j (san ve pederlm ve q6ushunAz b^raber gltdliilz) tlwu O -* (j* and my father, with your neighbour, went together. And if one be of the person, even singular, whether the first others be of the second or third, singular or plural, the verb J j o must be in the first person plural (ben, ve san, ve qarndashin, brother, saw (him, In conversation, at the as, it J__ o tsb^jb gyurduk) /, ,o-^0x,o^ i^ilji^ j and thou, ^ ^ ^ and thy &c.). ^ and its plural ^ are generally omitted end of a phrase, affirmative, negative, or interrogative ^Jj_5C^(keyflnlz is as, ; good ; But, another, in J& (ty repeating lyl dlyll) ml) it is is your health good? j^(lyl) not good. the affirmative must be introduced ; ; as, or ^jJ negative words of OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 176 (buyle dlr, deyu, t&sdlq eyledl) Tie confirmed, saying, " It is so." In relating the words of another, no alteration in number, person, or tense of the verb dldl) lie " said, would come When / will come " as, ; ^jjj is permitted (gellrlm, +j< " he said he (not as in English, "). the object of a transitive verb the accusative as, *jJl ; taken) the horse. But, aldim) Jil (atl ol / is in put bought, have bought (or be indefinite, if the object the nominative; as, ^il is definite, it I (at aldun) it remains in bought a horse or horses. Intransitive, objects like by means of verbs, govern transitive, different prepositions, i.e., their indirect the substantives or pronouns are put into different cases according to the verb. Thus : (3*5^5 eJ^jb' J^jJjl sC into swim AJIS^IJ Ichln <&).& to (ulumdun qachmaq) (paraya baqmaq) to look at in the water; es)u^.^ to strike yapmaq) *_j1- 8^=j bathe in the sea) with a (or to the) ; to be sword &>\ ; (i.e., to take ^-> (suda (defilz^ \$+j afraid of death yuzmek) girmek) A jj^-jU 9 to go into to (qillj U>?^ money Ha wur- j^* (khatir do (a thing) out of regard (for some one) (haywand blnmek) to ; run away from death ; money account or consideration) ; (&jji the sea (i.e., to maq) (^ um dan qorqmaq) mount on a beast (florae) ; ; SYNTAX. mount (go) on board ship (gemiye blnmek) to (ayagha qalqmaq) to rise to one's /^ (i. e., ; to rise, get up, stand up). place are often used adverbially (as also Nouns of time and is the case in English) without prepositions after verbs J^^C (yarln gal) come to-morrow ^ ; en) descend, come or go down; j^a. (jj& mount ; i. come or go up. e., them are used with the right; Jb Jjl ; (s6la b&q) look to the left O, from A transitive verb etdller) they An ; J> , > / cPj^J (gerldan ; has sometimes other indefinite; as, Jb two v\ JL^jJ.J^(glni, gal) com^ /rom Ottoman compound verb, active or (ani j,l Persian complement of (bii its daqiqaya passive, often takes as, O (sarf-i muzjat-i blza'a qilindi) capital was made (i. e., ; ^ - - J J.^-a^ <u<ji;9Jjj eyledl) he acquired vwuquf cognizance of (about) this subtle point as the body of the verb, nominal factor; tahsili mushir field-marshal). o- 5/j the direct objects, one j~Z* made him a mushir (duke, or direct or indirect object into the (jjJbl to behind. definite, the its (yuqari chiq) ascend, on occasions, prepositions dcU> (saghd sap) deviate (turn) as, u->l vulg. geii git) go back rear, Still, as, ; ^p\L\ (ilshaghl In, vulg, t^jJLS s ' ^^ expenditure of the the modicum of capital was OS ' O J ^*>* ^ ',*> modicum of spent). OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 178 SECTION VII. Syntax of the Participle. In conversation, the substantive qualified by a or passive, is sometimes understood, and the participle as a substantive; as, (or her) that who comes ; ^& The (gelan& ver) give (thou is used it) to him ^C; A^oA-Ji (gldlylmA baqma) look not at which I wear ; A*^ what I particle, active (yapajaghimi sorma) ask not -*ia.jj\j shall do. active participle present of Jjj', i. e. J$j\ is , often o^ omitted after Arabic participles, Jjij j dJC. Jlj sjJ^JClI (r&b'i active or passive ; as, IL-J, meskyundd vwaqf memallk li b&ldan) the countries and towns situated in the inhabited quarter (of the globe); mentioned in 8 jjl_L^sjj (bu kltabda mez- the sciences and matters of knowledge uJjUaje^^.^.x* kyur f&nun A ma'arlf ) this book. Active participles govern all their objects in the as the verbs from which they derive ; same way so also do the passive participles, excepting only the object they each qualify as an adjective as, ; ^Wl ^J (qapii achan) yjUl .cij-9 (q&P^yii achan) he jj li>J*S ij jf opened with mlii (ellm my hand ; 116 who ivill nvt be able achdfghim qapA) the door that I L_>--. to who opens a door ; (that which) opens the door; (jT^A^sjol JjJ j,^ d^,J^ (pederl- bAnA qabul Idemeyejeyl sebeb) father he accept this. the reason for which my SYNTAX. The Persian and Arabic with rally, their participles are constructed, gene- in objects, participles. were substantives du jlhau), jJilU- (^jl^s.. of both worlds ; jt .i J^-J J^-i 179 ; the same manner as (jl^^^a as, (her da jlhanfn 1 the In li khjillq!) the ^/1 .^a. (reside the battlement 3! of and this kyungyure- 3! Creator (makhluq-u yed-1 qudretl), Ji^-i hand of His almighty power ; ^\j ^J an) the Creator of the jJU. (khallq-i her ^^U.* (sbjl^jj j^j (yed-1 qudretlerlnlii makhluqu) of if g&jjjj^sl that (all things); charkh-1 eslr) ly/izcA the creature (aferlnende- ii^Cj^o--^ has reached the ethereal sphere. But sometimes Arabic active participles of transitive verbs govern their direct objects as do their verbs C -u. ^s^j^ssj^ (keyf lyyet-1 mezkyure-1 ; mubin) thus, .- <^-* ivhich explains the said circumstance. SECTION VIII. Syntax of the Verbal Nouns and Infinitive* Turkish verbal nouns are constructed with their subject?, when substantives, as (ahmedln galmesl) any two substantives the ; thus, ^*J6 isJj>.) coming of Ahmed, Ahmed's coming ; action of) having .^jAo dJvvl (ahmedln galdlyl) Ahmed's (past come ; ^>^T^Jj^a.l (ahmedln gelejeyl) Ahmed's (future action of) coming. When the subject is a pronoun, it is put in the genitive stil', OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 180 and the Turkish verbal noun takes the possessive subject's number and person coming CtL5sjJ ; ; as, ^ *.** suffix of the my (benlm galmem) CtL- (sanln galdlyin) thy having come d^JLJl ; (auleiin galejekleii) their future coming. ^j&>.t Turkish verbal nouns and their objects, direct or indirect, exactly as their verbs Ad^Tji (anl gyurmem) my with infinitives are constructed seeing him (her, it} (lzmlr& galejeyln) thy future coming to ; Smyrna thus, ; dx^Js ^*)1 <<*)j*a.l A^,JJ ahmedln dun mektub yazdlghi) ifi^i vj-*^-* UJ J (pederlna Ahmetfs having written a letter to his father yesterday. Arabic verbal nouns are constructed with their agents sometimes in the Turkish, sometimes in the Arabic, and sometimes o J JJ in the Persian manner ; dJLas? (tahsilln) thy study; sun'u 'llah), 2\ as, ^^ e^s? 11 (sun-i llah) (vurudim) my arrival (tahrirl) his writing; the act of God; 4] Jjf jj ; A^ I H}*\ the (Idare-i pergyar-1 efkytir) a revolving of the compasses of thoughts. Arabic verbal nouns are constructed with their objects the same manner as the compound verbs formed of them (maqduii sarf ) an employing Ul^ an acquiring one's utmost (fann-1 jagraflyayi tahsila the science of geography. ; ; in as, c^j medar) a help But they may to also be constructed with them as two simple substantives, either in SYNTAX. the Turkish or Persian manner; Os * and again, In ^sO^ O AJLaa: d^U]^ 181 ^o as, ' vt + + s ^ or so d^jju or s ' vJ G-" ^ J-^'; uU1^ &c. cases excepting their construction with their subjects all or objects, the Turkish verbal nouns and infinitives are con- structed in sentences exactly like any other substantives so* O jy j$ tins ; O -"O Q *<~> to die better z*5 than ^jJLJU. ti-+_LJjj9 (qurtAlmagha chalishdi) he laboured at +M>\ t_^J/ ^^\ ^lj (ydqmaq arranged, have arranged mesl as, ; J ^jJjj dijjl (dlraek biindan evla dir) escaping / * lilzim dlyll) ,.t. his coming (is) to my is are not J^j w^ c/owJ< exists, Syntax of much used in conversation O O its e., Gerunds. the ; there the broken up into as many sentences as needed, each with i. being able to go. SECTION IX. The gerunds ; wo< necessary; (glde-bllejeylme shub-hem var) a doubt as discourse /or burning (it) ichln tertib etdlm) personal verb ; O" O may be o^O O^" r*,oj ^^^^ ^jJa *$jy +*& as, (gltdlm, gyiirdAm, galdlm, kh&ber verdlm) / ivent ; I saw ; I came ; I gave information. But, in the literary style, one long phrase, ending with one personal verb, will contain a number of with a gerund (which thus acts to the eye, like our commas and semicolons) ; clauses, each ending ear, as well as to the as, sjjTjJ^d^jj^vj^P OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 132 o, x o o jj> (gld&p, gyArerek, galdlkde, khaber verdlm), ^j>_j and seeing, verbs are used, the auxiliary gerunds JJ O be omitted once or twice in a long sentence J o i__>jjj_l going on coming back, reported. When compound o 7, * J 9 o r< o * ^jjtj^ljl.^ In .... f may O, O j^j 4*-^ ^j * + ( sjjl j (blr mevzi'a vurud, ve anda blr mlqdar qA'iid edup, ....) ...arriving at there awhile, as, ; a certain place, and this case, to be introduced in lieu of the sitting down however, a conjunction requires gerund omitted; as seen in is the example given. The subjects, and direct or indirect objects, of the are constructed as with their verbs. gerunds But, as the gerunds cannot indicate the person and number of their subjects, the appropriate personal pronoun must be expressed before them, J O when the subject is not a substantive ; as, (adam kltab 6qAyAb) man, reading a look O'tJO + C^Tj' J-"lj * shu. f*\*j (fermanim adaml gyurerek) /, seeing that The adverb precedes , ^j& ^- o -^ > 0-_x +*\ ; c^W ; man, &j*jj> ; s>*\ what time j^ ^ (ben, &c. Syntax of the Adverb. the verb or adjective qualified by it ; (sdbahleyln galdl) he came in the morning; J r Of? -, (or books), size vwfisil olijaq) at shall attain unto you, SECTION X. , f o i_jl "to* *J-~? my command J J c-jj-jj-Jjl ( chi(l g.vtiz ^) very pretty. SYNTAX. The J negative (dlyll) 183 wo, precedes the verb substantive, expressed or understood, but follows the substantive or adjective which young ; The negatives; __.> as, ^S (y^J/Sj j^)ff. (dqlsiz dlyllsln) (adim .,^1 ji J$j it dlyll dlr) he or eb adverbial suffixes noun of time, it is (genj dlyllim) I am not tlwu art not unintelligent not a &c. man; follow 0%ln), (dek), ^.^=>* place, or condition, in the dative ^ as, ; ; : a <^-*> Aa-CI (sabaha deyln) until morning ; ebjjj^jjj) (londurayadek) as far as London until death. eb,ujf,l (illumedek) ; third gerund also, put in this a verbal limit of time; o * * ; 'Q + e)j,u^lj letter ^ diWA^Jup as, * * O>J J ^ and thus form (gellnjeyedek) until (ben gidtnjeyedek) until (I, or under- I go (or went); + (mektubiim 6raya varinjayadek) until my *>>^L Ajl^l eb^u" case, The agent must be named thou, &c.) come, came. stood as, same dative follow the They reach (or reached} The there. decided by the context, in like tense of this gerund manner as its is agent and object. The adverb (gydre) according, also follows a dative s^j-J ; 1 as, s,Jj <ulac ("aqlima gyure) according to (band gyure) according The adverbs tively, to (yana), my judgment ; .j feu me ; &c. ^V> (d6layi), follow substantives or infinitives (kltabdan d61ayi) ^1 in (Aturu) rela- the ablative relatively to (about) a (or ; as, the) OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 184 book j jjf ; relatively to (about, (gltmekdan uturu) concerning) going. Although is it not grammatically erroneous, in answering a question, to use the affirmative adverb ojl (evet) or yes, or the negative ^ ^ (bell) oo* o when (yoq) or^i. (khayr) no, priate, it is unidiomatic to do The more so. whether one of those adverbs be used or appro- general custom, not, is to repeat the word or words of the question on which the interrogation turns, with such grammatical modifications as Thus, turning back sect. 21 (p. 151-2), the respective answers I (am (evet, ben) yes, no, the after day ; to ride); 2, 0/jgJjl may be 7 51), and in Chap. J always follows in truth ('ale 't-tahqlq) fact ; J'i. y> II., ^ oj\ 4 5 (p. 82), III., section 8 (p. (p. gj^ ; \Jj word the is it seen in 88), 6 (p. 89), 179) Arabic and Persian prepositions always precede; out change); 1, Syntax of the Preposition. preposition II., sections 1 (p. (p. 90), Chap. : (yoq, 6lblr gyun) governs, noun, pronoun, or verbal derivative, as Chap. necessary. &c. SECTION XI. The Turkish may be to the five questions instanced in ; as, but the j-5^ <J& (ber qarar) in permanence (with- ('ala hide) singly; (bl-eyyl halln) in jJ^Jl any case ; <3 (fl '1-wiiqf) in iy!^j2l ft Jc ( 'ala 185 SYNTAX. 't-taqdiieyn) upon either supposition; jj~$ (ez ser-1 from a new beginning (over again, again). A may govern two preposition * sentence posterity, ; as, and 3,0s 'O ,0 s A^UJj OT^J more substantives or a in *l* V^'j J^ his family, * companions, friends. But, as the Arabic and Persian preposition precedes the adjectives that qualify, as well as the substantives qualified, so the Turkish preposition placed after is when quently, in Persian construction, and all these; conse- the substantive followed by the possessive suffixes, the Turkish preposition separated from the substantive siderable distance ; (bii & *} as, Jbl it is governs, sometimes by a con- JjC (baba-m (qallyun-i with my father ; this faithful friend ; lie) muhlbb-i sadfq-dd) in j-^jfc is kyuh-numun-i h&mayunun bash!) the head of the mountain-like imperial galley. SECTION XII. Syntax of the Conjunction. All conjunctions, except the enclitic too, also, The the head the phrase they belong : (de, da), enclitic conversational aa, or liteiary word of a phrase thus .> to which or^o (d&khi), to. ^.3, is placed after special attention is directed ; or Istanb6danda tfjlSTlijL^ ^jJJjCLl (Istanbildan dakhl, top galdl) cannon came from Constantinople also ; OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 186 (istauboldan t6p dakhl galdl) cannon, too, came from Constantinople. This enclitic repeated after each is linked together by its use; as, sjj member sjjj *,.xp Ox san-da) /, too, will go, as also thou uchumuz (ben-da, san-da, 6-da, ; jj*~^=> of a phrase (ben-da gederlm; flJJJ *0 _>^ *<dj\ gldeiiz) /, thou, and he SO' *0* 8jkl-J *^J - too, will all three go. It is often placed after a verb in the conditional, being then, in English, rendered by even even should he come be S^A-J^ ; ; ^^^(galmlsh as, sense j A-J> (galse-de) he Ise-de) even though come; sj(_jlj6 (galseydl-da) had he even come (galejek 6lsa-da) even should he be about its ; oj-Jjl d^d to come (even should he it is think of coming, or resolve to come). After other verbs than conditionals, enclitic with each that enters a phrase, and answers to our both, followed by or also; as, come, and sj^JS sj^jK see also ; (gelliim-da, gyururdm-da) / sj^jSl +**~)\ jj&-> **jjj-$ / beyanlr-lse-m, allrim-da) will come, and I **jjX ( will see, and will both , and if I admire, will also buy. The conjunctions or whether, u*^>\ ^^\ in the sense of whether jL\ d/^ ^, (eyer) , if, with A^(ger-chl, ; as, , vulg. gerche) or the (eyer-chl, vulg. egerche) although, put of their phrase in the conditional ... verb or verbs A-lj^U iLj^U (ha galse, SYNTAX. 18 h4 galmasa) whether he come, or (whether he come) not; OO-" + s da) although he be even come (even When it is its O > <' sjju-jj (JiJ^ *-*:j^=*\ (eyer galsa) if lie come; (egerchl galmlsh Isa- though he be come). the copulative j joins one verb or phrase to another, (to a certain degree) pronounced ve, in conformity original Arabic pronunciation it struction, but when, in Persian con- ; two nouns, substantive unites with or adjective, it takes the vowel-sound of a or A, and joins on, in pronunciation, as though (*jf} in a syllable, with the consonant preceding (jjJb (galdl (devlet u Iqbal) and healthy. conjunction in pronoun always connects two that, (kl) Turkish ; as, iS (as it J , } .^ as a conjunction) really is in Persian, as well +j** (ma'lum ola kl) be Jjl or reason of that which precedes the conjunction ; ^ O be rendered \yjfor or because; 9 * to be a it known Sometimes the clause that follows shows the cause that O as, (qavi-yu members of a phrase, and should never be supposed relative ; JL^j ^3* ^ fortune and prosperity ; eu-^JjJ j ten-durust) strong The Persian ve gyurdu) he came, and he saw; it Jo J OOx ^jaJ (jjJjl dLil ^tt as, j ^ t { * s ^\S Jlij then may O * * J<sJ^I O XO ^ J^*j^i ^xxOX AJ^aix* (nlyjizmend 6l^l!in, jlns-1 magferete sim-1 eshk 6ldu niiqud) plications, <o O **,''* and assiduous let ve nale-kyunan, kl us be instant in sup- in moans, for the silver of (man's) tears has been made the coins payable for the wares of (God's) mercy. i O -oJ JJ 3^3 (The inversion ^HJ ^jjjl for (jdj\ Jjij is poetical.) OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 188 After a verb signifying to say (which also to think), self, what was, or will be said or thought is, ; used by the speaker or thinker (s6rdu kl, and O* as, &j* ^^6 ^Jj What is this very words, >s ? (dly6r kl, y We A_J (j^jf see, then, the equivalent of our sign of quotation, the We cannot alter the phrase as is our custom, in, a certain style, this A_J omitted is as, ; O > J(i^> (^Jjo (dldl <j\ But the : ey shehrlyar) he exclaimed, method more generally used, tion, and which was said, asked, or thought, the verb Ox 01 as, say say, he says he will come, or he asked what that was. Occasionally, Ox dlr) he asked, is inverted commas. ; in the I will come to-morrow ; yarln gellrlm) he says, that 4$7 so used, to but the question must be in the mood, tense, number, and person, bu ne may mean, or to ask, the conjunction A_$"introduces, to one's is is to quote and then immediately first what to bring in proper tense, number, and person; * jjyjjjjv (gellrlz dlyorler) they say, say they will come did not its monarch."" especially in conversa- the true Turkish mode, to say, fyc., in O " see ; We will come; cJo.i +s~*jjJ> (gyurmadlm didl) (him, her, it, them, you, &c.) ; i. e., i. lie they e., said, he said he did o not In this see. case, if the verb \ised be any other than * eiUjo, the Turkish conjunction jjo (dlyu, vulg. deye), which really o * the first or AO tion ; , or fifth gerund, modified is it I o by usage, of iUp, viz., is J ^^ introduced before the verb used, and after the quotais the equivalent of our saying ; as, ^ ^ SYNTAX. IjJLl Jljl (keyfinlz lyi-ml, 189 dlyii, su'al or her), saying, Is your health yood ? $\ jjf_>\ * deny, saying. We know not ; I jll Uji. formed an jjjsi (belmeyirlz, not Jo 3-^3*^ idea, saying (to ; i. e., what e., dlyii, 7 asked him (of / asked how was ; he inkyar Idly6rler) they they deny, and say they know (galmazslnlz, diyu, khulyd etdlm) / myself), You will not come / imagined that you would not come dlniz) saying i. etdlm) ; ^_Xj_jJS (to thyself), ar j_o AJ (ne come? thou i. ; e., dlyii, g^,l- t^Aai a?'e sometimes, as in Persian, serves to i.e., you come for? The coDJunction A_> connect an incidental qualifying phrase to an antecedent noun, as though it were a relative pronoun ; but in such case it never undergoes declension or takes a preposition, the following o phrase being complete in all its parts ; as, J J^l c ^ i o' ^L-. j jk*. ,jj (hamd A slpas 61 khiidavend-l bi-'lllete seza dlr, kl, vAjud-1 enhar u qu'ur-1 blhar yek-qatre-1 qudret-1 na-mutenahllerl lauds are worthy of that uncaused power the existence of rivers and dlr) glory Lord God, of whose the depths and infinite of oceans are but a single drop. The foregoing example shows that impossible to distinguish is it is often difficult or whether the phrase that follows A_^ x a qualificative, or the exposition of a reason. We might OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 190 take it and translate in this latter sense, : for, the existence of rivers, #c., are but one drop, &c. But, in ethical works and the like, generally composed by members of the 'Alemii class (Doctors of Canon Persian or Arabic model, the clause that follows qualificative, *Jjl & and the style 4*c u*r* J?* ..ti e lid habl-1 metin-1 is Thus anti-Turkish. aql& mtUeshebbls 61a, shall take hold of the firm cable m^nzur generally : ) dAr, every one ; who of reason with the hand of ^ jjuL* &j-siJb.>i!>^jy\Lj> ; n&zar-l 'ibret-U Law) on a is ^+*> ^>** (her kes kl dest-1 hlmmet 4-i^ endeavour, A) ) these (bii janverler kt animals which are looked upon with a regard for instruction, The conjunctions kl) perhaps, lest, (me-badfi kl) lest, aJU (ta kl) in order that, ^ &jt^* (meyer be in the optative jAj\ I)$L i"Cl. 4,1 ji4ji ( *> ; ^U A-JU j*.*: A_) as, m^uhezlm jjll ( A-5CIbU ^^W X ( (shayed ^bC X kl) unless, require their verbs i.X , tiihtlmmAlu ( qalmaya) in order that no power of endurance ^JAJjl j)ll A-L].>1* (m^-dam-kl) as long as, since, ,XO- to &S be left in him ; 6laler) lest they be routed; hayfitdd 61aler) since they are alive; ( ^y 1 ^ o1 ^) gyuzel olA) unless he lest {i be s i * (she, it) be beautiful. 191 SYNTAX. SECTION XIII. Some interjections are some by nouns Syntax of the Interjection. accompanied by nouns and pronouns, only, others have no accompaniment, and some precede verbs. When accompanied by a noun, the noun is always in the nominative, excepting with the interjection jjLj (yaziq) ,LjLj (vwakh babam) \) vulg. afeiim slz) ! (yaziq its my When (j-~j (J.XP jjlj trouble ^~u1 ^jJ) sir I (fiferin, (gldl edeb- well, brother! Cjl (merhaba *Ju*l They always precede used in this way but also, ; as, j^lj (yaziq emeylme) alas it further *X_Il my the j-.lj trouble ! I accompanied by a pronoun, except the interjection (gldl), tf.j-*\ is ^^Jl J-Cjl substantive to be put in the dative the pronoun must be in the dative (yaziq band) poor B^JLJl is emeylm), A5Cj alas for ! ! (&man chojughum) 0, my child! The word permits father ^jj,* ^T (ey qardashim) efendlm) God's blessing on you, noun. my oghlum) well done, my boy 0, impudent fellow fW (J^ alas, as, ; me ! ^L^ ; as, j j^b alas for thee ~\j (vwiikh sana) (aferlm S,nlard) well done, The thy ! ! exceptional constructed with the accusative of the second person singular, which sanl) or ^^^L it may precede or follow ; as, ^ ^f (gldl (sanl gldl) faugh, thou (good-for-nothing) ! OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. 192 Interjections indicative of a desire for the future or regret for the past, are constructed with the conditional, aorist or past accordingly t*J6 as, ; si that ^j-llTsl (ah galseydl) ^Ul is , ; own my he had come would come One of ! ! these, constructed also with the imperative, and expresses vehement tive that he (ah galsa) desire with the affirmative, or dread with the nega* as, t_~r+~ desire) ^Ll (aman gltmasa) that he go not (if ^j-~iJ ^Ul (ilman gitmasin) ! wish prevail) With an that he go not (by his ! 4* imperative, challenge; as, galsin) just let J^4-* (hele) expresses (hele gal) come along him only come an invitation or a ! ^^JS j^-b (hele ! Arabic phrases are often used as interjections, generally - after proper names ; as, mAkerreme, kerrema-ha which may God, who IjcV 1 , ^W ,,&' jji *JJl 'llahA \$* taala) *Z - Z J - $*=*+ (mekke-1 A*,^=U> Mekka the Venerated, be exalted, cause to be venerated ^Tzs Majesty, the champion of Selim Khan, the shadows of whose clemency ! the faith, Sultan may God spread over the crowns of the heads of mankind, so long as the months repeat themselves and the years renew themselves FINIS. ! 193 ( ) ADDENDUM. IN 45, after line 5, as a further p. letter j the following rule , is remark on the uses of not without its In a few words of Persian origin only, the ing a letter is ^ , and class, and its viz., ; j follow- , followed by a long vowel-letter itself Thus (j^ suppressed and lost in the pronunciation. y. kh'ah, JUljL use letter kh'ahlsh. The word derivatives, Jj*\j>> , *J> J^J^ji. , kh'aja, of this &c., Persian proper, a very few words beginning with a following 1 , elide the j in like rhyme-words of ancient poetry. read khush in Persian, khish in with manner in never observed in Turkish, unless have been ^J>j vesh, for instance ^ read kh'ash. rhyme with jj bed ; and Thus ji., ; but in the word ^>j^ (usually Turkish) is made to rhyme in the consequence must then be (usually khud, Turkish khid) ; be may In without pronouncing it is made to something after the manner of our poets, who make wind rhyme with , kh'iin, corrupted in Turkish into khoja, khojagjan, khojalfq, &c. this is 1 find, mind, &c. This is what in Persian. styled Jjjjw>j[j (vwfiwi ma'dule), deflected j, is 195 ( ) INDEX. A. Alphabet,Semitic,Greek,and Latin, Accidence, p. 51. Synopsis Active participles, 100, 105. aorist,100 102. future, 100, 101. ,, Aorist tense, 100. past, 100, 101. perfect, 100,101. ,, present, 100, 101. *!j necessitative, 108, optative, 109. J* jlj 193. , Apposition, 160. Arabic active participles (nomeii Adjectival expressions, 72. Adjectives, 61, 6874. agentis), 59, 61, 62. Arabic adjectival expressions, 72. Arabic, 61, 69. Persian, 68, 7072. Compound, Syntax of, adjectives, 61,69. adverbs, 73. 70-2. broken plurals, 55 168. 6264. Adverbial expressions, 154. Arabic diminutives, Adverbs, Arabic, 73. of, 182. Numeral, 3. Semitic, Greek, and tin, 3. 5560. noun of instrument and receptacle, 60. Affirmative verb, 92. 2. 60, 67. irregular plurals, Turkish, 73. Alphabet by forms, 60. chapters of derivation, 57, Turkish, 68, 69, 73-4. Syntax conditional, 109. indicative, 107. ,, Active verb, 92. Addendum on of, 4. Aorist active participle, 100 102. Aorist passive participle, 103. Arabic nouu of kind or manner, 60. La- place of abundance, 60. INDEX. 19G Arabic noun of time and place, 60. Complex fractional numbers, 80. Compound Persian unity, 60. Arabic ordinals, 78. passive participle Active, 149. (nomen patientis), 59, 61, 62. Intransitive, 149. Arabic plurals, 55. Passive, 149. irregular, 55 ,, Adjectives, 70. Verbs, 148. 60. regular, 55. Transitive, 149. Conditional mood, 100. Arabic quadriliteral roots, 65. Conjugation, 99. Combined regular plurals, 55. substantives, 53, 54. (true Turk- ish), 133. ,, triliteral roots, 56. Conjugational root, 96. ,, verbal nouns (nomen verbi), Conjunctions, 156. 58,61-2. Syntax of, 185. Consonants, 15. B. Hard, 47. Brevity, Conversational, 158. Broken(irregular) plural, 19,55 Movent, 60. 33 32 31, ter, ter. Consonants, Neutral, 48. Quiescent, 27. C. Soft, 47. Cardinal numbers, 74-7. Conversational brevity, 158. Categories of verbs, 99. Complex, 99,^119, Category First Complex, 119, 120. "Second 119,125. D. 5< Simple, of verbs, 99, 1 19. Third Complex, 119, 129. Dates of documents, Causal gerund-like locution, 113. Causative verb, 93. ,, ,, Compound, Nouns, 51. Personal Pronouns, 82. (true Turkish) Conjuga- Defective Verbs, 98. Demonstrative Pronouns, tion, 133. Complex Categories of Verb, 119. Interrogatives, 89. ' 150. Closed syllable, 27. Combined &c., 81. Declination of Demonstratives, 88. 99, Derivation of Verbs, 92. Determinate Verb, 93. 88. INDEX. 197 Digits, 81. G. Diminutive, Arabic, 67. Gender, 51. Persian, 67. General Verbal Noun, 103. Turkish, 66, 73. Gerund, Fifth, 112. Directing vowels, 27. First, 111. Distributive numbers, 78. Documents, Dates Dominant (letter Fourth, 112. of, 81. Second, 111. or vowel), 48, 49. Seventh, 112. Dubitative Verb, 1 11. Compound, Sixth, 112. 150. Third, 112. Gerund-like locutions, 110, 111. Causal, 110, Esere, 16 bis. Etymology, 113. 51. Gerund-like locutions of propor- Euphony, 15,48-50. tion, 113. Expressions, Adjectival, 72. Gerund-like locutions of time, 111, Adverbial, 154. 114, 115. Gerund-like locution of time, Fifth, 115. First, 114. Facile Verbs, 141. First Fourth, 114. 150. Compound, Second,114. Complex Category of Verbs, Sixth, 115. >, 119, 120. Third, 114. First Person Plural of Verbs, 116. Pronoun, 82. Gerunds, 99, 110. Syntax Singular of Verbs, 115. of, 181. Pronoun, 82. H. Formation of the Tenses, 106. Fractional numbers, 79. Half, 79. Future Active Participle, 100, 101. Passive ,, , 103. Tense, Imperative, 100. Hard cor. sonants, 47. vowels, 48. Hemze, 10, 3033. Indicative, 108. omitted, 24. Past, 100. Radical, 30, 31. Verbal Noun, 104. Servile, 30, 31. INDEX. 193 M. I. Identity of Semitic, Greek, and Medd, 24-26. Latin Alphabets, 3. Imperative Mood, 100. Months, Signs Imperfect Tense, 100. Mood, Conditional, 100. for, in dates, 81. Moods, 100. indicative, 107. Imperative, Impotential Verbs, 92. Indicative, Compound, 150 Indefinite numerals (pronouns), 80. Infinitive, Necessitative, ,, Indeterminate Verbs, 93. Optative, Indicative Mood, 100. Infinitive Mood, 100. N. Syntax of, 179. Names Interjections, 157. Syntax 10-14. Necessitative Mood, 100. 191. of, of Letters, 1, Negative Verbs, 92. Interrogation, 151. Interrogative Pronouns, 89. 97. Neutral consonants, 48. Intransitive Verbs, 92. Compound, 149. vowels, 48. Noun J. Jnnctional Letters, 150. Compound, Neuter Verbs, Verbs, 151. Adjective, 68. Arabic, 68, 69. Persian, 68. 9. Compound,70. Syntax Letters, 1 168. Substantive, 51. Junctional, 9. Names of, Turkish, 68. of the, 1, Non-Junctional, 1014. 9. ,, of prolongation, 17. ,, of the Alphabet, 1. Syntax of, 161. Verbal, 99, 103-5. Syntax of, 179. Radical, 30, 31. Numbers and persons of verbs, Numeral Alphabet, 3. Reduplicated, 29, 30, 32. Numerals, 74-82. Servile, 28, 30, 31. Locutions, Gerund-like, 110115. 115. Cardinal, Arabic, 74-7. Persian, 74-7. 199 ITTDEX. Numerals, Cardinal, Turkish, 74-6. Past future tense, 100. Distributive, 78. Past future indicative, 100, 108. Fractional, 79. Past tense, 100. indicative, 107. Indefinite, 80. Interrogative, 76. ,, Peculiar Turkish numerals, 80. relatives, 91. Ordinal, Arabic, 78. Persian, 78. Perfect active participle, 100, 101. Turkish, 77. Perfect tense, 100. Turkish Peculiar, 80. of, 170. Syntax ,, indicative, 107. ,, verbal noun, 103. Permissive verbs, 93. Persian adjectives, 68, 70-2. 0. Compound, 70-2. ,, Open syllables, 27. Optative Mood, Persian diminutive, 67. 100. Orthographic signs, 15, 2833. letters, 2, 13. plurals of nouns, 54. substantives, 53, 54. P. Personal pronouns, 82. Participles, 100. Phonetic values of letters, 15,34-50. Active, 100-105. Aorist, 100, 102. Phonetic values of vowels,17,48-50 Pluperfect tense, 100. indicative, 108. Future, 100,101. General, 100. Past, 100, 101. Perfect,100,101. Plural of nouns, Arabic irregular, 55-60. Plural of nouns, Arabic regular, 55. Present, 100-2. Persian, 54. Passive, 101, 103, 105. Turkish, 51. Syntax Aorist, 103. Possessive pronouns, 83-8. Future, 103. Potential verbs, 141-2. of, 178. Twenty-eight, 101. Passive participles, 101, 103, 105. verb, 92. Compound, Compound, 150. Precision in writing, 158. Prepositions, 156. Syntax 149. verbal adjective, 104. Past active participle, 100, 101. of, 184. Present active participle, 100-2. tense, 100. indicative, 106. 200 INDEX. Present tense Signs for the months in dates, 81. infinitive, 110. Simple Category of Verbs, 99 verbal noun, 103. Prolongation, Letters Soft consonants Pronoun, 82. and vowels, Indefinite (numeral), 80. Syntax of, 16L Interrogative, 89. Syllabary, No. 1 and No. Personal, 82. Syllables, closed 2, 17. and open, 27. Synopsis of Semitic, Greek and 8388. Possessive, 48. Substantives, 51. Demonstrative, 88. ,, 119. verbs, 93. of, 17. Latin Alphabets, Relative, 90. Peculiar Turkish, 91. 4. Syntax, 158. of adjectives, 168. of adverbs, 182. . Q derived from Q- j Quiescence, sign of conjunctions, 185. <p , , 4, 8, 40. of, 19, of gerunds, 181. of infinitive, 179. 28. of interjections, 191. of numerals, 170. R. of participles, 178. Radical letters, 30, 31. of prepositions, 184. of pronouns, 173. Reciprocal verbs, 93. Compound, 150. of substantives, 161. Reduplicated letters, 29, 30, 32. of verbal nouns, 179. Reflexive verb, 98. of verbs, 174. Root of conjugation, 96. tense, 106, 115. T. Table of verbal derivation, 94-5. Tenses, 100, 104, Second Complex Category of Verbs, 119, 125. Second person 106110. Aorist conditional, 109. indicative, 107. plural, 118. necessitative, 108. singular, 116. optative, 109. Formation of the, 106. Servile letters, 28, 30, 31. Sign of quiescence, Future imperative, 100; 19, 28. reduplication, 24 26, ,, indicative, 108. INDEX. 201 Tense, Imperfect, 100. Y. indicative, 107. Values of letters, Past, 100. Future, 100. Active, 92. Affirmative, 92. indicative, 108. ,, 1550. 92153. Verb, indicative, 107- Perfect, 100. Auxiliary, 149. Causative, 93. indicative, 108. Pluperfect, 100. Compound, . Combined indicative, 108. 150. conjugation of, 133. Present, 100. indicative, 106. infinitive, 110. Complex Categories . Verb, Complex Category Teshdid, 32. Third Complex Category of Verbs, 119, 129. of, 99 133. of, First, 119, 120. Verb, Complex Category of, Second, Third person plural, 118. 119, 125. Verb, Complex Category singular, 106. Transliteration, 15, 17, 34 47. Third, Verb, Compound, 148. Turkish adjectives, 68, 69, 73-4. Conjugation of, 99. Defective, 98. adverbs, 73. cardinal numbers, 74-6. Determinate, 93. Dubitative, 141. interrogative, 76. conjugation of, 119, 129. Transitive verb, 92. (combined), 133. Compound, 150. Compound, 150. Facile, 141. Turkish ordinal numbers, 77. n plural of substantives, 51. Impotential, 92. substantives, 51. Compound, true combined conjugation, 150. Indeterminate, 93. 133. Interrogative, 151. Intransitive, 92. Compound, U. 149. Negative, 92. Ustun, 16. Uturu, 16. > > Neuter, 97. Compound, 150. INDEX. 202 Verb of Existence, Non-Existence, Verbal Nouns, Future, 104. Presence, or Absence, 147. General, 103. Perfect, 103. Verb, Passive, 92. Compound, Present, 103. 149. Permissive, 93. Syntax Potential, 141-2. Compound, 150. Hard, 48. Compound, 150. Letters, 15, 16. Reflexive, 98. Long, 17, Simple, 93. Neutral, 48. of, of, bis. Points, 15, 16. 99-119. Short, 16, 17. Substantive, 144. Syntax 179. Directing, 27. Reciprocal, 93. Simple Category of, Vowels, 15. Soft, 48. 174. Transitive, 92. Compound, 149. ,, W. Verbal adjective passive, 104. Written derivation, 92. Table Nouns, 99, of, 103105. as a vowel, 17, 23, 26, 27. I digits, 81. signs for 94. months 81. C 57. JWI numeral, 4. consonant, 23. \ T24. i JU 57. * 57. 25. l 57. 57. 57. 16. in dates, INDEX. 204 INDEX. PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY