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Ecossistemas: fluxos de matéria e energia População Recursos e Ambiente Ecossistema Um ecossistema é um complexo dinâmico de plantas, animais, comunidades de microorganismos e o seu ambiente não vivo interagindo como uma unidade funcional Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms 1 Oceanic crust Continental crust Biosphere Vegetation and animals Soil Lithosphere Upper mantle Asthenosphere Crust Rock Lower mantle Core Crust (soil and rock) Mantle Biosphere (Living and dead organisms) Lithosphere (crust, top of upper mantle) Solar radiation Atmosphere (air) Hydrosphere (water) Energy in = Energy out Reflected by atmosphere (34%) Radiated by atmosphere as heat (66%) UV radiation Absorbed by ozone Visible light Lower stratosphere (ozone layer) Greenhouse Troposphere effect Heat Absorbed by the earth Heat radiated by the earth Earth 2 Sun Producers (rooted plants) Producers (phytoplankton) Primary consumers (zooplankton) Secondary consumers (fish) Dissolved chemicals Tertiary consumers (turtles) Sediment Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) Oxygen (O2) Sun Producer Carbon dioxide (CO2) Primary consumer (rabbit) Falling leaves Precipitation and twigs Secondary consumer (fox) Producers Soil decomposers Water 3 Heat Tertiary consumers (human) Heat Decomposers Heat 10 Secondary consumers (perch) 100 Heat Primary consumers (zooplankton) 1,000 10,000 Usable energy available at each tropic level (in kilocalories) Heat Producers (phytoplankton) Sun Ph ot o syn t he sis Respiration Energy lost & unavailable to consumers Gross primary production Net primary production Growth and reproduction (energy available to consumers) 4 Terrestrial Ecosystems Swamps and marshes Tropical rain forest Temperate forest Northern coniferous forest (taiga) Savanna Agricultural land Woodland and shrubland Temperate grassland Tundra (arctic and alpine) Desert scrub Extreme desert Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries Lakes and streams Continental shelf Open ocean 800 1,600 2,400 3,200 4,000 4,800 5,600 6,400 7,200 8,000 8,800 9,600 Average net primary productivity (kcal/m2/yr) Detritus feeders Bark beetle engraving Long-horned beetle holes Carpenter ant galleries Decomposers Termite and carpenter ant work Dry rot fungus Wood reduced to powder Time progression Mushroom Powder broken down by decomposers into plant nutrients in soil 5 Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, minerals) Heat Heat Solar energy Heat Decomposers (bacteria, fungus) Heat Carbon cycle Producers (plants) Consumers (herbivores, carnivores) Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle Heat Water cycle Oxygen cycle Heat in the environment Heat Heat Heat 6 Figure 4-28 Page 76Rain clouds Condensation Transpiration Evaporation Transpiration from plants Precipitation to land Precipitation Precipitation Runoff Evaporation from land Evaporation from ocean Surface runoff (rapid) Precipitation to ocean Surface runoff (rapid) Infiltration and Percolation Groundwater movement (slow) Ocean storage incorporation into sediments sedimentation 7 8 Sulfur trioxide Water H2SO4 Sulfuric acid Acidic fog and precipitation Ammonia Sulfur dioxide SO2 Oxygen Hydrogen H S 2 sulfide NH3 Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 Plants Volcano Dimethyl sulfide Industries Animals Ocean Sulfate salts SO4Decaying matter Metallic sulfide deposits Sulfur H2S Hydrogen sulfide Mosaic of closely packed pebbles, boulders Alkaline, dark, and rich in humus Weak humusmineral mixture Dry, brown to reddish-brown, with variable accumulations of clay, calcium carbonate, and soluble salts Desert Soil (hot, dry climate) Clay, calcium compounds Grassland Soil (semiarid climate) 9 Forest litter leaf mold Acidic lightcolored humus Humus-mineral mixture Light-colored and acidic Light, grayishbrown, silt loam Iron and aluminum compounds mixed with clay Tropical Rain Forest Soil (humid, tropical climate) Acid litter and humus Humus and iron and aluminum compounds Dark brown firm clay Deciduous Forest Soil (humid, mild climate) Coniferous Forest Soil (humid, cold climate) 10
