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20th Century Ms. Shen Name: __________________________________ Yalta Conference – February 1945 I. What was the purpose? Allies met to plan for the post-war world and their eventual (and assumed) victory. They met in February, several months BEFORE the end of the European war. II. Who attended? (“Big Three”) Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin United States – Franklin D. Roosevelt England – Winston Churchill Issues Resolutions 1. What should be done with Germany once they are defeated? What about Berlin (the capital)? - Divided Germany into 4 zones, each occupied and controlled by one of the 4 Allies (England, France, the US, and Soviets) - Berlin was also divided in 4 (this later would become a problem as Berlin was located in the heart of the Soviet sector of Germany…more to come on this later.) The Soviets pledged to run “free elections” once they’d liberated those countries from the Germans. These governments would be of the people’s choosing (not the Soviets’!) 2. What should be done with those eastern European nations that the Soviet army had liberated from the Germans? 3. How will the Allies defeat Japan? After being invaded in both world wars by Germany, the Soviets expressed a desire to establish buffer states friendly to them to ensure their future security. FDR indicated a willingness to consider this idea. Stalin promised to enter the Japanese war within 3 months of the European war ending. 4. How would another war be averted? Formation of the United Nations (a peace-keeping body formed on the model of the League of Nations – which was formed at the end of WWI) 5. Should Germany be forced to pay reparations? The Allies disagreed on this issue – all agreed that reparations were problematic in theory (look what they’d done after WWI!) but some nations (the Soviets in particular) did want and need them. * Soviets capture Berlin (April 1945) & Hitler committed suicide in his bunker April 30th, 1945 - remaining German troops surrender May 8, 1945 Total Deaths in WWII (Including the Pacific and European Theaters) Countries Total Deaths % of Prewar Population Military Deaths Civilian Deaths USSR 20,600,000 10.4% 13,600,000 7,000,000 GERMANY 6,850,000 9.5% 3,250,000 3,600,000 POLAND 6,123,000 17.2% 123,000 6,000,000 JAPAN 2,000,000 2.7% FRANCE 810,000 1.9% 340,000 470,000 UNITED STATES 500,000 0.4% 500,000 ITALY 410,000 0.9% 330,000 80,000 GREAT BRITAIN 388,000 0.8% 326,000 62,000 Potsdam Conference – July 1945 I. What was the purpose? To formally end the European war II. Changes since Yalta: a. The people had changed: i. Stalin was the only leader present at both conferences. ii. FDR had died and been replaced by Harry Truman. iii. Churchill had been voted out of office and replaced by Clement Atlee. iv. France and Germany also attended the conference. b. The situation had changed: i. Truman announced before the conference that he was going to “get tough” with the Soviets. He, unlike FDR, was not willing to negotiate with the Soviets (because they were communists.) ii. While they were at the conference, the U.S. learned of the successful testing of the atomic bomb. Britain had been treated as a kind of junior partner in the development of the bomb and knew of the U.S. efforts to develop one. The Soviets, however, were never let in on the project and instead had learned of it through their spies in the U.S. They regarded Truman’s notification of the successful test as a veiled threat to them as we moved in to a post-war world. Issues Resolutions 1. What should be done with Germany now that they have been defeated? What about Berlin (the capital)? Divided Germany into 4 zones, each occupied and controlled by one of the 4 Allies (England, France, the US, and Soviets) Berlin was also divided in 4. 2. Should Germany be forced to pay reparations? NO – each country would be allowed to deal with extracting/collecting reparations from their zone of Germany should they see fit. 3. Should Germany be forced to disarm? Yes. Total disarmament (NO MILITARY ALLOWED) including dissolution of all businesses that built machinery and weapons that aid the military. 4. What should be done with Nazi officials? Establishment of war crimes trials at Nuremberg to try Nazi officials for the atrocities committed during the Holocaust. Also removed all Nazi officials from public office and positions of importance in private industry. 5. What should be done with those eastern European nations that the Soviet army had liberated from the Germans? Soviets pledged to run “free elections” immediately. 6. How can another world war be averted? Formation of the United Nations to peaceably negotiate conflicts. Unlike FDR, Truman was unwilling to budge on the idea of establishing buffer states with governments which were friendly to the Soviets. * The differences that arose at Potsdam led to a build-up of distrust and suspicion between the U.S. and USSR This deterioration of the alliance that had existed between the US and the USSR during the war signaled the beginning of the Cold War. More on that to come…