Download 1. Spontaneous generation was first proposed as A. A concept to

02
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1.
Spontaneous generation was first proposed as
A. A concept to explain the formation of the first living cells on earth
B. A concept to explain the evolution of simple chemicals into complex macromolecules
C. An explanation for the appearance of maggots and mice from rotting material, fish from leaves that fall
into water, etc
D. Basic laws of physics applied to living chemistry
E. An explanation by Pasteur accounting for the germination of spores in broth
2.
Pasteur's work with spontaneous generation showed that
A. Life could not have evolved from non-living chemistry on the early earth
B. Mice came from mother mice and maggots from mother flies
C. Simple chemicals could become complex organic macromolecules without any living cell involved
D. Basic laws of physics did not apply to living chemistry
E. Broth did not ferment spontaneously but required contamination with organisms
3.
The big bang model and cosmology state that
A. The universe began 10 to 20 billion years ago
B. The sun and the planets formed 4.6 billion years ago
C. Some early material condensed to form the sun and stars
D. Material left behind cooled to become planets including the earth
E. All of the choices are part of current understanding of the big bang model and cosmology
4.
The hypothesis that simple chemicals may have naturally become complex macromolecules by natural
physical forces was first proposed by
A. Stanley Miller
B. Graham CairnsSmith
C. Thomas Cech
D. Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane
E. Sidney Fox
5.
A solution that has a pH of 5 has
A. A concentration of H+ 10 times higher than water
B. A concentration of H+ 20 times higher than water
C. A concentration of H+ the same as water
D. A concentration of H+ 10 times lower than water
E. A concentration of H+ 20 times lower than water
6.
A dissolved substance that has the ability to either remove or add H+ and OH- ions to resist pH changes
is
A. A solution
B. Pure water
C. A buffer
D. A lipid
E. A solvent
7.
Most organic molecules are associated with living organisms. Which of the following statements is NOT
related to the general distinctions between these types of molecules?
A Carbon dioxide (CO2) lacks hydrogen atoms found in most organic molecules and therefore is usually
. not considered to be "organic."
BFormaldehyde (CH2O) is a small molecule compared to most organic molecules but does have carbon
. and hydrogen covalently bonded together and therefore is considered to be "organic."
C. Salt (Na+Cl ) is not an organic molecule but is important to the life of many organisms
D Organic carbon atoms are more diverse than inorganic carbon molecules that form the molecular
. structure of soot or a diamond from pure carbon
E. All of the choices are correct
8.
Perhaps a better description of an organic compound is that an organic compound is any substance
A. Derived from living matter
B. Containing carbon
C. Found within a cell
D. Consumed by animals
E. None of the choices are correct
9.
Carbohydrates are categorized into
A. Organic and inorganic carbohydrates
B. Saturated and unsaturated carbohydrates
C. Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
D. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary carbohydrates
E. Monomer and polymer carbohydrates
10. Which of the following is a "structural" carbohydrate molecule?
A. Starch
B. Sucrose
C. Glycogen
D. Cellulose
E. Glucose
11. Which of the following is NOT an isomer of the other three?
A. Glucose
B. Ribose
C. Fructose
D. Galactose
E. All of the choices are isomers
12. Which of the carbohydrates given below is a major component of the cuticle of arthropods (e.g., insects,
crayfish, etc.)?
A. Starch
B. Chitin
C. Cellulose
D. Glycogen
E. Glycerol
13. Which of the following carbohydrates is used in animal muscle and liver cells for energy storage?
A. Starch
B. Chitin
C. Cellulose
D. Glycogen
E. Glycerol
14. Which of the following is the most abundant carbohydrate in the world?
A. Cellulose
B. Glycogen
C. Fructose
D. Glucose
E. Maltose
15. Polysaccharide are polymers made up of which kind of monomers?
A. Simple sugars
B. Amino acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Alternating sugar and phosphate groups
E. Fatty acids and glycerol
16. The three principal groups of lipids are neutral fats, phospholipids, and
A. Glycogen
B. Steroids
C. Amino acids
D. Fatty acids
17. Neutral fats are
A. Stored as glycogen
B. Not stored
C. Made of fatty acids and glycerol
D. Composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups
E. Made of chains of fatty acids linked together by water molecules
18. Lipids are polymers made of which monomers?
A. Glucose or modified glucose molecules
B. Amino acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Alternating sugar and phosphate groups
E. Fatty acids and glycerol
19. A dehydration synthesis reaction is also
A. A condensation reaction
B. A hydrolysis reaction
C. An isomeric reaction
D. A reaction that does not require enzymes
E. Monomer formation
20. Which of the lipid groups below is structurally unlike the others?
A. Steroids
B. Neutral fats
C. Triglycerides
D. Phospholipids
E. All of the choices are structurally similar
21. Which of the following lipids forms a bilayer between two fluid regions, such as in the plasma membrane
of a cell?
A. Steroids
B. Neutral fats
C. Waxes
D. Phospholipids
E. Lipoproteins
22. Which of the following is NOT a steroid?
A. Vitamin D
B. Adrenocortical hormones
C. Sex hormones
D. Cholesterol
E. All of the choices are steroids
23. Cholesterol belongs to which of the following groups?
A. Steroids
B. Neutral fats
C. Carbohydrates
D. Phospholipids
E. Nucleic acids
24. If an animal needs to store high-energy compounds for long-term use with the least amount of extra body
weight, which would be the best molecule for storage?
A. Fructose and glucose in the form of honey
B. High-calorie fat molecules
C. Complex cellulose molecules
D. Starch
E. Glycogen with extensive side branches of glucose
25. A protein is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
A. Glucose or modified glucose molecules
B. Amino acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Alternating sugar and phosphate groups
E. Fatty acids and glycerol
26. A peptide bond is found in which type of biological molecule?
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Nucleic acid
D. Protein
E. Simple sugar
27. A chain consisting of a number of amino acids is a
A. Quaternary structure
B. Dipeptide
C. Polypeptide
D. Cysteine
E. None of the choices are correct
28. In a protein, the folding of a polypeptide into a helical structure, usually stabilized by covalent bonds
between the side groups of the amino acids, is the
A. Primary structure
B. Secondary structure
C. Tertiary structure
D. Quaternary structure
E. None of the choices are correct
29. The alpha helix is found at which level of protein organization?
A. Primary structure
B. Secondary structure
C. Tertiary structure
D. Quaternary structure
E. Superstructure
30. The splitting of one compound into two by the addition of water is called
A. Anticovalence
B. Ionic formation
C. Hydrolysis
D. Condensation
E. Dehydrolysis
31. You eat eggs for breakfast and return in the evening to dirty dishes with "dried on" yellow streaks. After
soaking awhile, the egg yolk protein molecules easily "wash off." What happened?
AHeating denatured the egg protein molecules, hydrolysis reactions then formed bonds in the dried egg
. yolk, and soaking in water eventually resulted in condensation reactions where water broke these bonds
BHeating denatured the egg protein molecules, unorganized condensation reactions formed bonds in the
. drying egg, and soaking in water resulted in hydrolysis reactions where water broke these bonds
C. Egg monomers were fused to become one polymer, which was easily dissolved by water back into
monomers
D. Presence or absence of water changes the molecules from hydrophilic to hydrophobic respectively
E. Addition of water converted organic molecules into inorganic molecules
32. At high and low temperatures, cells cannot function as "liquid machinery." However, most cells are also
limited from functioning throughout a wide range of liquid temperatures. At the molecular level, a cell's
ability to vary in its operational tolerance to temperature, etc., is most closely related to
A. Enzyme activity and protein denaturation
B. ATP efficiency
C. Ability to form glucose polymers
D. Replication of nucleic acids
E. Extent of saturation of fatty acids
33. DNA and RNA are polymers composed of repeated units called
A. Nucleoglucosides
B. Nucleotides
C. Bases
D. Sugars
E. None of the choices are correct
34. A nucleic acid is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
A. Amino acids
B. Nucleotides
C. Glucose or modified glucose molecules
D. Alternating sugar and phosphate groups
E. Fatty acids and glycerol
35. Nucleic acids are important because they
A. Act as buffers
B. Are the basic units of neutral fats
C. Are monomers of proteins
D. Direct the synthesis of proteins
E. None of the choices are correct
36. Which of these statements is true about DNA?
A. It is the genetic material of the cell
B. It forms a protein
C. It is pure amino acid
D. It contains no sugar
E. It produces copies called nucleotides that are sent out to the cell organelles
37. Fish sperm is mostly made of male fish D.N.A. A chemical test would find high amounts of
A. Nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups
B. Phospholipids and steroids
C. Amino acids and unsaturated fats
D. Triglycerides and ATP
E. Globular proteins and stored fats
38. Prions are infectious
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Lipids
D. Nucleic acids
E. Prions are not actually infectious
39. Which of the following forms of energy is NOT one of those thought to have been involved in the
production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?
A. Radioactivity
B. Electrical energy
C. Heat
D. Radiation from the sun
E. Sound
40. The term "reducing atmosphere" for the early earth means that the atmosphere
A. Was much thinner around the surface of the earth than now
B. Contained only two or three kinds of gases
C. Contained little or no free oxygen
D. Contained little or no free nitrogen
E. Contained little or no carbon dioxide
41. Who first performed an experiment that proved that amino acids could be produced in the laboratory from
a reducing atmosphere and electrical sparks?
A. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
B. Graham CairnsSmith
C. Thomas Cech
D. Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane
E. Sidney Fox
42. Which of the following is a correct statement about oxidation reduction reactions?
A. Reduction is the loss of electrons
B. Reduction is the loss of hydrogen atoms
C. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or hydrogen atoms
D. Reduction and oxidation sometimes occur together, but not always
E. None of the above is correct
43. Which of the following kinds of molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing
atmosphere?
A. Water vapor (H2O)
B. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
C. Hydrogen (H2)
D. Oxygen (O2)
E. Nitrogen (N2)
44. An alternative environment to the "hot dilute soup" and clay hypothesis that offers a possible source of
energy and molecules for the origin of life is/are the
A. Frozen Antarctic ice sheets
B. Surface of Mars
C. Hydrothermal vents in ocean bottoms
D. Open ocean
E. Earth mantle and core
45. Water has which of the following important characteristics that explain its key role in living systems?
A. High specific heat capacity
B. High surface tension
C. Reaches maximum density when in liquid form
D. Is an excellent solvent
E. All of the choices are correct
46. A ___________ is a molecule of RNA that has enzymatic or catalytic properties.
A. Deoxyribose
B. Nucleotide
C. Ribonucleic acid
D. Prebiotic synthetase
E. Ribozyme
47. The fact that nucleic acids are very complicated molecules suggests that
A. The RNA-first hypothesis is impossible
B. The protein-first hypothesis is therefore the only plausible hypothesis
C. Sophisticated enzymes were not present or available to synthesize them
D. No natural system could ever generate them
E. None of the choices are correct
48. The ancestral protocells
A. May have contained RNA or DNA as their genetic material
B. May have evolved before the development of a true cell
C. May have had a lipid and protein membrane surrounding them, forming a proteinoid microsphere
D. May have contained a biochemical pathway for energy metabolism
E. All of the choices are correct
49. Biological evolution differs from chemical evolution in that biological evolution would have been
possible only after the development of
A. True cells capable of replication
B. Nucleic acids
C. Enzymes
D. A metabolic pathway
E. None of the choices are correct
50. Heating dry mixtures of amino acids and then mixing them with water forms small
A. Strands of DNA
B. Living cells
C. Proteinoid microspheres
D. Nuclear membranes
E. Plasma membranes
51. If the hypothesis that protocells were based on an "RNA world" is correct, what would be necessary to
shift to a "DNA world"?
A. An enzyme or reaction capable of removing one oxygen from ribose in nucleotides
B. Enzymes for reverse transcription of RNA into DNA
C. New enzymes to replicate the DNA
D. New enzymes for transcribing DNA back to RNA
E. All are necessary to switch to a "DNA world."
52. Earlier in this century, science assumed that the earliest protocells would have been autotrophs. This
concept appears to be
A. Correct, since heterotrophs would depend upon eating autotrophs
B. Correct, since life is not possible without ATP, which is only available in living systems
C. Correct, since glycolysis and fermentation only occur after oxygen is present from photosynthesis
D. Incorrect, since the primordial soup likely contained many preformed food molecules suitable for
heterotrophic metabolism
E. Incorrect, since glycolysis and fermentation require complex enzymes for catalytic reactions
53. Prokaryotic cells are represented by fossils that are dated back as far as _____ billion years ago.
A. 1.5
B. 2.8
C. 3.8
D. 4.8
E. 5.6
54. The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary is
A. A point that separates reduction environments from oxidation environments
B. The separation point between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
C. A point of dramatically increased fossilization, although it is likely that many animal groups existed
before this time
D. The shift-over from plants to animal life
E. A major mass extinction layer
55. The first eukaryotic cells probably arose about _____ billion years ago.
A. 1.5
B. 2.5
C. 3.5
D. 4.5
E. 5.6
56. Which pairing of occurrence and date is correct?
A. Beginning of Cambrian — 600 million years ago
B. Origin of life — 3.8 billion years ago
C. Origin of eukaryotic cells — 1.5 billion years ago
D. All the choices are correct
E. None of the choices are correct
57. The most accurate way to determine common ancestry is to measure the similarity of what part of the
genome?
A. Mitochondria DNA
B. Nuclear DNA
C. Ribosomal RNA
D. Mitochondria RNA
E. Nuclear RNA
58. When determining how living things differ from nonliving, which of the following statements would
most zoologists support?
A. Development of an organism, even a single cell, is too complex to be explained by chemical and
physical laws
B. A critical "vitalist" force makes organisms live; it is of a different nature from nonliving chemistry and
is yet to be discovered
C. Life consists of a property called "soul" which leaves the body when an organism dies
D. Development of living forms from simple to complex forms contradicts physical laws
E. None of the statements are a mainstream biology perspective
59. Our current understanding of the origin of eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria is that they
A. Were copies of a cell nucleus that failed to be separated by cytokinesis
B. Are prokaryotes that were taken into a cell and now live there symbiotically
C. Are variations of the plasma membrane
D. Are new forms of life that arose inside other cells
E. Were part of the original protocell from the beginning
60. The term ____________ refers broadly to compounds that contain carbon.
________________________________________
61. The most important of the energy-storing carbohydrate monomers is the molecule _______________.
________________________________________
62. The molecule ___________ is an important form for storing sugar in animals and is found mainly in the
liver and muscle cells of animals.
________________________________________
63. A(n) _______________ fatty acid has two or more carbon atoms joined by double bonds.
________________________________________
64. Amino acids are linked together to form proteins by __________ bonds.
________________________________________
65. The alpha-helix is an example of the _______ structure of a protein.
________________________________________
66. When hemoglobin takes up or releases oxygen, it undergoes a change in its _________ structure.
________________________________________
67. Submarine hot springs where seawater seeps through cracks in the bottom and comes close to the hot
magma are called __________ ___________.
________________________________________
68. Most biological polymerizations are ___________ dehydration reactions in which monomers are linked
together by removal of water.
________________________________________
69. The simplest dehydration reaction is to use heat to drive water from solids, a process of _______
condensation.
________________________________________
70. Sidney Fox studied the synthesis of polypeptides into polymers which in water formed small spherical
bodies called ____________ _____________.
________________________________________
71. A critical answer to the chicken-or-the-egg problem formed by the nucleic-acid-or-enzyme-first dilemma
is perhaps solved by the discovery of catalytic RNA called _______________.
________________________________________
72. The earliest source of reduced compounds for oxidative metabolism was probably ____________
_____________.
________________________________________
73. Bacteria contain a single, large molecule of DNA in the ____________ region.
________________________________________
74. The _______________ are the true bacteria that are the most common bacteria in our day-to-day life.
________________________________________
75. The ______________ theory proposes that pre-eukaryotes are the result of anaerobic bacteria ingesting
aerobic bacteria and subsequently a symbiotic relationship was formed
________________________________________
76. Describe the first evidence for chemical evolution that came from Stanley Miller's experiment.
77. This chapter began with Pasteur disproving spontaneous generation, the theory that life could arise from
non-living material. Then Miller and Urey test the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis and suggest that life once
did arise from non-living chemicals. Are these experiments contradictory? Explain how the science
community recognize both as valid.
78. The Miller-Urey experiments demonstrated the formation of larger molecules from simple molecules.
Why is there still a need for concentration in order to make formation of a protocell more likely?
79. Assumptions that the earliest life forms had to make their own food have been replaced with the belief
that the earliest microorganisms were definitely primary heterotrophs. How could these earliest cells have
lived if they did not make their own food, and why do we feel certain that they were not photosynthetic?
80. What evidence do scientists have that the earth's primeval atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere?
81. Why can't we set up an experiment that would again duplicate the conditions that were present at the
early origin of protocells?
82. Describe the chicken-or-the-egg dilemma with enzymes and hereditary molecules, and detail how
the "RNA world" proposal offers a solution.
83. What are the essential properties of a "protocell"?
84. Describe the symbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotes.
85. What may have been the "reason" for the "Cambrian explosion"?
86. What evidence leads researchers to believe that there was a diversity of animal life before the Cambrian if
we cannot find extensive fossils of earlier animals?
87. Compare and contrast the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular structures.
88. If eukaryotes are more complex than prokaryotes, then why are there prokaryotes living today?
89. Does the recognition of prokaryotes as two major lineages, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, result in any
major changes to the internal taxonomic arrangement of the fungi, protozoan groups, plants and animals?
90. How does the "endosymbiosis theory" of Lynn Margulis and the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotes
differ from the use of the term "symbiosis" in animal ecology? Give your reasoning.
02 Key
1.
Spontaneous generation was first proposed as
A. A concept to explain the formation of the first living cells on earth
B. A concept to explain the evolution of simple chemicals into complex macromolecules
C. An explanation for the appearance of maggots and mice from rotting material, fish from leaves that
fall into water, etc
D. Basic laws of physics applied to living chemistry
E. An explanation by Pasteur accounting for the germination of spores in broth
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #1
Section: 02.01
2.
Pasteur's work with spontaneous generation showed that
A. Life could not have evolved from non-living chemistry on the early earth
B. Mice came from mother mice and maggots from mother flies
C. Simple chemicals could become complex organic macromolecules without any living cell involved
D. Basic laws of physics did not apply to living chemistry
E. Broth did not ferment spontaneously but required contamination with organisms
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #2
Section: 02.01
3.
The big bang model and cosmology state that
A. The universe began 10 to 20 billion years ago
B. The sun and the planets formed 4.6 billion years ago
C. Some early material condensed to form the sun and stars
D. Material left behind cooled to become planets including the earth
E. All of the choices are part of current understanding of the big bang model and cosmology
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #3
Section: 02.03
4.
The hypothesis that simple chemicals may have naturally become complex macromolecules by natural
physical forces was first proposed by
A. Stanley Miller
B. Graham CairnsSmith
C. Thomas Cech
D. Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane
E. Sidney Fox
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #4
Section: 02.01
5.
A solution that has a pH of 5 has
A. A concentration of H+ 10 times higher than water
B. A concentration of H+ 20 times higher than water
C. A concentration of H+ the same as water
D. A concentration of H+ 10 times lower than water
E. A concentration of H+ 20 times lower than water
Bloom's level: 3. Apply
Hickman - Chapter 02 #5
Section: 02.01
6.
A dissolved substance that has the ability to either remove or add H+ and OH- ions to resist pH
changes is
A. A solution
B. Pure water
C. A buffer
D. A lipid
E. A solvent
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #6
Section: 02.01
7.
Most organic molecules are associated with living organisms. Which of the following statements is
NOT related to the general distinctions between these types of molecules?
A Carbon dioxide (CO2) lacks hydrogen atoms found in most organic molecules and therefore is
. usually not considered to be "organic."
BFormaldehyde (CH2O) is a small molecule compared to most organic molecules but does have
. carbon and hydrogen covalently bonded together and therefore is considered to be "organic."
C. Salt (Na+Cl ) is not an organic molecule but is important to the life of many organisms
D Organic carbon atoms are more diverse than inorganic carbon molecules that form the molecular
. structure of soot or a diamond from pure carbon
E. All of the choices are correct
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #7
Section: 02.02
8.
Perhaps a better description of an organic compound is that an organic compound is any substance
A. Derived from living matter
B. Containing carbon
C. Found within a cell
D. Consumed by animals
E. None of the choices are correct
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #8
Section: 02.02
9.
Carbohydrates are categorized into
A. Organic and inorganic carbohydrates
B. Saturated and unsaturated carbohydrates
C. Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
D. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary carbohydrates
E. Monomer and polymer carbohydrates
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #9
Section: 02.02
10.
Which of the following is a "structural" carbohydrate molecule?
A. Starch
B. Sucrose
C. Glycogen
D. Cellulose
E. Glucose
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #10
Section: 02.02
11.
Which of the following is NOT an isomer of the other three?
A. Glucose
B. Ribose
C. Fructose
D. Galactose
E. All of the choices are isomers
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #11
Section: 02.02
12.
Which of the carbohydrates given below is a major component of the cuticle of arthropods (e.g.,
insects, crayfish, etc.)?
A. Starch
B. Chitin
C. Cellulose
D. Glycogen
E. Glycerol
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #12
Section: 02.02
13.
Which of the following carbohydrates is used in animal muscle and liver cells for energy storage?
A. Starch
B. Chitin
C. Cellulose
D. Glycogen
E. Glycerol
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #13
Section: 02.02
14.
Which of the following is the most abundant carbohydrate in the world?
A. Cellulose
B. Glycogen
C. Fructose
D. Glucose
E. Maltose
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #14
Section: 02.02
15.
Polysaccharide are polymers made up of which kind of monomers?
A. Simple sugars
B. Amino acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Alternating sugar and phosphate groups
E. Fatty acids and glycerol
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #15
Section: 02.02
16.
The three principal groups of lipids are neutral fats, phospholipids, and
A. Glycogen
B. Steroids
C. Amino acids
D. Fatty acids
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #16
Section: 02.02
17.
Neutral fats are
A. Stored as glycogen
B. Not stored
C. Made of fatty acids and glycerol
D. Composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups
E. Made of chains of fatty acids linked together by water molecules
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #17
Section: 02.02
18.
Lipids are polymers made of which monomers?
A. Glucose or modified glucose molecules
B. Amino acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Alternating sugar and phosphate groups
E. Fatty acids and glycerol
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #18
Section: 02.02
19.
A dehydration synthesis reaction is also
A. A condensation reaction
B. A hydrolysis reaction
C. An isomeric reaction
D. A reaction that does not require enzymes
E. Monomer formation
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #19
Section: 02.02
20.
Which of the lipid groups below is structurally unlike the others?
A. Steroids
B. Neutral fats
C. Triglycerides
D. Phospholipids
E. All of the choices are structurally similar
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #20
Section: 02.02
21.
Which of the following lipids forms a bilayer between two fluid regions, such as in the plasma
membrane of a cell?
A. Steroids
B. Neutral fats
C. Waxes
D. Phospholipids
E. Lipoproteins
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #21
Section: 02.02
22.
Which of the following is NOT a steroid?
A. Vitamin D
B. Adrenocortical hormones
C. Sex hormones
D. Cholesterol
E. All of the choices are steroids
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #22
Section: 02.02
23.
Cholesterol belongs to which of the following groups?
A. Steroids
B. Neutral fats
C. Carbohydrates
D. Phospholipids
E. Nucleic acids
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #23
Section: 02.02
24.
If an animal needs to store high-energy compounds for long-term use with the least amount of extra
body weight, which would be the best molecule for storage?
A. Fructose and glucose in the form of honey
B. High-calorie fat molecules
C. Complex cellulose molecules
D. Starch
E. Glycogen with extensive side branches of glucose
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #24
Section: 02.02
25.
A protein is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
A. Glucose or modified glucose molecules
B. Amino acids
C. Nucleotides
D. Alternating sugar and phosphate groups
E. Fatty acids and glycerol
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #25
Section: 02.02
26.
A peptide bond is found in which type of biological molecule?
A. Carbohydrate
B. Lipid
C. Nucleic acid
D. Protein
E. Simple sugar
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #26
Section: 02.02
27.
A chain consisting of a number of amino acids is a
A. Quaternary structure
B. Dipeptide
C. Polypeptide
D. Cysteine
E. None of the choices are correct
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #27
Section: 02.02
28.
In a protein, the folding of a polypeptide into a helical structure, usually stabilized by covalent bonds
between the side groups of the amino acids, is the
A. Primary structure
B. Secondary structure
C. Tertiary structure
D. Quaternary structure
E. None of the choices are correct
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #28
Section: 02.02
29.
The alpha helix is found at which level of protein organization?
A. Primary structure
B. Secondary structure
C. Tertiary structure
D. Quaternary structure
E. Superstructure
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #29
Section: 02.02
30.
The splitting of one compound into two by the addition of water is called
A. Anticovalence
B. Ionic formation
C. Hydrolysis
D. Condensation
E. Dehydrolysis
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #30
Section: 02.02
31.
You eat eggs for breakfast and return in the evening to dirty dishes with "dried on" yellow streaks.
After soaking awhile, the egg yolk protein molecules easily "wash off." What happened?
AHeating denatured the egg protein molecules, hydrolysis reactions then formed bonds in the dried
. egg yolk, and soaking in water eventually resulted in condensation reactions where water broke
these bonds
BHeating denatured the egg protein molecules, unorganized condensation reactions formed bonds in
. the drying egg, and soaking in water resulted in hydrolysis reactions where water broke these bonds
C. Egg monomers were fused to become one polymer, which was easily dissolved by water back into
monomers
D. Presence or absence of water changes the molecules from hydrophilic to hydrophobic respectively
E. Addition of water converted organic molecules into inorganic molecules
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #31
Section: 02.02
32.
At high and low temperatures, cells cannot function as "liquid machinery." However, most cells are
also limited from functioning throughout a wide range of liquid temperatures. At the molecular level,
a cell's ability to vary in its operational tolerance to temperature, etc., is most closely related to
A. Enzyme activity and protein denaturation
B. ATP efficiency
C. Ability to form glucose polymers
D. Replication of nucleic acids
E. Extent of saturation of fatty acids
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #32
Section: 02.02
33.
DNA and RNA are polymers composed of repeated units called
A. Nucleoglucosides
B. Nucleotides
C. Bases
D. Sugars
E. None of the choices are correct
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #33
Section: 02.02
34.
A nucleic acid is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
A. Amino acids
B. Nucleotides
C. Glucose or modified glucose molecules
D. Alternating sugar and phosphate groups
E. Fatty acids and glycerol
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #34
Section: 02.02
35.
Nucleic acids are important because they
A. Act as buffers
B. Are the basic units of neutral fats
C. Are monomers of proteins
D. Direct the synthesis of proteins
E. None of the choices are correct
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #35
Section: 02.02
36.
Which of these statements is true about DNA?
A. It is the genetic material of the cell
B. It forms a protein
C. It is pure amino acid
D. It contains no sugar
E. It produces copies called nucleotides that are sent out to the cell organelles
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #36
Section: 02.02
37.
Fish sperm is mostly made of male fish D.N.A. A chemical test would find high amounts of
A. Nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups
B. Phospholipids and steroids
C. Amino acids and unsaturated fats
D. Triglycerides and ATP
E. Globular proteins and stored fats
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #37
Section: 02.02
38.
Prions are infectious
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Lipids
D. Nucleic acids
E. Prions are not actually infectious
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #38
Section: 02.02
39.
Which of the following forms of energy is NOT one of those thought to have been involved in the
production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?
A. Radioactivity
B. Electrical energy
C. Heat
D. Radiation from the sun
E. Sound
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #39
Section: 02.03
40.
The term "reducing atmosphere" for the early earth means that the atmosphere
A. Was much thinner around the surface of the earth than now
B. Contained only two or three kinds of gases
C. Contained little or no free oxygen
D. Contained little or no free nitrogen
E. Contained little or no carbon dioxide
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #40
Section: 02.03
41.
Who first performed an experiment that proved that amino acids could be produced in the laboratory
from a reducing atmosphere and electrical sparks?
A. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
B. Graham CairnsSmith
C. Thomas Cech
D. Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane
E. Sidney Fox
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #41
Section: 02.03
42.
Which of the following is a correct statement about oxidation reduction reactions?
A. Reduction is the loss of electrons
B. Reduction is the loss of hydrogen atoms
C. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or hydrogen atoms
D. Reduction and oxidation sometimes occur together, but not always
E. None of the above is correct
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #42
Section: 02.03
43.
Which of the following kinds of molecules is thought to have been absent from the primitive reducing
atmosphere?
A. Water vapor (H2O)
B. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
C. Hydrogen (H2)
D. Oxygen (O2)
E. Nitrogen (N2)
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #43
Section: 02.03
44.
An alternative environment to the "hot dilute soup" and clay hypothesis that offers a possible source
of energy and molecules for the origin of life is/are the
A. Frozen Antarctic ice sheets
B. Surface of Mars
C. Hydrothermal vents in ocean bottoms
D. Open ocean
E. Earth mantle and core
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #44
Section: 02.03
45.
Water has which of the following important characteristics that explain its key role in living systems?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
High specific heat capacity
High surface tension
Reaches maximum density when in liquid form
Is an excellent solvent
All of the choices are correct
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #45
Section: 02.01
46.
A ___________ is a molecule of RNA that has enzymatic or catalytic properties.
A. Deoxyribose
B. Nucleotide
C. Ribonucleic acid
D. Prebiotic synthetase
E. Ribozyme
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #46
Section: 02.02
47.
The fact that nucleic acids are very complicated molecules suggests that
A. The RNA-first hypothesis is impossible
B. The protein-first hypothesis is therefore the only plausible hypothesis
C. Sophisticated enzymes were not present or available to synthesize them
D. No natural system could ever generate them
E. None of the choices are correct
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #47
Section: 02.03
48.
The ancestral protocells
A. May have contained RNA or DNA as their genetic material
B. May have evolved before the development of a true cell
C. May have had a lipid and protein membrane surrounding them, forming a proteinoid microsphere
D. May have contained a biochemical pathway for energy metabolism
E. All of the choices are correct
Bloom's level: 5. Evaluate
Hickman - Chapter 02 #48
Section: 02.03
49.
Biological evolution differs from chemical evolution in that biological evolution would have been
possible only after the development of
A. True cells capable of replication
B. Nucleic acids
C. Enzymes
D. A metabolic pathway
E. None of the choices are correct
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #49
Section: 02.03
50.
Heating dry mixtures of amino acids and then mixing them with water forms small
A. Strands of DNA
B. Living cells
C. Proteinoid microspheres
D. Nuclear membranes
E. Plasma membranes
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #50
Section: 02.03
51.
If the hypothesis that protocells were based on an "RNA world" is correct, what would be necessary to
shift to a "DNA world"?
A. An enzyme or reaction capable of removing one oxygen from ribose in nucleotides
B. Enzymes for reverse transcription of RNA into DNA
C. New enzymes to replicate the DNA
D. New enzymes for transcribing DNA back to RNA
E. All are necessary to switch to a "DNA world."
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #51
Section: 02.03
52.
Earlier in this century, science assumed that the earliest protocells would have been autotrophs. This
concept appears to be
A. Correct, since heterotrophs would depend upon eating autotrophs
B. Correct, since life is not possible without ATP, which is only available in living systems
C. Correct, since glycolysis and fermentation only occur after oxygen is present from photosynthesis
D. Incorrect, since the primordial soup likely contained many preformed food molecules suitable for
heterotrophic metabolism
E. Incorrect, since glycolysis and fermentation require complex enzymes for catalytic reactions
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #52
Section: 02.03
53.
Prokaryotic cells are represented by fossils that are dated back as far as _____ billion years ago.
A. 1.5
B. 2.8
C. 3.8
D. 4.8
E. 5.6
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #53
Section: 02.04
54.
The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary is
A. A point that separates reduction environments from oxidation environments
B. The separation point between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
C. A point of dramatically increased fossilization, although it is likely that many animal groups existed
before this time
D. The shift-over from plants to animal life
E. A major mass extinction layer
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #54
Section: 02.04
55.
The first eukaryotic cells probably arose about _____ billion years ago.
A. 1.5
B. 2.5
C. 3.5
D. 4.5
E. 5.6
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #55
Section: 02.04
56.
Which pairing of occurrence and date is correct?
A. Beginning of Cambrian — 600 million years ago
B. Origin of life — 3.8 billion years ago
C. Origin of eukaryotic cells — 1.5 billion years ago
D. All the choices are correct
E. None of the choices are correct
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #56
Section: 02.04
57.
The most accurate way to determine common ancestry is to measure the similarity of what part of the
genome?
A. Mitochondria DNA
B. Nuclear DNA
C. Ribosomal RNA
D. Mitochondria RNA
E. Nuclear RNA
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #57
Section: 02.04
58.
When determining how living things differ from nonliving, which of the following statements would
most zoologists support?
A. Development of an organism, even a single cell, is too complex to be explained by chemical and
physical laws
B. A critical "vitalist" force makes organisms live; it is of a different nature from nonliving chemistry
and is yet to be discovered
C. Life consists of a property called "soul" which leaves the body when an organism dies
D. Development of living forms from simple to complex forms contradicts physical laws
E. None of the statements are a mainstream biology perspective
Bloom's level: 5. Evaluate
Hickman - Chapter 02 #58
Section: 02.04
59.
Our current understanding of the origin of eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria is that they
A. Were copies of a cell nucleus that failed to be separated by cytokinesis
B. Are prokaryotes that were taken into a cell and now live there symbiotically
C. Are variations of the plasma membrane
D. Are new forms of life that arose inside other cells
E. Were part of the original protocell from the beginning
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #59
Section: 02.04
60.
The term ____________ refers broadly to compounds that contain carbon.
organic
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #60
Section: 02.02
61.
The most important of the energy-storing carbohydrate monomers is the molecule
_______________.
glucose
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #61
Section: 02.02
62.
The molecule ___________ is an important form for storing sugar in animals and is found mainly in
the liver and muscle cells of animals.
glycogen
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #62
Section: 02.02
63.
A(n) _______________ fatty acid has two or more carbon atoms joined by double bonds.
unsaturated
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #63
Section: 02.02
64.
Amino acids are linked together to form proteins by __________ bonds.
peptide
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #64
Section: 02.02
65.
The alpha-helix is an example of the _______ structure of a protein.
secondary
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #65
Section: 02.02
66.
When hemoglobin takes up or releases oxygen, it undergoes a change in its _________ structure.
quaternary
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #66
Section: 02.02
67.
Submarine hot springs where seawater seeps through cracks in the bottom and comes close to the hot
magma are called __________ ___________.
hydrothermal vents
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #67
Section: 02.04
68.
Most biological polymerizations are ___________ dehydration reactions in which monomers are
linked together by removal of water.
condensation
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #68
Section: 02.03
69.
The simplest dehydration reaction is to use heat to drive water from solids, a process of _______
condensation.
thermal
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #69
Section: 02.03
70.
Sidney Fox studied the synthesis of polypeptides into polymers which in water formed small spherical
bodies called ____________ _____________.
proteinoid microspheres
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #70
Section: 02.03
71.
A critical answer to the chicken-or-the-egg problem formed by the nucleic-acid-or-enzyme-first
dilemma is perhaps solved by the discovery of catalytic RNA called _______________.
ribozymes
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #71
Section: 02.04
72.
The earliest source of reduced compounds for oxidative metabolism was probably ____________
_____________.
hydrogen sulfide
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #72
Section: 02.03
73.
Bacteria contain a single, large molecule of DNA in the ____________ region.
nucleoid
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #73
Section: 02.02
74.
The _______________ are the true bacteria that are the most common bacteria in our day-to-day
life.
eubacteria
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #74
Section: 02.04
75.
The ______________ theory proposes that pre-eukaryotes are the result of anaerobic bacteria
ingesting aerobic bacteria and subsequently a symbiotic relationship was formed
endosymbiotic
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #75
Section: 02.04
76.
Describe the first evidence for chemical evolution that came from Stanley Miller's experiment.
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Hickman - Chapter 02 #76
Section: 02.04
77.
This chapter began with Pasteur disproving spontaneous generation, the theory that life could arise
from non-living material. Then Miller and Urey test the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis and suggest that
life once did arise from non-living chemicals. Are these experiments contradictory? Explain how the
science community recognize both as valid.
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #77
Section: 02.04
78.
The Miller-Urey experiments demonstrated the formation of larger molecules from simple molecules.
Why is there still a need for concentration in order to make formation of a protocell more likely?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Hickman - Chapter 02 #78
Section: 02.04
79.
Assumptions that the earliest life forms had to make their own food have been replaced with the
belief that the earliest microorganisms were definitely primary heterotrophs. How could these earliest
cells have lived if they did not make their own food, and why do we feel certain that they were not
photosynthetic?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Hickman - Chapter 02 #79
Section: 02.04
80.
What evidence do scientists have that the earth's primeval atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #80
Section: 02.04
81.
Why can't we set up an experiment that would again duplicate the conditions that were present at the
early origin of protocells?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #81
Section: 02.04
82.
Describe the chicken-or-the-egg dilemma with enzymes and hereditary molecules, and detail how
the "RNA world" proposal offers a solution.
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #82
Section: 02.04
83.
What are the essential properties of a "protocell"?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #83
Section: 02.04
84.
Describe the symbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotes.
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #84
Section: 02.04
85.
What may have been the "reason" for the "Cambrian explosion"?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's level: 5. Evaluate
Hickman - Chapter 02 #85
Section: 02.05
86.
What evidence leads researchers to believe that there was a diversity of animal life before the
Cambrian if we cannot find extensive fossils of earlier animals?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02 #86
Section: 02.05
87.
Compare and contrast the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular structures.
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Hickman - Chapter 02 #87
Section: 02.05
88.
If eukaryotes are more complex than prokaryotes, then why are there prokaryotes living today?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Hickman - Chapter 02 #88
Section: 02.05
89.
Does the recognition of prokaryotes as two major lineages, Archaebacteria and Eubacteria, result in
any major changes to the internal taxonomic arrangement of the fungi, protozoan groups, plants and
animals?
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #89
Section: 02.05
90.
How does the "endosymbiosis theory" of Lynn Margulis and the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotes
differ from the use of the term "symbiosis" in animal ecology? Give your reasoning.
Answers will vary.
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Hickman - Chapter 02 #90
Section: 02.05
02 Summary
Category
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Bloom's level: 3. Apply
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Bloom's level: 5. Evaluate
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Hickman - Chapter 02
Section: 02.01
Section: 02.02
Section: 02.03
Section: 02.04
Section: 02.05
# of Questions
5
1
20
3
61
90
6
41
17
20
6