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Honor O’Shaughnessy
Unit 8/Part 1
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Crash Course 20​: The Civil War
● 1861-1865: ​Civil War ​(presidency of ​Abraham Lincoln​)
○ Union ​(North) vs. C
​ onfederate States of America​ (South)
● Not all slave-holding states were part of the ​Confederacy
● Civil War was about ​slavery
● Confederate Gov passed
○ First ​conscription act in American history
○ Set in place, ​national taxes
○ Created ​national currency
○ Had a ​gov. bureaucracy​ of 7,000 people - more than fed. bureaucracy of D.C.
● Abraham Lincoln​ initially argued the war was about preserving the Union - not slavery
○ Also about religion
■ Northerners ‘preserved God’s plan to extend Democracy and Christianity across
an unbroken continent and around the world’
■ Southerners ‘welcomed a war to create a nation more perfect in its fealty
(loyalty) to God than the one they had left’
○ Regular soldiers had common reasons for going to war
○ For northerners: Union, religion, & end of slavery provided reason for war
Union (North) wins War
● Advantage of more people - 22 million vs. 9 million in the south (3.5 were slaves who didn’t
want south to win anyways)
○ North manufactured over 90% of goods in America - textiles, shoes, boots, iron, & a lot
more firearms (guns)
○ North had 20,000 miles of railroad - South had 10,000
■ Made it easier for the Union to move its army
● Enlisted 2 million men compared to 900,000 (Confederacy)
○ Agriculture in North was more productive
■ Took advantage of mechanization
○ Advantage of S
​ outh​ was its better military leaders
South/Confederacy
● Had to create a nation from scratch - people were loyal to their states
○ Dealing w/ issue of ​class conflicts
■ Most of ruling/rich class was excused from fighting in war
● Arguments towards win of Confederacy
○ Should have outlasted Northern efforts of being brought back into the union
■ Although North had superiority in resources (takes a long time to outlast)
■ Costly to the South - resources would be long gone before the North’s
● Ulysses S. Grant​ - ​Union
○ Willing to have enormous casualties (deaths/injuries) in order to win
■ Lost 52,000 - 41% of his army
● Injured/killed in ​The Wilderness/Cold Harbor​ battles
■ Similar to modern generals today - sacrifice/determination to win
Northern Win of Civil War was ​but also wasn’t, Inevitable
● Took 3 years for Union to take on ​Grant​’s strategy
○ 1861-1864: possibilities of Southern victories forcing Union to give in
● Lost a lot of battles the first 2 years
■ Ineffective generaling
■ Losing North, motivated the South
○ Also argument that North had more motivation
■ ‘’God was on their side’
■ Anti-slavery
● Most poor/common men didn’t have much motive to end slavery
○ Freed slaves might compete w/ them for jobs
○ Southerners fought for their ‘own freedom’ rather than for protection of slavery
Turning Points - shifting war in favor of the North
● July 1863: 2 most important ​Union​ victories
○ Grant ​captures Vicksburg, Mississippi
■ Gave federals (Union) control of ​Mississippi River
■ North also already had NOLA
○ 1st 3 days of Jul. 1863: ​Battle of Gettysburg
■ PA - ​General Lee​’s first offensive/major battle in the North
● If he did win​ - panic would have set in, in PA & NY
○ Although panic did overcome NY
● August 1864: ​General Sherman​ (Union) takes ​Atlanta
○ Railroad area & manufacturing center
■ More political significance over military significance
● Close to ​election of 1864
● Last time ​Confederate states​ of America could have won Civil War
○ Lincoln​ ran for election amidst the Civil War
■ Summer of 1864: war was looking bad - looked like he might lose
● Capture of Atlanta​ changed public view about ​Lincoln
○ Opponent - ​George McClellan​ didn’t have change winning
● War’s outcome was not just ensured by military victories but also a political one
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Crash Course 22​: Reconstruction and 1876
● Post Civil War - U.S. was forced to combine a slave population & rebellious population
○ May have happened but ​Lincoln​ was ​assassinated​ by ​Andrew Johnson
● Lincoln​’s post war idea - reunion & reconciliation
● Johnson​’s - South never had the right to leave the Union (seced)
○ Resented elites in the South (he was a Southerner)
■ He was racist - didn’t believe blacks should have a role in Reconstruction
● 1865-1867: period of P
​ residential Reconstruction
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Johnson​ appoints provisional governors & made them call state conventions, establishing
all white govs. - seemed like old, confederate govs.
Changes for former slaves
○ Fisk and Howard universities, secondary, & primary schools were established
○ Until 1870: ​Freedman’s Bureau​ - power to divide up abandoned confederate (southern)
land for former slaves
■ Land ownership was vital for freedom
● Promised land by Union army - ex.: ​General Sherman​’s field promised
land to former slaves (40 acres)
○ Land was not returned properly - J​ ohnson​ ordered land returned to its owners
■ South remained agricultural w/ same people owning the land
● Result - sharecropping
Sharecropping​ - replaced slavery in many places throughout the South
○ Landowners provide housing, tools, & seed to sharecroppers
■ In exchange for a share of their crop - ⅓ or ½
○ Free blacks got control of their work & plantation owners got steady workforce
■ Workforce couldn’t leave - little opportunity for saving $ & investing
○ Late 1860s: poor white farmers were also ​sharecropping
■ By the time of the great depression - most sharecroppers were white
● Tied workers to land they didn’t own
○ Opposite ​Jefferson’s idea of a small, independent farmer
Republicans weren’t happy - reconstructed South looked like pre-civil war South
○ After 1867: Repubs. took lead in reconstruction
■ Radical Republicans - thought war was fought over equal rights
● Wanted to see powers of ​national gov.​ Expanded
■ Radicals like ​Thaddeus Stevens​ were rare
● Wanted to take land away from southern planters & give to slaves
■ Rank and File Republicans​ - passed ​Civil Rights Bill
● Everyone born in U.S. is a citizen w/ equality regardless of race
○ Vetoed by​ Andrew Johnson
■ “Discrimination against white people”
● Reaction to the veto - Congress did something never done before
○ Overrode presidential veto (⅔rds majority)
■ Civil Rights Act ​became law
Congress decided to amend the constitution w/ 14th amendment
○ Citizenship, guarantees equal protection, & extends ​Bill of Rights ​to all states
■ Barely any democratic support - didn’t need any (not many in Congress)
■ 14th Amendment​ made
1867: Congress passed ​Reconstruction Act​ (overrode ​Johnson​’s veto again)
○ Divided South into 5 military districts - required each state to create a new gov.
■ One district included participation of black men
■ All had to ratify ​14th Amendment​ - if they wanted to be in the Union
○ Beginning of ​Radical Reconstruction
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1868 - ​Johnson ​didn’t win reelection - ​Ulysses S. Grant ​won (Repub., Union general)
○ Won by a small amount - made Repubs. question if slaves should be able to vote
Congressional Republicans - ​15th Amendment w
​ hich prohibited states from denying man right
to vote based on ​race
○ States came up w/ ways to avoid this rule
○ Fed. Gov. dictates who can vote/who becomes citizen/establishing equality
■ Gov. became threat to one’s individual liberty
○ Blacks began exercising their rights - integrated streetcars, vote & holding office
■ Many were Repubs - Repub Party began to dominate Southern politics
Gone With the Wind​ enforced stereotypes
During ​Reconstruction​, 2,000 African Americans held office
○ Pinckney B.S. Pinchback s​ erved America’s 1st black governor in Louisiana
■ 2nd black governor was ​Douglas Wilder ​in Virginia...of 1989!
○ Led to fairer judicial systems (blacks were able to serve as judges/lawyers)
Achievements
○ School system - segregated but attempted to educate blacks & whites
○ Created “functioning government”
■ Both white & African American citizens could participate
Corruption also in the North
End of ​Reconstruction
○ Schools & road repair costed money - taxes
■ Republican govs. vry unpopular - Americans don’t like taxes
○ White Southerners couldn’t accept Blacks using civil rights, voting, holding office
○ Violence ​resulted
After 1867: Violence towards Southern African Americans was politically motivated
○ 1866: ​KKK​ founded - terrorist organization targeting Repubs., killing to stop vote
■ Massacre in ​Colfax, Louisiana
○ Intimidation resulted in discriminatory voting laws - fewer black men voted
■ White Democrats could take over state govs. in the South
● Politicians known a “​redeemers​” - South away from N Repub. rule
1873: Economic depression
○ Northerners lost motive to fight for rights of blacks in the South (expensive)
○ 1876: Supporters of R
​ econstruction​ backed off & Democrats emerged again (S)
Election - Democrats: ​Samuel Tilden​ (NY) - Repubs: ​Rutherford B. Hayes​ (OH)
○ Electoral college controversy
■ 1876: Congress appoints 15 man electoral college - 8 Repubs., 7 Dems.
○ Rutherford B. Hayes ​wins
Haye​’s admin. agrees to give control of the South to the Democrats & stops dealing w/ S
○ South also gets control of building ​Transcontinental railroad through TX
■ Called ​Bargain of 1877​ (killed ​Reconstruction​)
○ No more troops in Southern states - white Dems. had control of Southern legislatu
■ States could restrict freedom of black people - ​Jim Crow Laws
● Took away black’s right to vote
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Reconstruction amendments & laws gave former slaves political freedom & rights
○ Needed - plots of land to be economically independent would require confiscation
■ Violation of property rights was too much for most except radical Repubs.
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Crash Course 23​: The Industrial Economy
● U.S. went from having a 1/3 of GB’s industrial outcome to being the most industrialized
○ Due to ​Civil War
○ Created national currency & gave contracts 2 weapon & clothing manufacturers
○ Increased telegraph - improved communication
■ Helped w/ creation of ​Transcontinental Railroad
● Pacific Railway Act of 1862
Immigration & Economic Growth
● Geography - US had water powered factories then coal took over also had iron & later oil
○ Grains to feed the increasing population
● Demography - Major increase in population - mainly (⅓) due to immigration
○ Immigrants went to cities - America became an industrial nation
■ NY became ctr of ​finance & commerce​ (goods) - largest city
■ 1900: Chicago was 2nd largest city
● Cleveland, OH - led ​oil​ refining
● Pittsburgh - leader of production of ​iron & steel
● Law - Constitution’s ​Commerce Clause​ made U.S. area of commerce
○ Constitution protests​ patents​ - encouraging invention & innovation
■ High Tariffs on steel gave land grants to railroads
● Put Native Americans on reservations
○ Foreigners invested capital & involved Americans in their economics (depression)
■ Investments in America were more profitable than ones in Europe
○ 1880 - majority of workforce had non-farming occupations
○ 1890 - ⅔ Americans worked for wages (no farming/own business)
Railroads
● 19th century success: due to railroads
○ Increased commerce & linked the American markets - national brands resulted
○ Gave U.S. “time zones”
■ Easier for railroad cos. to make shipping & passenger transport standard
○ 1st modern corporations - had many employers - publicly traded corporations
○ Funding of the railroads - sold shares that could be sold to the public
○ Symbolic of partnership b/t national gov. & industry
■ Transcontinental Railroad​ couldn’t have existed w/out gov. assistance
The Robber Barons
● Industrial capitalists were both the heroes & villains of the time
○ Usually started out poor - ways of getting wealthy were unjust/not fair
● Drove competitors out of business
○ Cared little for their workers
■ Cornelius Vanderbilt​ - fortune via ferries & shipping, later railroads
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John D. Rockefeller​ - richest man in the world ever in history
○ Late 1800s: Many rivals - controlled majority of oil industry, drove prices up
Vertical & Horizontal Integration
● Robber barons​ made pools/trusts controlled prices & took away/limited competition
○ Overtime competition reduces prices & profit
● Vertical Integration​ - firms/cos. bought all aspects of production process
○ Raw materials, production, transportation, & distribution
● Horizontal Integration​ - big firms buy up small ones
● J.P. Morgan​ - created U.S. Steel & artwork
The workers and the unions
● Dropped prices (due to competition) raised standard of living for the average U.S. worker
○ Highest standard in the world - Job security
■ 1870s & 1890s: Also depressions hit the working poor the hardest
● Workers worked 60 hrs. per week w/our pension or injury compensation
○ Highest rate of industrial injuries in the world - 35,000 people died at work per yr.
■ Led to mostly local & sometimes national ​unions
● 1st national union - ​Knights of Labor​ led by ​Terence V. Powderly
○ Allowed unskilled, black, & female workers
○ 1886: Fell apart after ​Haymarket Riot
● During strike against McCormick Harvesting Co. - policeman killed 1 of the strikers
○ Rally in Chicago (Haymarket Square) - bomb killed 7 police officers
■ In response - police killed 4 people
○ Union associated w/ violence - 1902: 0 members
○ Organized labor reintroduced by ​American Federation of Labor​ - moderate
■ Focused on pay, hrs., safety
○ 1886: founded (same yr. As ​Haymarket Riot​) - members increased rapidly
Social Darwinism
● Social Darwinists ​- argued the theory of survival of the fittest should be used w/ people
○ Corporations were people - big companies had nothing to fear
● This theory helped argue that govs. shouldn’t control business/pass laws to help the poor
○ Assured rich that poor were unwealthy bc of a evolutionary flaw
■ Calmed the rich’s minds
Unions Continued
● Unions continued to grow in pop. & fought for better conditions (sometimes violent)
○ Homestead Steel Strike of 1892 &
​ ​Pullman Rail Strike of 1894
■ Strikers killed/property destroyed
● Unions wanted U.S. to picture freedom broadly - equal economic system
● 150 yrs. ago modern corps. began to form/American industry drove global econ.
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Unit 8: 368-389, 402-406
The Secession Crisis
● “Southern Nationalism” (368)
○ Win of ​Lincoln​ - Southern militant leaders began to demand an end to the Union
The Withdrawal of the South
● Establishment of the Confederacy
○ December 20, 1860: SC held a special convention & voted - SC withdrew 1st
○ 1860: by ​Lincoln​’s elec. 7 states - SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, & TX left the Union
● The seceding (formally withdrawing) states took over fed. property (forts, arsenals, etc.)
○ Didn’t have military power to seize 2 offshore military locations - ​Fort Sumter​ (SC) &
Fort Pickens ​(FL)
■ Sumter under protection of ​Major Robert Anderson
○ SC sends reps. to Washington & asks for surrender of Sumter
■ Buchanan ​refuses
● 1861: Orders an unarmed merchant ship to Sumter w/ supplies
■ Confederates fired at this ship - (​first shots​) - Washington wants compromi
The Failure of Compromise (368)
● Crittenden Compromise
○ Compromise forces agree w/ ​Senator John J. Crittenden​ (KY)
■ Several constitutional amendments - permanent existence of slavery
■ Would agree to S demands in regards to fugitive laws & slavery in DC
■ Proposal to re-establish ​Missouri Comp. ​line - slavery legal S, illegal N
● Southerners in Senate agreed, not Republicans
○ Bc slavery would not be allowed to expand
● Lincoln​’s election - nothing was resolved
○ Inaugural address - no state can leave Union, otherwise considered revolting
■ Gov. would possess federal property in seceded states (withdrawn) (Sumt.)
Fort Sumter (368-370)
● Fort Sumter​ - Union was running out of supplies
○ Lincoln ​believed surrendering would collapse the Union
○ Sent expedition to fort, informed SC authorities that troops wouldn’t be sent
● The War Begins (370)
○ Allowing the expedition to land would seem the Confederates were submissive
■ Firing at the ships would be seen as aggression to the North
○ Confederates hired ​General P.G.T. Beauregard​ commander of Confederate forces in
Charleston - if necessary to seize ​Fort Sumter​ by force
■ Anderson​ refused to surren. the fort
■ April 12-13th, 1861: Confederates attacked for 2 days
● April 14, 1861: ​Anderson​ (Union) surrenders
● Civil War begins & ​Lincoln​ begins preparing North for war (370)
○ 4 other slave states withdrew from the Union & joined Confederacy
■ VA, AK, TN, & NC
■ 4 remaining slaves states - MD, DE, KY, MS went with Union
● Actions to prevent the ​Civil War
○ Northern leaders could have decided to let South withdraw peacefully
○ 1861: Clear that N & S had risen to point that existing in Union wasn’t realistic
● Both regions realized they couldn’t live in peace - incompatible - (370)
● This incompatibility was believed to lead to split and then war (370)
The Opposing Sides (370-371)
● Union Advantages - Pop. of North more than twice the South’s pop. (370)
■ Four times as large as the white (non-slave) pop. of the South
■ Greater armies and work force
○ 1862: Able to manufacture its own war materials - Advanced Industrial System
■ South relied on European imports
● North had better transportation - more railroads/better system
○ 1864: Confederate railroad had almost collapsed
● Southern Advantages - South was fighting a defensive war (370-371)
○ North dealt w/ hard communication, lack of local support, access to bad transport.
■ Commitment of white S pop. was firm - N opinion was kind of divided
○ A Southern win could be deciding factor to North’s surrender
○ Southerners thought dependence of GB & France on textiles of US cotton would make
them allie w/ ​Confederacy​ (South)
The Mobilization of the North
● North - in disagreement/frustration about war, whiles also giving growth to indus. & agri.
Economic Measures (371-374)
● Republican Economic Policy
○ Southern forces were gone from Congress - Repub. Party could use its authority
■ Created nationalistic program promoting econ. develop. mostly Westward
○ Homestead Act of 1862​ - any citizen to claim 160 acres of public land purchased at a
small amount of $ after living on it for ​5 years
○ Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862​ - gave public land to state govs. to sell & use profit for
financing public education - many new state colleges (land-grant instit.)
○ Congress passed tariff bills creating rise in domestic industries (protection from foreign
competition)
● Transcontinental Railroad (374)
○ 2 federally chartered corps - ​Union Pacific Railroad Co. ​&​ Central Pacific Co.
■ Gov. provided good amount of loans & free land to the cos.
● 1863-1864 National Bank Acts (374)
○ Created new banking system - new banks could join if they had enough capital &
invested ⅓ of capital in gov. Securities
■ Exchange for - could issue U.S. treasury notes as currency - ​uniform sys.
● Financing the War - controversial
○ Levying (imposing) Taxes - new taxes on almost all goods & services
■ 1861: gov. gave 1st income tax
○ Issuing paper currency - aka “​greenbacks​” backed by good faith (not gold/silver)
■ Valued changed based on fortunes of N armies - fluctuated - used rarely ● Borrowing - largest source for financing war was loaning from Americans (374)
○ Treasury persuade citizens to buy over $400 million worth of bonds
■ Mass financing for war - loans came from banks/large financial interests
Raising the Union Armies (374-375)
During ​Civil War​ over 2 million men served in the Union
○ 1861: vry little army - used to protect the West (white settlers from Natives)
■ Union & Confederacy had to make an army from scratch
● Lincoln​ called for increase of 23,000 army, most were volunteers
○ July, 1861: Congress enlisted 500,000 volunteers - not enough followed through
■ March, 1863: Congress had to pass a national draft law - young adult male
● Could get out of it - find a replacement/pay $300
● Draft Riots (375)
○ Laborers, immigrants, & democrats opposed to the war, didn’t want to enlist
■ July, 1883: ​NYC anti-draft people protested​ for 4 days - over 100 died
○ Irish workers led the violence - blamed blacks for start of the War
■ Thought blacks were competing for white jobs - burned black homes/businesses,
orphanage - fed. troops quieted the rioters
Wartime Politics (375-376)
● When ​Lincoln​ came to DC. many viewed him as inexperienced, a pushover
○ Lincoln quickly took authority by creating a cabinet w/ Repub. Variety
■ Sent troops into battle w/out asking Congress for a ​declaration of war
■ Increased the size of a regular army w/out asking for permission
■ Announced a naval blockade on the South’
● Wartime Repression - Extreme opposition to the war - ​Peace Democrats
○ Lincoln​ suppressed protests - military arrests of civilian protesters
■ Over 13,000 were arrested
○ Lincoln ignored T
​ aney​’s command to release an imprisoned leader
● 1864 Presidential Election: occurred in a controversial timeframe (376)
○ 1862: republicans lost a lot in the congressional elections
○ Union Party nominated Lincoln for another term
● Democrats nominate former Union General ​George B. McClellan ​who disapproved of the war,
wanted a truce - depended on Union failure & people becoming weary of the war
● 1864 Election (376)
○ Northern victories occurred - capture of Atlanta, GA
■ Northern & Republican morale was boosted - ​Lincoln won reelection
The Politics of Emancipation (376-377)
● Repub. Radicals wanted war to abolish slavery immediately & completely
○ Conservatives wanted a slow, gradual end not an extreme end to slavery (Lincoln)
● Confiscation Acts
○ Previously Lincoln viewed liberation cautiously
○ 1861: ​Confiscation Act​ declared all slaves captured by Union to be freed
■ 1862: abolishment of slavery in D.C. & Western territories
■ 1862: radicals pushed for 2nd compensation act - slaves were free of owners who
supported war - slaves/free blacks could join army
● Emancipation Proclamation (376)
○ Victory at Antietam - prompted Lincoln to declare all slaves in Confederacy free
■ Jan. 1, 1863: ​Lincoln​ formally agreed to ​Emancipation Proclamation
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Although the proclamation only applied to slaves under Confederate Control
○ Showed Union wanted to be preserved & slavery was to be eliminated
○ 1865: Final step of abolishment - Congress approved ​13th Amendment
■ Abolished slavery as an institution throughout the U.S.
African Americans and the Union Cause(377)
● 186,000 free blacks served as workers, soldiers, sailors for the Union
● Black Enlistment - 1st months of Civil War - blacks were not allowed to enlist in military
○ Black regiments (military groups) emerged in Union occupied areas
○ Emancipation Proclamation led to a major increase in black enlistment
● Some organized into fighting units - ​Fifty-fourth MA infantry
○ Most black regiments had white commanders
● Mistreatment of Black Soldiers
○ Assigned small tasks behind the major fighting lines (digging trenches, water, etc)
■ Died from disease -worked long hours in bad conditions (death rate was higher)
■ Black soldiers paid ⅓ less than white soldiers
■ Black soldiers taken prisoner by South were brought back to their master
The War and Economic Development (377-378)
● Industrialization was advanced in the N from the start of the war - war cut industrial growth in
some areas by cutting manufacturers off from Southern markets
● War also sped economic development in the N - result of dominating Repub. Party
○ Coal production increased, railroads improved (standard track width)
■ Farmers increased use of mechanization of agriculture
● Hard Times for Workers (378)
○ Wages were lowered & lack of skilled workers
■ Result of increase in immigrants - opening of cheaper/low paying jobs
● Unions resulted
Women, Nursing, and the War (378-379)
● U.S. Sanitary Commision (378)
○ Women took over positions that were abandoned by men
■ Women entered nursing
● Field previously dominated by men - ​U.S. Sanitary Commission​ led by ​Dorothea Dix ​recruited
female nurses to work in hospitals - end of war - women dominated nursing
● Traditional Gender Roles Reinforced (378)
○ Females resisted by male doctors - “women were too weak, shouldn’t be seeing men who
were strangers”
○ Sanitary commission responded w/ saying nursing was appropriate maternal roles
● Women found the war liberating - an opportunity for supporting feminist foals
○ 1863: ​Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony​ founded ​National Woman’s
Loyal League​ - abolishing slavery/suffrage for women (vote
○ Clara Barton ​- important figure in nursing & was active in war
● Nursing and Medicine - treatment of wounded soldiers during the war (379)
○ U.S. Sanitary Commission​ gave medicine & supplies to field hospitals
■ Spread ideas of sanitation in hospitals/clinics
■ Death via disease decreased in Civil War
The Confederate Government (379)
● Confed. Constitution acknowledge authority of individual states & approved slavery
● President - ​Jefferson Davis​ (MI) & Vice President - ​Alexander H. Stephens ​(GA)
○ Confed. gov. was led by moderate leaders (not vry supportive of secession)
● Davis’s Leadership - Davis was unsuccessful
○ Didn’t provide national leadership
● Southern Divisions - no formal political parties in Confed. but still division
○ Some white Southerners disagreed w/ secession & war in general
○ Poorer whites didn’t recognize new Confed. gov. (little slavery there)
■ Didn’t serve in Confed. Army
○ Confed. Econ. was vry bad
Money and Manpower (379-382)
● Financing Confed. war was vry hard (379)
○ Used ineffective national revenue system (taxes) w/ a ​unstable​ bank system
○ Most wealth was invested in slaves & land
● Funding Problems
○ Most states were unwilling to tax their citizens
■ 1863: Congress issued an income tax but didn’t bring in a lot of revenue
○ Borrowing also didn’t work since bonds were a lot of $ & people stopped buying
■ Borrowing money from Europe using cotton as loan also didn’t work
● Confed.​ had to pay for war via unstable paper money (380)
○ 1861: Began issuing paper money & by 1864: had produced too much
■ Didn’t establish a uniform currency system - hyperinflation (9,000%)
● Raising the Confederate Army
○ 1st recruited people through calling for volunteers - 1861: enlistments declined
■ April, 1862: Congress created a ​Conscription Act​ where all young white males
could be recruited for 3 yrs. military service
● Draftee ($) or substitute could avoid the draft
■ 1863: Major opposition to this act, repealed - rich planters were exempted
● 1862: 500,000 in military - Draft worked ok (381)
○ Overall 900,000 not including slaves/women served in Confed. military
■ Post-1862: Draft ceased to provide men
● Manpower Shortages
○ 1864: major shortage of military - old & young men began to be drafted
■ 1864-1865: 100,000 abandonments - Many lost loyalty
○ Congress authorized draftment of 300,000 slaves - war ended b4 this happened
States’ Rights versus Centralization (382)
● Greatest division in South was doctrine of states’ rights
○ Southerners resisted national authority
■ Davis ​wasn’t able to impose martial law or suspend habeas corpus
● Some governors tried to keep troops separated from Confed. Ones
● Centralization - Confed. gov. centralized power in the south (382)
○ End of war - Southern gov. was larger than Union’s
○ Experimented w/ ​food draft​ - soldiers fed themselves by taking crops from farms
○ Gov. took/used slaves to work on military projects
○ Confederacy took control of railroads & shipping - regulated industry
Economic and Social Effects of the War (382-383)
● War devastated the South’s econ. - Southern planters were cut off from the North
○ Difficult to sell cotton overseas
○ Northern production increased - in the South it declined by ⅓
● Fighting ruined Southern econ. - major battles occurred in the S (382)
○ Railroad system & farmland were destroyed
● Economic Woes (382)
○ When Northern naval blockade​ was set South experienced major supply shortages
■ Exported most crops - didn’t grow enough to support itself
○ White males were gone to war - farms failed
■ Doctors left for the military - communities didn’t have health care
■ Craftsmen were also unavailable
● Instability led to ​food riots ​- violent/some led by women (382)
○ Resistance to draft, food draft/stealing, & taxation led to hoarding & black-market
● New Roles for women - men left plantations to fight - task fell on women
○ Slaveowners’ wives were responsible for managing large slave work forces
■ Modest farmer’s wives learned to plow/harvest
○ Women worked as teachers, gov. agencies, hospitals, temporary nursing facilities
● 1860s: Women’s experience led to questioning of gender roles (383)
○ Male population was significantly decreased - unbalance of genders
■ Widowed/unmarried women had to find employment
● Lives of slaves - Confeds. were more scared of slave revolts (383)
○ Slave codes/laws were enforced
■ Slaves found ways to escape & cross to Union lines
■ Easier to resist authority - original masters were usually gone
The Commanders (384-386)
● Lincoln’s Leadership - most important Union military commander (384)
○ Took advantage of North’s material advantages
○ Goal of his armies was destruction of Confederate armies/not to occupy S
○ Hard to find good generals
■ 1863-1864: ​Lincoln​ tried to find chief of staff able of leading Union war
● Hired many that didn’t work out-mostly didn’t have a chief of staff
■ Mar, 1864: Chose ​Ulysses S. Grant​ whom he trusted
● Lincoln & Grant’s Handling of war was closely examined/criticised by the ​Committee on the
Conduct of the War ​- 2 houses of Congress, formulated powerful war policies
○ Dec., 1861: Committee was Created & complained about by Northern generals
● Robert E. Lee ​- ​Davis​’s principal military adviser (385)
○ Davis​ - was a formally trained soldier, didn’t create an effective command system
○ Davis didn’t share control of strategy - planned when ​Lee​ was in VA
1864: appointed​ Gen. Braxton Bragg ​as a military adviser
■ Just provided technical advice
○ Feb., 1865: Confed. Congress created formal position of general in chief - ​Lee
■ Davis​ still made all “basic decisions”
● Professional officers on both sides were graduates of ​U.S. Military Academy at West Point​ &
U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis​ - trained in similar ways/knew each other
○ Most successful saw past their academic training - pictured a new warfare
■ Destruction of resources was vry important
● Inexperienced officers were important to both armies - commanders/regiments (386)
○ Usually economic/social leaders in their communities who rounded up troops
■ Occasionally produced effective troops/officers of real ability
The Role of Sea Power (386-387)
● Union had advantage in naval power (386)
○ Apr. 19, 1861: Enforced Southern coastal blockade
○ Assisted Union armies in field operations
● The Union Blockade - U.S. Navy could generally keep ships from entering Confed. Ports
○ 1865: After some ships snuck through - Union took all ports under their control
● Ironclads (386-387)
○ Confeds. tried to break blockade w/ new weapons - ​Ironclad warship
■ VA incident - 2 ships destroyed & scattered more ​Virginia was its name
■ Union had already built ironclads
○ 2 days later ​Monitor (Union Ironclad) met ​Virginia in 1st battle b/t Ironclad ships
■ Preserved the blockade
○ Confed. also experimented w/ torpedo boats, submarines, etc but never outdid N
● In the midwest rivers were available which the Union could navigate-S had no navy (387)
Europe and the Disunited States (387-388)
● At the beginning of the war - ​GB​ & ​France​ sided w/ the Confed.
○ Imported cotton - for their textile industries
○ Wanted to weaken the ever-growing United States
○ FR didn’t want to pick side until GB did - GB was reluctant bc of Union support
■ GB sympathy for North was increasing especially after ​Emancipation
● King Cotton Diplomacy (387)
○ South wanted to oppose strength of GB antislavery by arguing necessity of cotton
■ “​King Cotton Diplomacy​” was a failure
● GB could exist w/ temporary loss of cotton
■ When cotton supply weakened - GB & FR used ​Egypt & India
■ GB textile workers that were laid off continued to show support for North
○ South never came close enough to winning to convince potential allies to support
● Tensions b/t U.S. & GB (387)
○ GB declared itself neutral, followed by FR & other nations
■ Union was frustrated - neutrality said “both sides of conflict were equal”
● Trent Affair (387-388)
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1861: ​Trent Affair​ began - 2 Confed. diplomats - ​James M. Madison ​& ​John Slidell
went through Union blockade to ​Havana, Cuba​ - boarded GB ship to GB
■ American ship was in Cuba - stopped GB steamer
● Arrested the 2 diplomats & brought them to Boston
● GB gov. demanded release, $, & apology-violation of ​maritime law
■ Lincoln​ didn’t want to risk war w/ GB - dips. released w/ indirect apology
○ Confederacy bought 6 ships - “commerce destroyers” from GB shipyards
■ U.S. protested this sale of equipment bc it violated ​laws of neutrality
The American West and the War (388)
● Western territories were removed from major fighting (388)
● TX joined confederacy but otherwise Western states/territories remained loyal to Union
● Guerrilla War in the West - fighting in KN & MS
○ OH native - ​William C. Quantrill​ became a Confed. captain
■ Organized group of guerilla fighters (mostly teen boys) - destroyed areas around
KN-MS border - killed almost everyone they saw in their path
● Siege of Lawrence, KN - killed ​150 innocent civilians
○ Union troops in KN organized ​Jayhawkers​ slightly less violent - looked for revenge
against ​Quantrill​’s people - 1 was under control of ​John Brown
● At beginning of war Confends. tried allying w/ ​Five Civilized Tribes​ in Indian Terr (OK)
○ Native Americans were divided - Southern support bc of “bad Union/US gov.”
■ Some tribal leaders were slave holders
○ Others supported North bc they didn’t like slavery in the South/their own nation
● Civil War​ within Indian Territory resulted
The Course of Battle (388)
● High Casualties - 618,000 more than any war in American history
The Technology of Battle (388-389)
● Repeating Weapons
○ 1835: ​Samuel Colt​ invented the ​repeating pistol​ (the revolver)
○ 1860: ​Oliver Winchester​ invented the important for military - ​repeating rifle
○ Improved ​cannons​ & ​artillery​ - result of advancement in iron & steel
● This type of fighting produced more casualties - battlefield chaotic
○ 1st time in history that infantry didn’t fight in formation due to auto-weapons
■ New weapons encouraged fortifications & trenches for extra-protection
● Inventions used - hot-air balloons, ​ironclad ships​, torpedoes, & submarine tech. (389)
● Importance of the Railroad - millions of soldiers mobilized & transferred (389)
○ Needed to transport soldiers & supplies
○ Although trains limited mobility - location of railroads was important for battles
● The Telegraph
○ Limited use - hard to find qualified telegraph operators & wires had to be brought
■ U.S. Military Telegraph Corps​ trained & hired over 1,000 operators
○ Union & Confed. learned how 2 string telegraph wires along routes of their troops
■ N & S sent spies on enemy lines who would use telegraphs to message
The Aftermath of War and Emancipation (402-403)
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The Devastated South - econ. destroyed (no slaves), rebuilding families w/out males
Myth of the “Lost Cause” (402)
○ More than 20% of adult, white, male pop. had died & many were wounded/sick
■ Late 1860s: ritualized mourning throughout S (mainly women) for 2 yrs.
○ Southerners ‘romanticized’ the ​“Lost Cause​” & its leaders
■ Confed. heroes were revered - communities built many monuments
● Conditions were worse for Southern Blacks (403)
○ 4 million were freed - left plantations & had nowhere to go, searched for relatives
● 1865: Southern society was chaotic & sad - ​blacks & whites faced future of uncertainty
Competing Notions of Freedom (403-404)
● African Americans - freedom meant end to slavery, injustices, & humiliation (403)
○ Wanted to get rights & protections - allowing them to live free
● Freedom for Ex-Slaves (403)
○ Some blacks wanted redistribution of economic resources - land
○ Others wanted legal equality
○ All wanted ​independence from white control​ - created black communities
● Freedom for white Southerners meant ability to control future w/out interference from N/fed. gov.
- tried restoring society to its pre-war status - white supremacy (403)
○ White planters kept black workers legally tied to plantations -white supremacy
● The Freedman’s Bureau (404)
○ March 1865: Congress created ​Freedmen’s Bureau ​- gave food to former slaves
■ Directed by ​General Oliver O. Howard​ (troops were in S to make peace)
○ Also established schools staffed by missionaries & teachers
○ Tried to get African-Americans their own land
○ Also tried to help free blacks
○ Had to work fast - only had 1 yr. to operate
Issues of Reconstruction (404)
● Dems. were divided after Repub. victories in 1860 & 1864
○ Including the S in the Union would reunite Dems. but weaken the Repub. Party
○ Repub. took advantage of S’s absence by passing nationalistic legislations
■ Benefitted Northern business leaders & industrialists
● If Dems. got power this work would be in danger
○ Northerners also believed the S should be punished & urbanized
● Conservative and Radical Republicans - disagreement among reconstruction with Repub.
○ Conservations - S should accept abolishment of slavery & there should be a few
conditions for readmitting seceded states (​Lincoln​)
○ Radicals - military leaders of Confed. should be punished, take away rights of some
Southern whites to vote, legal rights of blacks protected, property of wealthy white
Southerners that aided Confed. be taken away & redistributed
Plans for Reconstruction
● Lincoln​ believed Southern Unionists could be the center of loyal S state govs. (404)
○ Uninterested in the fate of the freedmen (former-slaves)
● Lincoln’s 10% Plan - December 1863: ​Lincoln’s Reconstruction p​ lan is announced
Offered pardoning to ​white Southerners​ - who pledged loyalty to gov. & accept no
slavery
○ 1860: When 10% of the voters took oath those voters could set up a state gov.
● Wade-Davis Bill​ (405)
○ Jul., 1864: Passed by Congress, created by Radical Repubs. - vetoed by ​Lincoln
■ Radical leaders were angry - Lincoln realized he had to agree w/ some
The Death of Lincoln - died among family, friends, & political associates (405)
● Apr. 14, 1865: ​Lincoln ​& his wife attended a play
○ Assassinated by ​John Wilkes Booth​ - obsessed w/ Southern cause
■ Northerners thought it was a conspiracy
Johnson and “Restoration” (405-406)
● Andrew Johnson​’s Personality - Leadership fell to ​Andrew Johnson​ - not well suited
○ Disliked slaves - didn’t support their rights
● Reconstruction Plan - parts of L
​ incoln​’s plan (oath) & parts of Wade-Davis Bill
● Northern Attitudes Harden (406)
○ 1865: Seceded states formed new govs.
■ Radical Repubs. didn’t recognize ​Andrew Johnson​’s govs.
● Disliked the South even more
Abraham Lincoln
Ulysses S. Grant
U.S. Sanitary Commission
Jefferson Davis
Robert E. Lee
Emancipation Proclamation
Wade-Davis Bill
John Wilkes Booth
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