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CHAPTER
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Note Taking Study Guide
4
RESOURCES, STRATEGIES, AND EARLY BATTLES
SECTION 1
Focus Question: How did each side’s resources and strategies affect the
early battles of the war?
A. As you read, use the table below to note the advantages of the North and the South
at the beginning of the war.
Wartime Advantages
Union
Confederacy
• Population
• Strong military tradition
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Closer to battlefields
•
• Established government
•
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Name
CHAPTER
4
SECTION 1
Class
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
RESOURCES, STRATEGIES, AND EARLY BATTLES
Focus Question: How did each side’s resources and strategies affect the
early battles of the war?
1861
July
Bull Run/Manassas
1862
April
Battle of
Shiloh
August
Second Battle of
Bull Run
1863
B. Use the timeline below to note how the fighting developed during the early years
of the Civil War.
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Name
Class
CHAPTER
4
SECTION 1
READING CHECK
What was the Anaconda Plan?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word thereby
mean in the underlined
sentence? Circle any words or
phrases in the paragraph that
help you figure out what thereby
means.
READING SKILL
Categorize Which side had
physical advantages? Which side
had psychological advantages?
Date
Section Summary
RESOURCES, STRATEGIES, AND EARLY BATTLES
At the beginning of the Civil War, the Union had many advantages. It had a larger population and was better prepared for
war. Most of the nation’s mines were in the Union. The Union
also had a large railroad network and an effective navy. The
South had no navy at all. The South was vulnerable to a naval
blockade in which Union ships prevented merchant vessels
from entering or leaving the South's few good ports, thereby
crippling southern trade. The Confederacy had a psychological
advantage. It was fighting for survival. The South had a strong
military tradition and fine leaders. One of them was Robert E.
Lee, who became commander of the Confederate army. The
Confederacy also had a number of strategic advantages.
According to the Anaconda Plan, Union forces would
blockade southern ports and take control of the Mississippi
River. This would split the Confederacy in two. The Union
faced the problem of keeping Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware,
and Maryland in the Union. These border states allowed slavery but had not seceded. The Confederacy wanted to preserve
its small armies, yet destroy the Union’s will to fight.
In July 1861, Union and Confederate troops fought at Bull
Run, Virginia. Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson refused to
yield and won the battle. He earned the nickname Stonewall
Jackson. Lincoln replaced the Union general with General
George B. McClellan. Meanwhile, General Ulysses S. Grant led
the Mississippi Valley wing of the Anaconda Plan. Union ships
under David Farragut seized the port of New Orleans,
Louisiana. Both Farragut and Grant aimed for the Confederate
stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Major fighting in the East focused on Virginia. In March
1862, a notable naval battle took place between two ironclad
warships, the Virginia and the Monitor. It signaled the beginning of the end of wooden warships.
Review Questions
1. What were the border states?
2. What was significant about the naval battle between the
Virginia and the Monitor?
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88
Name
Class
CHAPTER
4
SECTION 2
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE WAR
Focus Question: How did the Emancipation Proclamation and the efforts
of African American soldiers affect the course of the war?
As you read, use the outline below to record details about African Americans during
the war.
I. The Push Toward Emancipation
A. Enslaved African Americans Seek Refuge
1. Enslaved people come under Union control.
2.
B.
1.
2.
C. Battle of Antietam
1.
2.
II. Emancipation at Last
A.
1.
2.
B. Effects of the Emancipation Proclamation
1.
2.
3.
III. African Americans Join the Fight
A.
1.
2.
B. African American Soldiers Do Battle
1.
2.
C.
1.
2.
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89
Name
Class
CHAPTER
4
SECTION 2
READING CHECK
What was the Militia Act?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word ally mean in
the underlined sentence? Circle
any words or phrases in the
paragraph that help you figure
out what ally means.
READING SKILL
Identify Supporting Details
What were the actual effects of
the Emancipation Proclamation?
Date
Section Summary
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE WAR
During the war, Union officers had to decide what to do with
enslaved African Americans who came under their control.
One general considered them contraband. Contraband is captured war supplies. Another declared that they were free.
Lincoln reversed that order, fearing retaliation from the border
states. Lincoln secretly began working on a plan to free
enslaved African Americans living in Confederate states.
Confederate General Lee invaded Maryland. The attack did
not go according to plan. On September 8, Lee issued the
“Proclamation to the People of Maryland,” which invited them
to ally themselves with the South. The proclamation failed and
Lee was forced to retreat.
On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation. It stated that all slaves in states that had rebelled
against the United States would be forever free. His decree
did not apply to loyal border states. The Emancipation
Proclamation did not actually free a single slave. However, it
was an important turning point in the war. For northerners, it
redefined the war as being “about slavery.” For southerners, it
stopped any chance for a negotiated end to the war.
At the start of the war, many African Americans in the
North were eager to fight but had been turned down. Federal
law kept African Americans from joining the army. In the
summer of 1862, Congress passed the Militia Act. It ordered
that black soldiers be accepted into the military. After the
Emancipation Proclamation, the Union began to actively
recruit black troops. The 54th Massachusetts Regiment was an
all-black company. African American troops distinguished
themselves on the battlefield. However, they still faced prejudice. If captured, they would be killed. Enslaved African
Americans in the South also played an important role in the
war. They often found ways to help Union forces.
Review Questions
1. What was the Emancipation Proclamation supposed to do?
2. How did African Americans contribute to the war effort?
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CHAPTER
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SECTION 3
Class
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
LIFE DURING THE WAR
Focus Question: How did the Civil War bring temporary and lasting
changes to American society?
•
•
• Suspend habeas corpus
•
• Copperheads
•
•
•
• Inflation
•
•
•
•
• “Blockade runners” to
deliver supplies
• Conscription to provide
soldiers
• Income tax to pay for the
war
North
South
Note the similarities and differences between the northern and southern home fronts
during the war.
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Class
CHAPTER
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SECTION 3
READING CHECK
What was the Homestead Act?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word faction
mean in the underlined
sentence? Circle any words or
phrases in the paragraph that
help you figure out what faction
means.
READING SKILL
Compare and Contrast How did
the North and the South raise
money for the war effort?
Date
Section Summary
LIFE DURING THE WAR
The war had a huge impact on northern industry. As demand
for supplies spiked, industry became more mechanized. To
help pay for the war, the government introduced an income
tax of 3 percent on all income over $800 a year. The Union also
raised tariffs and issued paper money. The biggest source of
wartime funds came from the sale of bonds.
In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act. It made western land available at very low cost to those who would farm it.
In 1863, the Union instituted conscription, or the draft. Under
this system, any white man between the ages of 20 and 45
could be called for military service. Many groups of northerners opposed the war effort. A faction calling themselves “Peace
Democrats” called for an end to the war. Their opponents
dubbed them Copperheads, after a poisonous snake. Lincoln
suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus. That right
protects a person from being held in jail without being charged
with a specific crime.
The South’s economy seemed in danger of collapse due to
the Union blockade of southern ports. Agriculture was often
complicated by nearby military operations. Rivers and rail
lines were often blocked, making it hard to get food to market.
Like the Union, the Confederacy issued paper money, passed
conscription laws, seized private property, and suspended
habeas corpus.
Many families suffered divided loyalties. Members often
fought on different sides. New technology resulted in killing
on a scale never before seen in America. Camp life was dangerous because of poor drinking water and lack of sanitation.
Even worse were the prison camps. In both the North and the
South, the most notable military role for women was nursing.
In 1861, Clara Barton obtained permission to travel with army
ambulances to help care for the wounded.
Review Questions
1. What happened to northern industry during the Civil War?
2. What role did women play in the Civil War?
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CHAPTER
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SECTION 4
Class
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR
Focus Question: How did the Battles of Vicksburg and Gettysburg
change the course of the Civil War?
1863
Summer
Gettysburg; Vicksburg
1864
December
Savannah
1865
As you read, use the timeline below to trace how the tide of the war turned toward
Union victory.
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Name
Class
CHAPTER
4
SECTION 4
READING CHECK
Who replaced General
McClellan?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word successor
mean in the underlined
sentence? Circle any words or
phrases in the paragraph that
help you figure out what
successor means.
READING SKILL
Summarize What events
marked the major turning points
in the Civil War? Explain.
Date
Section Summary
TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR
In 1863, Grant cut Vicksburg, Mississippi, off from its source of
supply. Then, he placed it under siege. Constant gunfire and
lack of supplies weakened Vicksburg’s defenders. On July 4,
1863, the Confederate commander surrendered. This victory
completed the Anaconda Plan of cutting the South in half.
In the East, Lincoln replaced General McClellan. McClellan's
successor, General Ambrose Burnside, headed south, hoping to
win a decisive victory over the Army of Northern Virginia. In
December 1862, Lee defeated the Union commander in
Fredericksburg, Virginia. At Chancellorsville, Virginia, the
Confederates overwhelmed the Union army. Lee lost
Stonewall Jackson in the battle.
Lee wanted to win international support, demoralize the
Union, and force an end to the war. He decided to invade the
North. In June 1863, his army entered Pennsylvania. Under
General George Meade, Union forces met the Confederates on
July 1 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Battle of Gettysburg
raged for three days. On July 3, Confederate forces charged up
Cemetery Ridge, only to be mowed down. The Battle of
Gettysburg was over. On the field lay over 50,000 dead and
wounded. About half of these were Confederate. The South
had suffered a devastating defeat. In November 1863, Lincoln
came to the battlefield to dedicate a cemetery for the fallen soldiers. His Gettysburg Address described the United States as a
unified nation.
In early 1864, Lincoln placed Grant in charge of the entire
Union military effort. Grant used a strategy of total war. Part
of that strategy was illustrated by the campaign of William
Tecumseh Sherman. He cut a path of destruction in his march
across Georgia to the Atlantic. Sherman called the capture of
Savannah his Christmas present for Lincoln.
Review Questions
1. How did Grant win the Battle of Vicksburg?
2. What was important about the Gettysburg Address?
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SECTION 5
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Date
Note Taking Study Guide
THE WAR’S END AND IMPACT
Focus Question: What was the final outcome and impact of the Civil War?
A. As you read, use the flowchart below to note what happened during the final days
of the Civil War.
Grant lays siege to Petersburg.
Congress proposes Thirteenth Amendment.
Lincoln is assassinated.
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Class
CHAPTER
4
SECTION 5
Date
Note Taking Study Guide
THE WAR’S END AND IMPACT
Focus Question: What was the final outcome and impact of the Civil War?
B. Use the concept web below to identify the effects of the Civil War.
Regions increasingly
intertwined
Regions increasingly
intertwined
Effects of
the War
Economic boom
in the North
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SECTION 5
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Section Summary
THE WAR’S END AND IMPACT
By capturing Petersburg, Virginia, the Union would control all
supply lines into Richmond. As at Vicksburg, Grant used siege
tactics. Lee’s forces struck effective blows against the Union
troops. Both sides suffered tens of thousands of casualties. Lee
had no replacement troops in reserve, and southerners began
to talk of peace.
In February, a party led by the Confederate Vice President
met with Lincoln to discuss a feasible end to the war. However, these discussions produced no results. Congress had
proposed the Thirteenth Amendment, which would outlaw
slavery. The South was unwilling to accept a future without
slavery. On April 2, Lee ordered a retreat from Petersburg.
Richmond was also evacuated. On April 9, 1865, Lee formally
surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.
On April 14, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth
while attending a play at Ford’s Theater. His death had a deep
political impact. It united his northern supporters.
When the Civil War began, it was unclear who would win.
However, the North made use of its greater technological capability, larger population, and more abundant resources. The
South used up its resources. The North’s Anaconda Plan succeeded, and Lincoln’s steady leadership helped keep the
nation together.
More than 600,000 Americans were left dead after the war.
For the first time, ordinary citizens could see the carnage of the
battlefield through the photographs of Mathew Brady. The
southern landscape was in shambles. Many people were left
homeless and in shock. African Americans had suffered greatly,
but freedom promised them new opportunities. In the North,
the industrial boom that was caused by the war continued. In the
decades following the war, factories, banks, and cities became
more industrialized. Debates over states’ rights did not end with
the Civil War. Still, the war helped cement federal authority.
Review Questions
1. Why did the North win the Civil War?
2. How did the Civil War affect ordinary citizens in both the
North and the South?
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97
READING CHECK
What was the Thirteenth
Amendment?
VOCABULARY STRATEGY
What does the word feasible
mean in the underlined
sentence? Circle any words or
phrases in the paragraph that
help you figure out what feasible
means.
READING SKILL
Recognize Sequence What
effect did the Thirteenth
Amendment have on peace
talks?