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Download US History - Waldorf of the Peninsula
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RECONSTRUCTION The Different Plans Focus Questions for the Reconstruction Era What were the major issues at stakes in the political Reconstruction of the US? How did blacks and whites piece together their lives in the postwar South? Why did Reconstruction come to an end in the South? What national issues were resolved during Reconstruction? What national issues were not resolved during Reconstruction? WAR TIME PLANS Lincoln and the Congress Key to Lincoln’s Plan Lenient Heal not hurt. Quick Before the war ended if possible. Presidential Before the War Powers end. Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan - 1863 A state would be readmitted when 10% of the 1860 voter rolls (white males) swear an oath to the Union; No mention of black suffrage All property to all those who took oath returned. They establish a new government with a new state constitution; The new government provides for the education of all black children. When these conditions were met, they could be represented in Congress. Under War Powers Lincoln can admit or deny. Lincoln’s 10 Percent Plan - 1863 The new governments would run at the same time as the Confederate governments. They were called Radical Governments Lincoln felt that if a pocket of people start a new government (where Union troops occupy territory) then they might sway the rest of the populace. Three states met the new conditions before the end of the war: Louisiana, Tennessee and Arkansas Lincoln governments were established but not readmitted to the Union Congressional Plan – Wade-Davis Bill 1864 Majority of white male citizens must wear to an “Iron Clad” oath. Have never voluntarily bore arms against the US; Have given no aid, countenance, counsel or encouragement to persons in armed hostilities against US; Have not yielded voluntary support to any pretend government. Congressional Plan – Wade-Davis Bill 1864 All officers above Lt. and all officials in the Confederate government (including state governments) Would not be pardoned - may be tried for treason; Would be disenfranchised forever! States would be treated as conquered enemies. KEY LEGISLATION Lincoln and Congress cooperate and pass two key pieces of legislation The 1863 Emancipation Proclamation leads to the 13th Amendment. 13th Amendment approved by the Senate April 1864 and by the House in January 1865. Ratified by ¾ of all states by December 1865. Thirteenth Amendment Freedman’s Bureau Aids refugees - black and white. Delivers food, fuel and clothing to the destitute Monitors the conditions of the newly freed slaves Supervises legal contracts between ex-slaves and former owners Build Schools and provide medical services Manages confiscated and abandoned lands Freedman’s Bureau Freedman’s School Freedman’s Schools POST WAR PLANS Presidential and Congressional War Destruction Richmond Charleston Atlanta PRESIDENTAL Andrew Johnson Who is Andrew Johnson Jacksonian Democrat Only Southern Senator who did not secede Life long white supremacist Ardent states righter Lincoln appoints him governor of Eastern TN (occupied territory) Almost uniformly thought by historians as the worst President Johnson’s Plan – Lincoln lite Johnson thought Reconstruction was an executive responsibility. His slogan: “The Constitution as it is, the Union as it was.” “That portion that are loyal.” Pardons and restitution of property rights to all who swore an oath the US, except No pardon for those who owned more than $20K in property (plantar class). They must apply for a pardon directly to the President. President appoints provisional governors Provisional Governments Full of ex-Confederates and old Democrats States quickly began to pass Black Codes, also called Jim Crow Laws Slavery may have been abolished but the white Southerners were going to keep the newly freed slaves in their place socially, civically and economically. The codes were meant to directly obstruct the Freedman’s Bureau. Some southern legislators proudly wore their confederate uniforms in to Congress. CONGRESSIONAL The Radical Republicans The Radical Republican Reaction Joint Committee on Reconstruction –January 1866 Both Houses 12 Republicans, 3 Democrats Largest hearing to date in Congress. Treatment of blacks Level of loyalty and disloyalty to US (political attitudes) Gage support for Republican changes among the white population How was the Freedman’s Bureau doing? What was the need for troops and reinforcements? Conclusions of Committee “Madness” to let ex-Confederates run the new state governments. Johnson’s leniency was foolish and possibly illegal A series of safeguard legislation is necessary for the security of all in the South. Charles Sumner And Thaddeus Stevens Civil Rights Act – April 1866 The first statutory definition of the rights of citizenship. “That all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens, of every race and color…” Fourteenth Amendment What it settled: Defined citizenship and who holds it. Defined Congressional representation Which ex-Confederates would be disenfranchised. Repudiated Civil War debts of the South What it did not settle Extent of black male suffrage What is “equal protection of the laws”? How to reapportion the Congressional seats from the South? What about women? Most of the abolitionist/suffragettes left the issue of black suffrage to deal with the issue of women’s suffrage. Military Reconstruction Act, 1867 Tenure of Office Act Intended to restrict the powers of the President to remove certain office holders without Senate approval Johnson vs Edward Stanton Johnson Impeached
