Download Handbook Notes Ch. 16

Cornell Notes
Topic: Holt Handbook
Chapter 16: Spelling
Questions/ Main Idea
Good Spelling Habits
Spelling Rules
Adding prefixes
Adding suffixes
Details/Notes
1. Pronounce words correctly.
2. Spell by syllables
3. Use a dictionary
4. Keep a spelling notebook
5. Proofread for careless spelling errors
-ie and ei
• Write ie when the sound is long e, except after
c
• Write ei when the sound is not long e.
especially when the sound is long a
-cede, -ceed, and –sede
• In English, the only word ending is –sede is
supersede. The only words ending in –ceed
are exceed, proceed, and succeed. Most other
words with this sound end in –cede.
A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the
beginning of a word to create a different meaning
Examples:
dis+honest = dishonest
un+selfish = unselfish
• When adding a prefix to a word, do not change
the spelling of the word itself
A suffix is a letter or group or letters added to the
end of a word to create a different meaning
Examples:
stay+ing = staying
comfort+able = comfortable
walk+ed = walked
Forming the Plurals of
Nouns
• When adding the suffix –ly or –ness to a word,
do not change the spelling of the word itself
Example: slow+ly = slowly
• Drop the final silent e before adding a suffix
beginning with a vowel
Example: line+ing = lining
• Keep the final silent e before adding a suffix
beginning with a consonant
Example: hope+less = hopeless
• For words ending in y preceded by a consonant,
change the y to i before any suffix that does not
begin with i
Example: cry+ed = cried
• For words ending in y preceded by a vowel,
keep the y when adding a suffix
Example: pray+ing = praying
• Double the final consonant before adding a
suffix beginning with a vowel if the word (1)
has only one syllable and (2) ends in a single
consonant preceded by a single vowel.
Example: sit+ting = sitting
• To form the plurals of most nouns in English,
add s
Example:
Singular: pest isle opera
Plural:
pests isles operas
• For nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, or sh add es
Example:
Singular: gas
box
waltz
Plural:
gases boxes waltzes
• For nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel, add
s
• For nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant,
change the y to I and add es
• For some nouns ending in f or fe, add s. For
others, change the f or fe to v and add es
• For nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel,
add es
• For nouns ending in o receded by a consonant,
add es
• Some nouns have irregular plural forms
• For most compound nouns, form the plural of
the last word in the compound
• For compound nouns in which one of the
words is modified by the other word or words,
form the plural of the word modified
• For some nouns, the singular and the plural
forms are the same
• For numerals, letters, symbols, and words used
as words, add an apostrophe and s
Spelling Numbers
• Spell out a number that begins a sentence
• In a sentence, spell out numbers that can be
written in one or two words. Use numerals for
other numbers
Example:
Our school’s concert band has twenty-six
members.
The movie theater has 270 seats.
• Spell out numbers use to indicate order
Example: Nigel placed second in the race.
Words Often Confused People frequently confuse the words in each of the
following groups. Some of these are homonyms.
(see pages 380-391)
The pronunciation of homonyms are the same, but
their meanings and spellings are different. Others
have the same or similar spellings but have
different meanings.
- accept, except
REFLECTION/
SUMMARY
advice, advise
affect, effect
all ready, already
all right
alter, altar
all together, altogether
brake, break
capital, capitol
choose, chose
clothes, cloths
coarse, course
complement, compliment
consul, council, counsel
councilor, counselor
desert, desert, dessert
formally, formerly
hear, here
its, it’s
lead, led, lead
loose, lose
passed, past
peace, piece
plain, plane
principal, principle
quiet, quite
shone, shown
stationary, stationery
than, then
their, there, they’re
threw, through