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Diversity of Life - Domain IV Part A: Biological Classification By Deanne Erdmann, M.S. BioEd Online Why Do We Classify Organisms? Biologists group organisms to represent similarities and proposed relationships. Classification systems change with expanding knowledge about new and well-known organisms. BioEd Online Tacitus bellus www.BioEdOnline.org Classification and Phylogeny Binomial Nomenclature Hierarchical Classification Systematics: Evolutionary Classification Populus tremuloides Quaking Aspen BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Binomial Nomenclature Carolus von Linnaeus Two-word naming system Genus Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized Species Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized Carolus von Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish scientist who laid foundation for modern taxonomy BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Hierarchical Classification Taxonomic categories Kingdom King Phylum Philip Class Came Order Over Family For Genus Green Species Soup BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Kingdoms and Domains The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Plantae Fungi Animalia The traditional five-kingdom system Monera BioEd Online Protista www.BioEdOnline.org Systematics: Evolutionary Classification of Organisms Systematics is the study of the evolution of biological diversity, and combines data from the following areas. Fossil record Comparative homologies Cladistics Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms Molecular clocks BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Taxonomic Diagrams Mammals Turtles Lizards and Snakes Crocodiles Phylogenetic Tree BioEd Online Birds Mammals Turtles Lizards and Snakes Crocodiles Birds Cladogram www.BioEdOnline.org Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms Dichotomous keys versus evolutionary classification Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting descriptions. After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism. Example: 1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2 b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3 2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4 b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5 BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-motile, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic, no cell wall BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org The Kingdom Monera - Eubacteria Common name: Bacteria Unicellular prokaryotes No introns in genome Peptidogylcan in cell wall Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla Diverse nutrition and respiration Streptococcus mutans (can cause endocarditis and dental caries) Reproduce by binary fission, conjugation, transformation, and transduction BioEd Online Bacillus anthracis (spores can live in soil for years) www.BioEdOnline.org The Kingdom Monera - Archaebacteria Cell wall does not contain peptidogylcan Cell membrane contains unusual lipids not found in other organisms Genes are interrupted by introns Classified into three groups: Methanogens—poisoned by O2 Thermaphiles—live in extreme temps. Halophiles—live in high saline BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org The Kingdom Protista or Protoctista A classification problem Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms Autotrophic and heterotrophic Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia Entamoeba histolytica Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups Reproduce by mitosis and meiosis BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org The Kingdom Plantae Multicellular, non-motile, cell wall with cellulose, mostly autotrophic Plant life cycles Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota Plant Structures relate to plant needs Sunlight, water and minerals, gas exchange, Reproduce without water to transmit male gamete (in Angiosperms) Vascular tissue, roots, stems, leaves, seeds, flowers BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Major Groups of Plants Three traditional groupings: Bryophytes—nonvascular plants Pteridophytes — vascular, seedless plants Ginkgo biloba Seed plants Ginkgos are often very long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old. Gymnosperms Angiosperms BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org The Kingdom Animalia No cell wall Heterotrophic Motile Sexual reproduction Three distinct layers of tissues (except sponges) Multi-celled/specialized tissues and functions Distinct body plan BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Invertebrates and Vertebrates Animals Invertebrates 99% of the Animal Kingdom Absence of backbone Includes sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, worms, arthropods, and echinoderms Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis Notice the “false” white eye markings behind the head. Vertebrates Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage) Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Invertebrate Animals Sponges Cnidarians Worms Mollusks Arthropods Echinoderms Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum Txodes scapularis Deer tick BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Vertebrate Animals Chordates Fish Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey) Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon) Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals BioEd Online Ardea herodias Great Grey Heron www.BioEdOnline.org