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Diversity of Life - Domain IV
Part A:
Biological
Classification
By Deanne Erdmann, M.S.
BioEd Online
Why Do We Classify Organisms?
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Biologists group organisms to represent
similarities and proposed relationships.
Classification systems change with
expanding knowledge about new and
well-known organisms.
BioEd Online
Tacitus bellus
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Classification and Phylogeny
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Hierarchical Classification
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Systematics: Evolutionary Classification
Populus tremuloides
Quaking Aspen
BioEd Online
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Binomial Nomenclature
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Carolus von Linnaeus
Two-word naming system
„ Genus
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Noun, Capitalized,
Underlined or Italicized
Species
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Descriptive, Lower Case,
Underlined or Italicized
Carolus von Linnaeus
(1707-1778)
Swedish scientist who laid
foundation for modern
taxonomy
BioEd Online
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Hierarchical Classification
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Taxonomic categories
„ Kingdom
King
„ Phylum
Philip
„ Class
Came
„ Order
Over
„ Family
For
„ Genus
Green
„ Species
Soup
BioEd Online
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Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Monera
BioEd Online
Protista
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Systematics:
Evolutionary Classification of Organisms
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Systematics is the study of the evolution of biological
diversity, and combines data from the following areas.
„ Fossil record
„ Comparative homologies
„ Cladistics
„ Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among
organisms
„ Molecular clocks
BioEd Online
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Taxonomic Diagrams
Mammals
Turtles
Lizards and
Snakes
Crocodiles
Phylogenetic
Tree
BioEd Online
Birds
Mammals
Turtles
Lizards and
Snakes
Crocodiles
Birds
Cladogram
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Dichotomous Keys Identify Organisms
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Dichotomous keys versus evolutionary classification
Dichotomous keys contain pairs of contrasting
descriptions.
After each description, the key directs the user to
another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism.
Example:
1. a) Is the leaf simple? Go to 2
b) Is the leaf compound? Go to 3
2. a) Are margins of the leaf jagged? Go to 4
b) Are margins of the leaf smooth? Go to 5
BioEd Online
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Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms
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Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls
Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants,
or animals
Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts),
heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls
Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-motile,
autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose
Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile,
heterotrophic, no cell wall
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The Kingdom Monera - Eubacteria
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Common name: Bacteria
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Unicellular prokaryotes
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No introns in genome
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Peptidogylcan in cell wall
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Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla
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Diverse nutrition and respiration
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Streptococcus mutans
(can cause
endocarditis and
dental caries)
Reproduce by binary fission, conjugation,
transformation, and transduction
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Bacillus anthracis
(spores can live in
soil for years)
www.BioEdOnline.org
The Kingdom Monera - Archaebacteria
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Cell wall does not contain peptidogylcan
Cell membrane contains unusual lipids not found in
other organisms
Genes are interrupted by introns
Classified into three groups:
„ Methanogens—poisoned by O2
„ Thermaphiles—live in extreme temps.
„ Halophiles—live in high saline
BioEd Online
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The Kingdom Protista or Protoctista
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A classification problem
Unicellular, colonial, and
multicellular forms
Autotrophic and heterotrophic
Some move with flagella,
pseudopods or cilia
Entamoeba histolytica
Animal-like, plant-like and
fungus-like groups
Reproduce by mitosis and
meiosis
BioEd Online
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The Kingdom Plantae
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Multicellular, non-motile, cell wall with
cellulose, mostly autotrophic
Plant life cycles
Sunflowers in
Fargo, North Dakota
Plant Structures relate to plant needs
„ Sunlight, water and minerals, gas
exchange,
„ Reproduce without water to transmit
male gamete (in Angiosperms)
„ Vascular tissue, roots, stems, leaves,
seeds, flowers
BioEd Online
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Major Groups of Plants
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Three traditional groupings:
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Bryophytes—nonvascular plants
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Pteridophytes — vascular, seedless plants
Ginkgo biloba
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Seed plants
Ginkgos are often
very long-lived.
Some specimens are
thought to be more
than 3,500 years old.
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Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
BioEd Online
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The Kingdom Animalia
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No cell wall
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Heterotrophic
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Motile
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Sexual reproduction
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Three distinct layers of tissues
(except sponges)
Multi-celled/specialized tissues
and functions
Distinct body plan
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Invertebrates and Vertebrates Animals
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Invertebrates
„ 99% of the Animal Kingdom
„ Absence of backbone
„ Includes sponges, cnidarians,
mollusks, worms, arthropods, and
echinoderms
Asian ladybeetle
Harmonia axyridis
Notice the “false”
white eye markings
behind the head.
Vertebrates
„ Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage)
„ Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles,
birds, and mammals
BioEd Online
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Invertebrate Animals
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Sponges
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Cnidarians
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Worms
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Mollusks
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Arthropods
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Echinoderms
Hymenoptera
Dialictus zephrum
Txodes scapularis
Deer tick
BioEd Online
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Vertebrate Animals
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Chordates
Fish
„ Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey)
„ Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)
„ Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)
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Amphibians
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Reptiles
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Birds
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Mammals
BioEd Online
Ardea herodias
Great Grey Heron
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