Download 9B-Chapter 24 Review Worksheet—ANSWERS

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9B-Chapter 24 Review Worksheet—ANSWERS
Person, Place, Date, Term
Description
Dawes Plan
1). Provided $200 million loan from American banks to stabilize German currency
2). Set up more realistic schedule for reparation payments
Joseph Stalin
Totalitarian
Took over as Soviet Union’s leader after Vladimir Lenin died. Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a totalitarian
state (a country where the government has complete control). Stalin used the army and other police forces
(Brown Shirts) to crush all opposition.
Totalitarianism is a term used to describe when
a state or country regulates nearly every aspect
of public and private behavior.
maintain power through (secret
police and military using terror tactics)
Totalitarian regimes mobilize entire populations in support of the state and a political ideology, and do not tolerate activities by individuals or groups such
as labor unions, churches and political parties that are not directed toward the state's goals. They
themselves in
violence and oppression
widespread use of
as well as propaganda disseminated through the state-
controlled mass media, regulation and restriction of free discussion and criticism, and.
What are the characteristics of a totalitarian state?
Why did the new democracies set up after World War I fail?
Why did the US finally recognize the USSR?
Complete control over citizens and ruthless suppression of opposition.
A lack of democratic tradition, failure of the Treaty of Versailles and economic devastation.
Recognizing the growing threat that Japan posed, the US officially recognized the USSR in the hopes that the Soviets would help eliminate the military threat of the Japanese expansion.
Black Shirts
Mussolini’s police force who destroyed any opposition to Mussolini.
Fascism
Believed that a military-dominated government
should control all aspects of society.
Leader of
Nazi Party,
He wanted to build a German empire which led
him to start WWII.
Nazi storm troopers who destroyed all
opposition to Hitler
Third Reich (third Empire), used as a nearsynonym for Nazi Germany,
What factors led to the rise of Fascism in Italy?
Adolf Hitler
Berlin
Brown Shirts
Third Reich
Italians’ pride was hurt, rising inflation, unemployment, and social unrest.
won nearly 40 percent of the vote in national elections. Hitler became Chancellor of Germany the following year. Hitler’s government, called the Third Reich (the Third Empire), claimed dictatorial powers.
Nation Socialist Party, or
The capital of Hitler’s Third Reich. City where Hitler’s bunker was located.
is the English for the German expression Drittes Reich, literally Third Empire, but the second word is seldom translated. It refers to the government and its agencies rather than the land
What were the key ideas and goals that Hitler presented in Mein Kampf?
and its people.
TO reunite all German; Germans were a master; another “races” were inferior; Germany needed more living space.
An international conference that the United States held—it focused on naval disarmament and Pacific security. Conference led to three important treaties which Japan broke by invading Manchuria.
Washington Conference
1.
2.
3.
Why did Japan invade Manchuria?
Four-Power Treaty—an agreement among US, Great Britain, France, and JAPAN to respect one another’s Pacific holdings.
Five-Power Treaty—US, Great Britain, JAPAN, France, ITALY agreed to freeze their navies at 1921 levels and thus avoid the financial strain of further naval buildups.
Nine-Power Treaty—signed by US, France, Great Britain, JAPAN, ITALY, Belgium, China, the Netherlands, and Portugal; it put the “Open Door” China policies of John Hay into a treaty.
To gain “living space” and resources for people; Japanese troops invade and occupied Manchuria in northeastern China. They did this because Manchuria was mineral-rich and contained an abundance of factories. They were seeking new land, resources, and factories because Japans population had exceeded its land.
In 1935 Italy invaded
Fascist dictator who led and won a civil war in
Spain with the help of Hitler and Mussolini
Ethiopia
What foreign countries were involved in the Spanish Civil War?
“Good Neighbor” Policy
Analyze how the Depression affected the United States foreign policy.
Germany and Italy on the side of Franco; the Soviet Union in support of the Spanish government.
FDR’s policy of not being intrusive to neighbors and just being a “good neighbor.” Good Neighbor specifically applied to Latin America.
For most of President Roosevelt’s first two terms, he focused on domestic affairs. The crisis of the Depression brought foreign affairs into the background. Roosevelt realized that Americans were too involved with the situation at home to be interested in foreign affairs. For this reason even though Roosevelt believed that German expansion posed a threat to the United States, he was cautious in his efforts to alert the nation to this danger.
Francisco Franco
Kellogg-Brand Pact
A pact signed
that renounced war as a
national policy—Japan broke by invading
Manchuria and bombing Pearl Harbor.
by the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and ten other countries
Agreement Act of 1934
Allowed the state Department to make treaties with other countries to
mutually lower import duties. Within six years, the United States had
reached such agreements with more than a dozen nations.
What factors contributed to Americans’ growing isolationism?
What forced Franklin D. Roosevelt to wait until the bombing of Pearl Harbor before entering the war?
Evidence that large profits had been made by banks and arms industries during World War I; regret over having been involved in that war; hatred of militarism.
The general mood of isolationism among Americans forced Roosevelt to follow a foreign policy based on neutrality. Isolationist forces in Congress were very strong. Roosevelt could not have entered the war without a declaration of war by Congress. There was no direct threat to the United States until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor; before that time, all the fighting took place in Europe, Africa, and Asia, far from the United States.
Neutrality Acts
Banned the transportation or sale of arms to warring
Reciprocal Trade
Battle of Britain
nations and banned loans to nations at war outside
the Western Hemisphere.
Large bombing and air campaign by Germany on
Britain to soften them for their invasion of Britain.
aircraft were
eventually detected by early forms of RADAR.
From September,
1940 to June 1941, the German air force, or Luftwaffe, dropped bombs on London and the other major cities of Great Britain in a plan to overwhelm the city, Operation Sea Lion. Over 30,000 Londoners died, but Germany lost over 1,700 aircraft. German
When Hitler launched his attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, the plan to bomb Britain into submission was abandoned.
Blackouts
Munich Conference
Cities would turnout their lights because they did not want the lights of the cities to create a target
Germany) (Italy) (Great Britain) (France) met in
Munich, The leaders signed a pact giving Germany
control of the Sudetenland
in return Hitler
promised no further territorial demands.
a
policy of appeasement,
Chamberlain ill-regarded British Prime Minister
due to his policy of appeasement
Hitler (
and Mussolini
joined Chamberlain
and Daladier
Germany.
(a German speaking portion of Czechoslovakia) if
to make
The European leaders had adopted
or giving in to demands in an attempt to avoid a larger conflict.
Neville Chamberlain
is perhaps the most
century, largely
of the 20th
towards Nazi Germany regarding the abandonment of Czechoslovakia to Hitler at Munich in 1938.
What moves did Germany make in its
quest for lebensraum?
What was appeasement, and why did
Churchill oppose it so strongly?
Annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland.
9/1/1939
start of World War II when Germany invaded
Poland because France and Great Britain declared
war on Germany
Lightning war; German tactic to overcome their
opponent by striking quickly with large numbers
Blitzkrieg
Czechoslovakia
Germany started war by attacking
How did German blitzkrieg tactics rely on new military technology?
Luftwaffe
Nonaggression Pact
An attempt to do whatever was necessary to pacify Hitler; Churchill saw it as an
abandonment of moral principles that would lead to a war and national disaster.
Hitler took part of Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland—a German speaking region) and then broke the Munich Conference pact by taking the rest of Czechoslovakia
Poland on September 1, 1939.
The German Air Force
Stalin and Hitler agreed not to attack each other.
This shocked the world but there was a secret clause
that the two nations agreed to divide Poland between
them.
The development of tanks and airplanes had made blitzkrieg tactics effective.
Wehrmacht
Charles de Gaulle
Means German armed forces
Dunkirk
Once Belgium fell, the British forces were trapped. The only means of escape back to
England was the port of Dunkirk on the French coast. The British called upon its civil
population to donate any small ships that were available to move men and equipment from
the European mainland. From May 26 to June 4, 1940, Operation Dynamo was put into
action; 887 ships of all sizes (mostly private), sometimes dangerously, crossed the English
Channel to rescue 338,226 men by bringing them to England. Allied forces were battered,
but they were in tact enough to fight another day.
French general who set up the French governmentin-exile
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How did Hitler rationalize the German
invasion of Denmark and Norway?
As a way of protecting their independence.
Benito Mussolini
Mussolini founded the Fascist Party in Italy in 1921
(Fascism—fascists believed that a military-dominated
government should control all aspects of society). In
October 1922 Mussolini led an army of his followers,
whose black uniforms gave them the name Black
Shirts, in a march on Rome. The Italian king
appointed Mussolini prime minister and granted him
dictatorial powers. He crushed all opposition with
the Black Shirts.
Appeasement
Giving in to demands in an attempt to avoid a larger conflict; the allies
appeased Germany by allowing them to take part of Czechoslovakia and in
return agreed not to advance on any other territories (Munich Conference).
Holocaust
Holocaust was Nazi Germany’s systematic slaughter
of European Jews (Hitler’s “Final Solution”). In many
regions, special squads of German soldiers rounded up Jews and shot them. Elsewhere,
Jews were forced into cities and isolated ghettos. In 1941 the Germans began constructing
camps specifically for the purpose of genocide—the deliberate annihilation of an entire
Major death camps included Auschwitz,
Treblinka, and Majdanek, all in Poland. Jewish men, women, and
people.
children were transported to the camps in sealed railroad cars. They were then marched
into rooms disguised as shower facilities and gassed. Their bodies were then cremated.
All told some 6 million Jews perished.
Kristallnacht
Night of Broken Glass—November 9, 1938—First act of German violence towards Jews.
All over Germany, Austria and other Nazi controlled areas, Jewish shops and department
stores had their windows smashed and contents destroyed.
What problems did German Jews face in
Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1938?
Loss of employment and property; harassment, humiliation, and physical harm; death
threats and murder.
Genocide
The deliberate annihilation of an entire people; Hitler
had a plan of genocide for the Jewish people—he
called it his “Final Solution.”
How did the United states respond to
Jewish refugees?
The United States refused to loosen immigration restrictions to allow more Jews to
immigrate to the United States.
German ocean liner carrying 943 Jews in 1939 that was trying to escape Germany. The
ship went to Miami and although 740 of the liner’s 943 passengers had U.S. immigration
papers, the ship was forced to return to Europe. Several countries in Europe also dined port
and the ship returned to Germany. More than ½ of the passengers were later killed in the
Holocaust.
St. Louis
Ghettos
Warsaw Ghetto Rebellion
Concentration camps
Areas blocked off by the Germans where Jews were
forced to relocate to
In January 1943, Warsaw ghetto fighters fired upon German troops as they tried to round up another group of ghetto inhabitants for deportation. Fighters used a small supply of weapons that had been smuggled into the ghetto. After a few days, the troops retreated. This small victory inspired the ghetto fighters to prepare for future resistance. On April 19, 1943, the Warsaw ghetto uprising began after German troops and police entered the ghetto to deport
its surviving inhabitants. Seven hundred and fifty fighters fought the heavily armed and well-trained Germans. The ghetto fighters were able to hold out for nearly a month, but on May 16, 1943, the revolt ended.
Isolated camps where the Nazis sent “undesirable”
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citizens in order to work (and in many cases—die)
Auschwitz
A German concentration camp in Poland. The camp was a major element in the perpetration of the Holocaust. The camp was actually subdivided into three camps:

Auschwitz I, the original concentration camp which served as the administrative centre for the whole complex, and was the site of the deaths of roughly 70,000 Poles, gay men and Soviet Prisoners of War

Auschwitz II (Birkenau), an extermination camp and the site of the deaths of roughly 1 million Jews, 75,000 Poles, gay men and some 19,000 Roma

Auschwitz III (Monowitz), which served as a labor camp for the IG Farben company
Explain the Nazis’ “final solution to the Jewish question” and how they justified this policy.
The Nazis’ “final solution” was to exterminate the Jews. They justified this policy by arguing that so-called Aryans were superior to Jews and that inferior groups threatened the strength and purity of the “master race.” Nazis also justified their anti-Semitism by arguing that Jews and other minority groups were the cause of German’s problems after World War I.
What was the goal of the Nazis’ Final Solution, and how was that goal nearly achieved?
Extermination of European Jews in death camps.
Elie Wiesel
A Holocaust survivor, a world–renowned author, and a
political activist. He is the author of over 40 books, the most famous of which,
Night, serves as a testimony to his experiences during the Holocaust.
Atlantic Charter
An agreement reached at a secret meeting in
Newfoundland between Churchill and FDR. The agreement said
that the United States and Britain 1) would not pursue territorial
expansion, 2) affirmed their belief that every nation has the right to choose its
own form of government, 3) called for freedom of
international trade and equal access for all countries to raw materials, 4) once the war was
over—all aggressor states should be disarmed.
Evaluate the steps that President Roosevelt took to increase support to the Allies before December 1941.
In September 1940 President Roosevelt issued an executive order in which he transferred 50 older, World War I era destroyers to Britain in return for the use of certain military bases. In March 1941, Congress passed lend-lease, which made United States resources available to any nation whose deemed vital to the security of the United States. To protect United States merchant ships from German submarine attack, Congress revised the Neutrality Acts to
allow that merchant ships be armed.
“cash and carry”
Allowed allies to buy munitions with payment up
front and required them to provide their own
transportation; US hoped to retain neutrality while
helping to defeat Germany
Allied Advantages
Allied Powers
Tremendous manpower, great production capacity, enemy had to maintain troops on two
active fronts
Great Britain, US, USSR—France, China, India, Poland, Canada, Australia,
Belgium, Yugoslavia, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Union of South Africa, Norway,
and Denmark.
Axis Advantages
Better prepared for war and firm control of invaded areas (could be defensive)
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, Japan—Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Finland.
Explain the advantages the Axis Powers had over the Allies when the United States entered the war.
Axis Powers had two distinct advantages. First, Germany and Japan had already secured firm control of the areas they had invaded. As a result, the United States and the Allies faced a long, drawn-out fight on several fronts. Second, Germany and Japan were better prepared for war. In the 1930s both nations had rearmed and built airfields, barracks, and training center.
Selective Service Act
It required
all men between 21 and 35 (later 18 to 45) to register
for the draft. It was the first peacetime draft in
American history.
US new it needed to prepare for war (1] After the Germans captured France the US realized that the Atlantic Ocean would become a lot smaller if Hitler and Mussolini added both the British and French fleets to their arsenal and 2] the US military was at a low and needed to train new troops) and thus passes the Selective Service Act.
Wendell Willkie
In 1940 he was the Republican nominee for the 1940 presidential election. Willkie’s biggest campaign idea was urging people not to vote for FDR because it would lead to the US entering the war. Willkie, however, lost the election to Franklin D. Roosevelt.
What impact did the outbreak of war in Europe have on U.S. foreign and defense policy?
Revision of the Neutrality Acts; dramatically increased defense spending; institution of the nation’s first peacetime draft.
lend-lease
United States could lend arms and
equipment to Britain. These goods could be returned or
replaced after the war, thus avoiding the prospect of huge
new war debts.
Under this act, the
By the end of the war, countries all over the world, whose interests were considered important to the United States, had taken advantage of the lend-lease program. The total value of American aid to these countries was about $50 billion.
Why did Roosevelt take one “unneutral” step after another to assist Britain and the Soviet Union in 1941?
Embargo
Roosevelt believed that the best way to stop the Axis of powers was to help their opponents—mainly Britain and the Soviet Union.
restriction of trade on another country
case the US placed an embargo on Japan
The
(not trading with and in some cases denying the trade of others),
in this
once it joined the Axis Powers—it had already broken the Washington Conference by taking Manchuria and had sought out
other territories in the Pacific.
Hideki Tojo
a General in the Imperial Japanese Army, political right-wing thinker and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan during much of World War II. During World War II he led Japanese forces in the Pacific War, but after a series of military disasters, he was forced to resign on July 18, 1944, when some of his backers abandoned him in the aftermath of the fall of Saipan. He left government and went into seclusion.
What expectations about the postwar world were expressed in the Atlantic Charter?
The Atlantic Charter contained pledges of collective security, disarmament, self determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of seas. These points indicated the following assumptions and expectations: The Allies would win the war. Nazism, fascism, and totalitarianism would be defeated. Territory would change hands only as a result of the inhabitants’ wishes. Governments would reflect their citizens’ wishes. Nations would conduct freed trade
and would cooperate in other matters. Aggressor nations would be disarmed. A system would be established to ensure and defend a secure peace based on freedom from want and fear.
Why did the United States enter into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in fall 1941?
Why was the Atlantic Charter important?
German U-boats were attacking American ships.
It set forth the war aims of the Allies.
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Winston Churchill
Pearl Harbor
British Prime Minister during World War II.
Churchill is generally regarded as one of the most
important leaders in British and world history. He
won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Site of U.S. Pacific fleet and where the Japanese
attacked on December 7, 1941,
damaged or
destroyed much of the Pacific fleet
the morning of
planes and midget submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy issued a surprise attack on the US. This attack brought the United States into WWII. At 6:00 a.m. on
December 7th the six Japanese carriers launched a first wave of 181 planes composed of torpedo bombers, dive-bombers, horizontal bombers and fighters. The Japanese hit American ships and military installations at 7:53 a.m.. They attacked military airfields at the same time they hit the fleet anchored in Pearl Harbor. Overall,
(twenty-one ships of the U.S. Pacific fleet were damaged and 2,350 Americans were killed). Roosevelt told a stunned Congress December 7 was "a date which
What did the US fear from Japan if they did not fear a submarine or an aerial attack?
What pieces of evidence (all the way up to the attack) could have/should have warned the US about the attack on Pearl Harbor?
will live in infamy." The United States had entered the war against Japan, but it would now have the opportunity to move against Hitler in Europe by aiding the British.
The US feared sabotage and for that reason they put all of their planes together at the airports so it would be easier to guard them. This made them easy targets on December 7.
1) The missing Japanese’s fleet, 2) The overflow of Japanese communications (this usually meant a country was up to something and they did it to delay the interpretations/translations of the real messages because the enemy had to sort through all the false messages), 3) The Radar station picking up the Japanese aircraft but were dismissed as US B-59 Bombers flying in from the mainland, and 4) The Japanese Embassy closing up and destroying all
confidential documents including their decoding machine.
What pushed Japan to attack the United States?
The US had been pushing for Japan to ease off and allow for an “Open Door” Policy in the Pacific. When Japan occupied Manchuria, Roosevelt immediately froze all Japanese assets in the US as well as stopping all trade of scrap metal to China. When Japan joined the Axis Powers, Roosevelt passed an embargo on shipments of gas, machines, tools, scrap iron, and steel going to Japan. This put a strangle hold on the Japanese military as well as the
Japanese industries.
Why did the US not anticipate an aerial attack from Japan?
Because Pearl Harbor was too shallow for conventional torpedoes to be dropped. Conventional torpedoes would bottom out; however, Japanese modified the tail to allow them to be dropped into shallower water.
“A day that will live in infamy”
12/7/1941
December 7, 1941—speaking of the Japanese surprise
attack on Pearl Harbor.
Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.
According to President Roosevelt, w hat were the Four Freedoms that Americans were fighting for in the war?
The Four Freedoms were freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
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