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Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts
Unit 6: Cold War
…Cold War

Essential Questions:
1. How did the unstable relationship between the United States and Soviet Union
escalate the Cold War?
2. How were the conflicts in Korea and Vietnam reflective of the Cold War tensions
between the United States and Soviet Union?
3. What economic, political, and social changes occurred in the United States during
the Cold War?

Standard: 9-12.2.7: Analyze the origins, foreign policy, events, and domestic
consequences of the Cold War
Focus Questions:
1. How did communism and capitalism divide areas of the world and create changes in
U.S. foreign policy?
2. How did communism impact the United States response within the western
hemisphere?
3. What were the results of the anti- communist hysteria on the United States home front?
4. How did the Cold War encourage advancements in education, science, and
technology?
I Can Statements:
1. I can compare and contrast communism and capitalism.
2. I can explain how the Marshall Plan reinforced the policy of containment.
3. I can evaluate how the Berlin Wall symbolized the escalations of Cold War tensions
between the United States and Soviet Union (link geography performance target).
4. I can explain the results of the Korean conflict.
5. I can discuss the how communism established in China.
6. I can explain the cause and effect of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
7. What were the results of the anti- communist hysteria on the United States home front?
8. How did the Cold War encourage advancements in education, science, and
technology?
9. I can discuss causes and effects of McCarythism during the Red Scare of the 1950's.
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10. I can evaluate the impact Sputnik had on the U.S education system and development
of the U.S. space program.
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Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
I.
Former Allies Clash
A. U.S. and S.U. also had philosophical differences
1. America: democratic gov’t, individual freedom, capitalistic
economy, competing political parties, and voting by the general
public
a. Stalin was an ally of Hitler for a period of time, and only
supported the Allies after Hitler invaded the S.U. in 1941
2. Soviet Union: state-run economy, one-party rule, suppression of
religion, and the use of force to crush opposition
a. Stalin resented the Western Allies’ delay in attacking the
Germans in Europe
b. Stalin was upset that the development of the atomic bomb
was kept secret
c. S.U. pointed out racial discrimination in the U.S. to
discredit American values/beliefs
B. On April 25, 1945, 50 nations met in San Francisco to establish the
United Nations promising to protect each other against aggression (on
June 26, 1945, the delegates singed the charter establishing the UN and its
six major bodies)
1. General Assembly: each member could cast their vote on an
issue
2. Security Council: had the real power to investigate and settle
disputes
a. US, SU, GB, France, China could veto any action the UN
proposed
3. Economic and Social Council
4. International Court of Justice
5. Trusteeship Council to administer territory
6. Secretariat –headed by the secretary general-to administer the
UN
a. Ban Ki-moon of the Republic of Korea, the eighth
Secretary-General of the United Nations
C. The UN established its headquarters in New York City (October 29, 1945
the UN officially existed after the 29th country approved the Charter)
1. 60% of Americans approved of UN, but critics felt it had no real
power to enforce its decisions
D. On April 12, 1945, Truman was suddenly tossed into the presidency
when FDR died
1. Truman was not included in top policy decisions while vicepresident
a. Truman was not even aware of the atomic bomb
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E. In July 1945, the Big Three met at the final wartime conference at
Potsdam near Berlin
1. This time Truman (FDR died), Clement Attlee (replaced
Churchill b/c his party lost a general election), and Stalin meant
to clarify and implement agreements previously reached at the
Yalta Conference that was held in Feb 1945
a. Potsdam Agreement: transferred the chief authority in
Germany to the American, Russian, British, and French
military commanders in their respective zones of
occupation and to a four-power Allied Control Council for
matters regarding the whole of Germany, Germany’s
economy was to be decentralized, etc.
b. Potsdam Declaration (July 26): ultimatum given to the
Japanese stating that the power of the Allies would lead to,
"the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese
armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of
the Japanese homeland" unless Japan ended the war
II.
Tension Mount
A. The refusal of Stalin to allow free elections convinced Truman that the
U.S. and S.U. were not partners but adversaries
1. At the Yalta Conference, the Soviets wanted the Germans to pay
reparations for the war
a. At Potsdam, it was agreed that the occupying countries
could only collect reparations from within the zones they
controlled
2. The U.S. wanted democracy to spread in an effort to ensure that
the U.S. would have access to the raw materials in Eastern
Europe and the ability to trade in Eastern Europe
B. The mass devastation that occurred on Soviet soil convinced Stalin that a
buffer zone of friendly nations was needed b/w the S.U. and the West
1. Satellite nations: countries under pro-Soviet gov’t rule
2. Stalin proclaimed that capitalism and communism could
never coexist
a. Supreme Court justice William Douglas called it the,
“Declaration of WW III.”
C. In Feb 1946, George Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, gave his
advice on the issue which was called the Containment Doctrine
1. Containment Doctrine: taking measures to prevent any
extension of communist rule to other countries
a. Churchill declared that a Soviet, “Iron Curtain has
descended across the Continent.”
b. Stalin responded to Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech by
stating Churchill’s words were a “call to war.”
III.
Cold War in Europe
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IV.
A. Cold War: conflict b/w the U.S. and S.U. in which neither nation directly
confronted the other on the battlefield, but fought for influence and power
(indirect and direct)
1. Walter Lippmann’s study called, “The Cold War” was a
printing of his research on Soviet-American relations
2. Battle was mostly waged on a political and economic front
from 1945 until the S.U. collapsed in 1991
B. The U.S. containment policy was challenged when the S.U. tried to
pressure Greece and Turkey for water access
1. The S.U. pressured Turkey to give up control of the Dardanelles,
which is a narrow straight linking the Black Sea and
Mediterranean
a. This threaten the security of Suez Canal
2. B/c of WW II, Great Britain could no longer continue to support
both Greece and Turkey with financial and military aid
a. The King of Greece didn’t have the support of all the
people which created a civil war
b. The U.S. supported the King who was anticommunist (also
didn’t support Democracy) and the S.U. supported the
rebels
3. Truman Doctrine (March 12, 1947): U.S. must support free
peoples who are resisting attempted conquest by armed
minorities or outside pressures
a. The doctrine didn’t mention the S.U. and its aggression
towards Greece and other countries
b. Congress agreed with Doctrine and approved the $400
million aid packages for struggling nations
C. Secretary of State George C. Marshall worried that economic
hardships in Western Europe would make them vulnerable to Soviet
influence
1. In June 1947, Marshall proposed that the U.S. provide aid to all
European nations that needed it
a. Supporters believed aid would contain communism and
help US economy
b. Opponents believed the U.S. could not afford to help
Europe
2. Marshall Plan (1948): provided over $13 billion in aid to
Western Europe (16 countries) for four years (won Noble Prize)
a. Plan enacted when Soviets overthrew Czechoslovakia’s
gov’t
Superpowers Struggle over Germany
A. In 1948 the U.S., G.B., and France decided to combine their three
occupation zones in Germany forming one nation (Berlin also united)
1. Since Berlin is in the Soviet zone of Germany, the Allies’ access
to Berlin by road and rail was dependent on Soviet cooperation
and approval
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a. In June 1948, Stalin closed all highways and railways
into West Berlin (no food or fuel could reach the 2.1
million residents in West Berlin)
2. Berlin Airlift (June 1948 – May 1949): America and G.B.
airlifted food and other supplies into West Berlin
a. The airlift lasted 327 days and consisted of 277,000 flights
that brought 2.3 million tone of supplies
b. The success of the airlift boosted American prestige
throughout the world
c. Germany was reunited in 1990
3. In May 1949, western Germany became the Federal Republic of
Germany (West Germany) and West Berlin was formed
a. The S.U. named eastern Germany the German Democratic
Republic (East Germany) and East Berlin was formed
B. The Berlin blockade increased Western Europe’s fear of Soviet aggression
1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): April 4, 1949
Western European nations along with the U.S. and Canada
formed a defensive military alliance
a. Atlantic Pact: the 12 NATO members pledged military
support to one another in case any member was attacked
b. The U.S. Senate once again was concerned about losing
their power to declare war (Soviet expansion outweighed
those fears)
2. Following the death of Stalin in 1953, the Soviets recognized
West Germany, and created peace treaties with Austria and Japan
a. When West Germany was allowed to rearm itself in
1955 and join NATO, the Soviets became nervous
3. Warsaw Pact (1955): Soviet Unions’ alliance with other
communist countries in Eastern Europe, which was formed to
counter NATO
C. In July 1955, Eisenhower traveled to Geneva, Switzerland to meet
with Soviet leaders
1. The U.S. and S.U. would allow flights over each others territory
to guard against surprise nuclear attacks
a. The Soviets rejected the plan, but it was a step toward
peace
Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
I.
Middle East Tensions
A. After WW I, the League of Nations gave GB a mandate over Palestine
starting in 1923 (was part of Ottoman Empire in WW I)
B. Two ethnic groups consisting of the Jews and Arabs lived in Palestine
1. Jews claimed land for biblical reasons
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C.
D.
E.
II.
A.
a. Jewish population was on the rise because of anti-Jewish programs
in Russia and Jewish nationalism was increasing which was called the
Zionism-create a Jewish homeland in Palestine
2. Arabs claimed the land stating their ancestors lived their since ancient
times
British gov’t made conflicting promises to both the Arabs and Jews
during WW I
1. Balfour Declaration (1917): Jews promised a Jewish homeland in
Palestine if they help fight the Ottoman Turks
a. Widespread sympathy over the Holocaust increased support in the
West for the Zionist movement (creating a Jewish homeland)
2. McMahon-Hussein Correspondence (1915-1916): Arabs promised
independence if they help fight the Ottoman Turks during WWI (Palestine
part of Ottoman Empire)
a. Jewish population rose from 84,000 to 445,000 b/w 1922 - 1939
Tensions increased as Jews entered Palestine to escape WW II persecution
1. GB tried to control Jewish immigration into Palestine
a. Jews attacked the British and Arabs; Arabs attacked the immigrating
Jews
2. Western countries supported Jewish immigration because of the Holocaust
GB could not deal with the problems in Palestine so turned it over to the
UN in 1948 (Truman recognized Israel when it claimed independence
May 14, 1948).
1. UN voted to partition Palestine and to place Jerusalem under UN
administration
a. The U.S. and the Soviet Union both supported a Jewish independent
state
2. Zionist leader David Ben-Gurion proclaimed the Jewish state of Israel
3. Arab nations rejected the idea and attacked Israel (supported by US)
but the Arabs lost
a. Count Folke Bernadotte of Sweden negotiated a cease-fire but was
assassinated by Israeli extremists
b. American diplomat Ralph Bunche persuaded both sides to accept an
armistice (1950 won Noble Peace Prize, first African American)
4. Israel ended up with more territory and Jerusalem was divided between
the Arabs and Jews
a. Many U.S. foreign officials advised against supporting Israel fearing a
backlash from the oil rich Arab nations
b. By 1948, for the first time, the U.S. imported more oil than it exported
c. In 1962 JFK approved arms sales to Israel to counter the Soviet
Union’s support of the Arab nations
China Becomes a Communist Country
The British used opium when trading with China
1. The Opium Wars: the Chinese wanted to eliminate foreign influence
(British) but lost; therefore western influence increased
2. In 1842 the British acquired Hong Kong (gave it back in 1997)
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B. Sun Yat-sen (1905) formed the Nationalist party
1. Their goal was to modernize China and end foreign control
2. In 1912 he became president of the new Chinese Republic
a. The warlords (wealthy b/c of land and trade) fought for control of
China and won
C. Chiang Kai-Shek (1927) defeated the warlords with aid from the Soviet
Union
1. In 1927 the Communists attempted to double cross Chiang and take
over the Nationalist Party
a. Chiang countered and tried to wipe out his one-time Communist allies
b. The remaining communists formed the Red Army under Mao
Zedong’s leadership
D. In 1931 the Japanese invaded Manchuria in an effort to acquire more
natural resources for their war machines (Chiang and Mao formed a truce in an
effort to defeat the Japanese)
1. Mao Zedong: leader of the communists in Northeastern China (Red Army
formed in the South but pushed North during the Long March-died 1976 )
2. Chiang Kai-Shek: the leader of the Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist
party in Southwestern China (died 1975)
a. The U.S. gave aid to Chiang ($3 billion) b/w 1945 – 1949 in order
to fight the Japanese, but corrupt officers kept most of it
b. The U.S. backed Chiang for one reason; he hated the communists
3. Chiang broke the truce in 1934 and began the Long March pushing
Mao’s troops from the South to the North
a. Only 8,000 of Mao’s 100,000 troops survived the Long March
b. The March lasted 1 year and covered 6,000 miles.
E. Chiang’s attack on the communist sealed his defeat
1. The Japanese continued to conquer Chinese territory, while Chiang
focused on defeating the Communists
a. A group of the KMT soldiers kidnapped Chiang in 1936 and released
him only after he agreed to join forces with the Communists against
the Japanese
2. Chiang made no efforts to return the land to the poor
a. Mao helped improve food production
3. Chiang did not respond to China’s economic problems caused by the
Japanese
a. When city dwellers demonstrated against a 10,000% increase in the
price of rice, Chiang’s secret police opened fire on them
4. Gov’t was increasingly corrupt, banning all other political parties
a. Mao encouraged peasants to learn to read and write
F. Mao took control in May of 1949
1. Chiang retreated to the island of Taiwan and established Nationalist
China (Republic of China-ROC), which was referred to as Formosa
by Westerners
a. U.S. recognized Nationalists as Chinas legal gov’t
2. Mao established the People’s Republic of China (PRC)
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F.
III.
A.
B.
C.
a. Today the PRC claims Taiwan is part of China, but it’s still
independent
Conservatives attacked the Truman administration for only supplying
limited aid to Chiang (containment failed and China was now
communist)
1. The State Department replied that the failure was a result of a struggle b/w
internal forces and the U.S. was not prepared for a full-scale war in Asia
2. Conservatives in Congress rejected the argument and claimed the
American gov’t was littered with Communist agents (Red Scare)
The Korean War
The Japanese controlled Korea in 1910 (took it from the Korean Empiredictatorship), but were driven out by the U.S. and S.U. at the end of WW
II (August 1945)
1. The country was divided at the 38th parallel: Soviets occupied North, U.S
the South
2. The Cold War caused this division to become permanent, with each area
setting up a separate gov’t
a. The Communist supported North Korea, which was controlled by 36
year-old Kim II Sung (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)fought Japanese in Manchuria
b. The U.S. supported South Korea, which was controlled by 73 year-old
Syngman Rhee (Republic of Korea)-received his doctorate while in
exile in the U.S
The war begins
1. The North Korean army invaded the South on June 25, 1950
a. The Communists felt that Korea was not that important to the U.S. b/c
by June of 1949 there were only 500 American soldiers in South Korea
2. Truman pledged U.S. support for South Korea
a. The U.N. Security Council accepted a U.S. sponsored resolution
calling North Korea an “aggressor” and called upon U.N.
members to defend South Korea
b. The S.U. boycotted the council in protest over the presence of
Chiang in Taiwan (the S.U. could have vetoed the resolution)
On June 27, 1950 President Truman ordered troops to support South Korea
and sent an American fleet (16 nations sent 520,000 to help the South, with an
additional 590,000 South Korean troops)
1. General Douglas MacArthur commanded the troops in South Korea
2. South Korean forces were pushed into Pusan in southeastern Korea
3. MacArthur launched a surprise amphibious attack on communist forces in
South Korea at Inchon, and the troops in Pusan pushed towards the
amphibious troops (September 15, 1950)
a. Seoul, the capital of South Korea, was taken back by UN forces
4. The UN army reached the Yalu River, which was the border b/w North
Korea and China
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a. Communist China entered the war in Nov 1950 (300,000 Chinese)
our of fear that UN forces would occupy South Korea and then
China
b. The Chinese wanted North Korea to serve as a buffer nation b/w South
Korea and China
c. Based on shear numbers (10 to 1), the Chinese drove the UN forces
back across the 38th parallel and took Seoul
IV.
The Great Debate on Korea
A. In 1951, MacArthur wanted nuclear attacks against Chinese cities,
blockade China’s coast, and allow Chiang’s forces to attack China’s mainland
1. Truman viewed MacArthur’s plan as reckless
a. The S.U. had a mutual-assistance pact with China, which could trigger
WW III
2. By April 1950, the U.S. Eighth Army, led by Matthew Ridgway, had
retaken Seoul and moved back to the 38th parallel
B. MacArthur would not accept Truman’s limited-war plan instead of his
full-scale war against China
1. MacArthur publicly criticized the President, appealed to the Republican
Congress, and gave the enemy an ultimatum for unconditional surrender
2. On April 1, 1951, Truman fired MacArthur
a. A public opinion poll showed that 69% of Americans backed
MacArthur
b. When MacArthur returned to the U.S. he addressed Congress and said,
“Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.”
3. A congressional committee investigated the firing of MacArthur, and
the Truman administration now had the opportunity to present its
logic on a limited war
a. The committee agreed with Truman, and public opinion now
favored Truman
V.
The S.U. unexpectedly suggested a cease-fire on June 23, 1951
A. It took two years of bickering before the cease-fire was signed
1. In July 1951, the opposing sided agreed on the following two points:
a. Agreement of the cease-fire line to be located at the 38th parallel
b. Establishing a demilitarized zone b/w the opposing sides
2. Public opinion turned against the war and it became an issue in the 1952
presidential election
a. It took an additional year of bickering over the exchange of
prisoners, but finally on July 27, 1953 an armistice went in to
effect
b. By the time the 1952 election neared, Truman’s approval rating
stood at 23%
3. After all the fighting ended in Korea, the cease-fire line didn’t change (38th
parallel, over 5 million people died (54,000 of those deaths were
American), and $67 billion was spent
a. In the 1952 election, Republicans seized the day with the election of
former General Dwight D. Eisenhower as President
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b. Stalin dies on March 5, 1953 (Nikita Khrushchev was his
predecessor)
Section 3: The Cold War at Home
I. Fears of Communist Influence
A. 80,000 Americans claimed membership to the Communist Party, and
Truman was being labeled as soft on communists
1. Loyalty Review Board (1947): investigated gov’t employees and could
dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the U.S.
a. Truman established it in response to accusations by Republicans of
allowing Communists in the American gov’t
2. The U.S. Attorney General came up with a list of 91 organizations that
were counter to U.S. interests
a. 3.2 million were investigated, 212 were fired, and 2,900 resigned
B. House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC): originally
established to investigate fascists groups in the U.S. but eventually started
searching for Communists
1. The HUAC made headlines when it investigated the movie industry
a. Believed the Communists were sneaking propaganda into films
b. Walt Disney, Ronald Reagan, and Gary Cooper, etc were questioned
(some were blacklisted, which ended their careers)
2. Hollywood Ten: film directors that would not answer the HUAC’s
questions, so they were sent to prison
C. McCarran Internal Security Act (1950): unlawful to plan any action that
might lead to the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in the U.S.
1. Truman vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode his veto
II. Spy Cases Stun the Nation
A. In 1948, a former Communist spy named Whittaker Chambers accused
Alger Hiss of spying for the S.U.
1. Chambers produced microfilm of gov’t documents that he claimed
had been typed of Hiss’s typewriter
a. A jury convicted him of perjury for lying about the passing documents
b. Richard Nixon, a Republican congressman from California, revealed
inconsistencies in Hiss’s testimony (sentenced to 5 years in prison)
2. Soviet cables released in the 1990’s seem to prove Hiss’s guilt
C. On Sept 3, 1949, the Soviets exploded their first atomic bomb, which was
three to five earlier than experts predicted
1. In 1950, the German-born physicist Klaus Fuchs admitting passing secrets
about the atomic bomb to the Russians
2. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were also being investigated along with
Klaus Fuchs
a. The Rosenbergs denied the charges against them and pleaded the Fifth
Amendment, choosing not to incriminate themselves
b. The were found guilty of espionage and executed in the electric
chair in June 1953
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c. In 1997, the Soviets released info verifying that Julies was a spy, but
their was no proof that he turned over info related to the bomb
3. Internal Security Act (1950): required party members and organizations
to register with the federal gov’t and imposed strict controls on
immigrants sympathetic to communists
III.
McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunt”
A. U.S., Republican, Senator Joseph McCarthy, from Wisconsin, tried to
ensure his reelection to the Senate, in 1952, by appealing to America’s
anti-Communist hysteria
1. Chairman of Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
2. At various time, he claimed to have a list of 57, 81, and 205 Communists
working in the state department
a. No list/evidence produced, but dozens lost their jobs (security
risks)
3. He also charged that the Democratic Party was guilty of “20 years of
treason” for allowing Communists to infiltrate the gov’t
a. He only made these claims in the Senate, where he was protected
(immunity) from being sued for slander (Article 1, Section 6)
4. The Republicans didn’t try to stop him, b/c they believed they would win
the 1952 presidential election if they appeared tough on Communism
B. McCarthy’s Downfall
Margaret Chase Smith and other five other Senators issued a “Declaration of
Conscience”
1. First women to be elected to both House/Senate and seek the Republican
nomination for president in 1964
2. Condemned those who turned the Senate into a place to destroy peoples’
character
a. President Eisenhower would not join the condemnation of McCarthy
3. Arthur Miller’s playwright, The Crucible, compared McCarthyism to
the Salem witchcraft trials
C. Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954
1. Believed Communists were in the U.S. Army
2. McCarthy ridiculed and interrupted witnesses on TV and looked like a
fool
a. Army chief counsel Joseph Welch criticized McCarthy and
received an applause
3. After being condemned by the Senate and ridiculed by the public,
McCarthy died three years later a broken man (alcoholic)
D. By 1953, some states passed laws making it illegal to advocate the violent
overthrow of the gov’t
1. Investigated peace organizations, political parties, and labor unions
Section 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge
I.
Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy
A. The first hydrogen bomb was tested by America on Nov 1, 1952
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1. 67 times more powerful than Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima (equal
to 1 million tons of TNT)
a. Vaporized a small island in Pacific
2. On August 1953, the Soviet Union tested their first H-bomb
B. Americans react to fears of nuclear war
1. The book titled How to Survive an Atomic Bomb was published by
the gov’t
2. Americans built backyard bomb shelters
3. Air-raid drills were practiced at school (crawled under desks to protect
against radiation)
4. Urban dispersal: resettle people in small communities
C. Radioactive fallout was an important issue
1. Soviet and U.S. H-bomb testing released radiation into the atmosphere
a. Defense officials claimed nuclear testing was safe, but scientists
disagreed
2. Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy was organized
a. Benjamin Spock urged U.S. & S.U. to negotiate an end to nuclear tests
D. President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles,
promoted brinkmanship
1. Brinkmanship: the U.S. promising to use all of its force, including nuclear
weapons against aggressor nations like the S.U.
a. The U.S. would increase spending on the air force (delivery device for
nukes) and built up its nuclear weapons
II.
The Cold War Spreads Around the World
-President Eisenhower began to rely heavily on the recently formed Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA): used spies to gather info abroad and carried out
covert operations to weaken and/or overthrow unfriendly gov’ts
A. Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), now known as British Petroleum
(BP), controlled Iran’s oil fields and was unwilling to negotiate a fair split
in the oil revenue with Iran
1. In 1951, the Iranian prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddeq,
nationalized British owned oil fields in Iran (Mohammad Reza Shah
Pahlavi was the constitutional monarch at the time)
a. In protest, the British stopped buying Iranian oil, which negatively
impacted Iran’s economy
b. Eisenhower worried Iran might turn to the Soviets for help, and
was also concerned about the ability of the West to purchase oil
from Iran
2. Operation Ajax (1953): authorized the CIA to fund anti-Mosaddeq
supporters and organize a military coup against the Iranian leader
a. Mosaddeq was replaced by pro-American Mohammad Reza Shah
Pahlavi (the King was now the authority figure/leader until 1979)
b. Remember, Mossadeq was democratically elected by the Iranian
people.
B. Guatemalan president Jacobo Arbenz Guzman took control of United
Fruit Company’s land and gave 200,000 acres to local peasants
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1. The new leader Guzman was going to stop caving into U.S. demands
a. Prior to Guzman, leaders in Guatemala allowed the U.S. gov’t to
establish bases in there country and gave U.S. corporations preferential
treatment (free land, no taxes, etc.)
2. United Fruit Company accused Guzman of being a Communist
sympathizer
a. Operation WASHTUB (1954): was a CIA-organized covert
operation to plant a phony Soviet arms cache in Nicaragua for the
Guatemala gov’t (Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Garciasupported U.S. efforts) to demonstrate Guatemalan ties to Moscow
-WASHTUB was not needed since out-of-date weapons arrived in
Guatemala from Czechoslovakia (the weapons were going to be
used to defend the Guatemalan gov’t from a potential U.S.
coup)
-The Soviets also controlled the Czech gov’t
-The only real ties b/w S.U. and Guatemala was an exchange of
bananas for agricultural machinery
b. Operation PBSUCCESS (1954): CIA-led forces bombed the capital
and installed a pro-U.S. gov’t (Carlos Castillo Armas-assassinated in
1957)
c. Currently the relationship b/w the U.S. and Guatemala is positive
(some human rights issues)
C. The Suez crisis
1. In 1955, the U.S. and G.B. offered Egypt money to help build the
Aswan dam on the Nile River
a. Gamal Abdel-Nasser, the most vocal Arab nationalists, took part in a
coup that toppled the corrupt king in 1952 (condemned Israel and
Western influence)
2. Egyptian leader, Gamal Abdel-Nasser, also sought help from the
Soviets
a. After the U.S. found out about the aid given to Egypt in 1956,
Dulles withdrew the loan
3. Nasser responded by nationalizing the Suez Canal in order use the
tolls to make up for the money the U.S. withdrew
a. The Suez Canal was owned by France and G.B., whom were outraged
b. Threatened Western oil trade and Nasser would not allow ships bound
for Israel to use the canal
4. Israel launched an attack and G.B. and France entered on Israel’s
side
a. The Soviets threatened war, if the three countries didn’t withdraw
5. The U.S. had to decide what role it would play in this escalating conflict
(G.B. France, and Israel are allies, but the U.S. would like to positively
influence Egypt to counter the Soviets)
a. The U.N. called for an immediate cease-fire and convinced the
three countries to withdraw
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D. The Soviets appeared to win this conflict, which helped them gain influence in
the Arab world
1. Eisenhower Doctrine (1957): offered military aid to any Middle East
country resisting Communists
a. The Suez Canal Authority in Egypt, which was created by Nasser,
currently controls the canal
E. Uprising in Eastern Europe
1. Nikita Khrushechev denounced his predecessor Joseph Stalin (Stalin died
March 1953)
a. Polish reformers asked for greater political freedom and received
it
2. Hungarians followed the Poles example and took to streets demanding
reforms
a. Moderates seized control (Imre Nagy), wanted a Western democracy,
& wanted to secede from the Warsaw Pact
3. In Nov 1956, Soviet troops smashed the revolt, executed rebel leaders,
including Nagy, & declared martial law (killed 30,000)
a. Eisenhower criticized Soviet actions, but offered no aid in fear of a
nuclear war (containment didn’t extend to Soviet satellite nations)
b. The U.N. passed countless resolutions condemning the S.U., but, as
a permanent member of the Security Council, the Soviets vetoed
each resolution
III.
The Cold War Takes to the Skies
B. The S.U. jumped ahead in the space race by launching the first artificial
satellite, Sputnik, on Oct 4, 1957
1. The 1957 Soviet satellite launch caused Americans to believe US
technologically inferior
2. The power source of Sputnik could be used for intercontinental
ballistic missiles (ICBMs)
B. The U.S was in a desperate race to catch and surpass the Soviets
1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA-1958):
established to counter the Soviet successes in space
a. On Dec 6, 1957, the U.S. tried to use the Vanguard rocket to
launch a small tracking satellite into space (vanguard blew
up)
b. Explorer I (1958): the first American satellite launched into space
by NASA
2. National Defense Education Act (1958): appropriated millions of
dollars to improve education in science, mathematics, and foreign
language
C. After Khrushchev rejected the “open skies” proposal at Geneva in
1955, the CIA conducted secret high-altitude flights over Soviet
territory
1. In 1959 Vice President Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev
visited each others countries
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a. They agreed to meet in Paris on May 15, 1960, in an effort to
reduce arms
2. U.S. officials and President Eisenhower were nervous about the U-2
program for a couple reasons:
a. The existence and purpose of the U-2 flights were known by
some of the press
b. The Soviets knew about the strikes since 1958
3. Francis Gary Power: a U-2 pilot that was shot down over Soviet
territory
a. Mach 1 = 761.2 mph and flies at 70,000 ft or higher
D. The U.S. gov’t knew the plane was shot down, but had know idea
Power was alive and captured
1. Eisenhower denied that the U-2 was spying (weather plane)
2. On live TV the Soviets presented Power to the world, conducted a
televised trial, and was sentenced to 10 years in prison (prisoner
exchange occurred to free Power)
a. Khrushchev demanded that Eisenhower end the spy missions &
apologize
b. Eisenhower stopped the spy missions, but did not apologize
(the 1960 meeting was cancelled)
Extra Notes for the Purpose of Organization
All the following occurred in 1945
1. Yalta Conference (Feb 4): Germany still in the war, but allies deciding what to do
with post-war Germany if/when the Germans surrender (occupation zones)
2. FDR (April 12): dies from a massive stroke
3. VE Day (May 8): the war with Germany ends
4. President Truman (June 7): warns Japan to give up or suffer the same consequences
as Germany
5. Potsdam Conference (July 16 – Aug 2): reviewing what was discussed at the Yalta
Conferences and deciding what to do with Japan
6. Atomic bomb (July 16): first atomic bomb testes in the U.S.
7. Potsdam Declaration (July 26): President Truman demands that Japan surrenders are
face complete destruction
8. Hiroshima bomb (Aug 6): first atomic bomb dropped on Japan
9. Nagasaki bomb (Aug 9): second bomb dropped on Japan
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10. Japan surrenders (Sept 2): formal surrender ceremonies took place on the U.S.
battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay