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Earth Study Guide Crust: - Thinnest and Coolest Layer Contains the plates, oceans, and continents We live here - Thickest Layer Transfers heat from the core to the surface Made of melted iron and nickel - Made out of melted/liquid iron and nickel - Made out of solid iron Contains intense pressure Hottest Layer Plate Tectonics Theory: Mantle: Outer Core: Inner Core: - - - Pangaea (Supercontinent): Large land mass when all of the continents were once joined together about 200 million years ago Continental Drift Theory: Developed by Alfred Wegener that states the continents split apart and moved slowly to its current locations Wegener’s Evidence: o Fossils of plants and animals of the same species on different continents o Rock Sequences • • Plates are in constant motion Plates move 2-15 centimeters a year Plates move away from each other Plates that collide with each other Plates that slide past each other Forms: Forms: - Ridges Valleys Trenches Volcanoes Mountains Volcanoes Deep Ocean Trenches Causes: - Earthquakes Earthquakes are vibrations caused by two plates moving against each other - They are a release of built up energy due to a fault (break or fracture) in the crust Can occur both on land and under the oceans (causes a Tsunami) Focus: The point where the earthquakes start Epicenter: The point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus Seismograph: Instrument used to measure the direction, intensity, and duration of an earthquake as well as the location of the focus and epicenter Richter Scale: Common scale used to measure earthquakes 0-3.5: Earthquakes are recorded but generally not felt 8.0 and over: Earthquakes can cause total destruction Ring of Fire: Area of frequent earthquakes and volcanoes that surrounds the Pacific Ocean 90% Earthquakes 75% Volcanoes Volcanoes: Mountains that form when lava, ash, rocks, and melted material piles up and hardens 1) Cinder Cone: Not very tall and has steep sides 2) Shield: Gently sloped sides with fountain like eruptions 3) Composite: Erupts with great force and has alternating layers of volcanic fragments, ash, and lava Active: Erupts frequently Dormant: Inactive, but may erupt again Extinct: Have not erupted since the beginning of history Magma: Molten material within the volcano as well as the mantle Lava: Molten material that comes out of the volcano onto the earth’s surface • Fault Block Mountains – Form when the continental plate moves up and over the oceanic plate. • Folded Mountains – Form when two continental plates collide and their edges crumble. • Dome Mountains – Form when the surface is lifted up by magma, forming a bulge. • Volcanic Mountains – Form by repeated volcanic eruptions that build on each other.