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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T132825A3461827 Cephalopholis spiloparaea, Strawberry Hind Assessment by: Ferreira, B.P., Gaspar, A.L.B. & Myers, R. View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: Ferreira, B.P., Gaspar, A.L.B. & Myers, R. 2008. Cephalopholis spiloparaea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T132825A3461827. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Actinopterygii Perciformes Epinephelidae Taxon Name: Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Valenciennes, 1828) Synonym(s): • Cephalopholis analis • Cephalopholis aurantia • Cephalopholis aurantius • Cephalopholis spiloparae • Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Valenciennes, 1828) • Serranus spiloparaeus Common Name(s): • English: • French: • Spanish: Strawberry Hind, Orange-red Pigmy Grouper, Orange Rock Cod, Strawberry Cod, Strawberry Grouper, Strawberry Rockcod Merou Fraise, Veille Fraise Cherna Frutillera Taxonomic Notes: Often misidentified as Cephalopholis aurantia (or as Cephalopholis analis, a junior synonym of Cephalopholis aurantia). Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1 Year Published: 2008 Date Assessed: January 1, 2008 Justification: Cephalopholis spiloparaea is probably one of the most widespread and common deepwater grouper species with no known major threats and, therefore, assessed as Least Concern. Geographic Range Range Description: General Cephalopholis spiloparaea is a widespread Indo-Pacific species ranging from East Africa (Pinda, Mozambique: 15°S) to French Polynesia and the Pitcairn Group, north to the Ryukyu Islands (Japan), and south to Heron Island at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). Specific American Samoa, Australia (Queensland and Western Australia, including Rowley Shoals), Christmas © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en 1 Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Cook Islands, French Polynesia (Society Islands, Tuamotu Islands), Guam, India (Lakshadweep), Indonesia (Bali, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, Papua, Sulawesi), Japan (Ogasawara-shoto, Ryukyu Islands), Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Micronesia, Mozambique, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago, North Solomons), Philippines, Pitcairn, Réunion, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Taiwan, Tanzania, Tonga, United States Minor Outlying Islands (Wake Island). Country Occurrence: Native: American Samoa (American Samoa); Australia; British Indian Ocean Territory; Christmas Island; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Comoros; Cook Islands; Fiji; French Polynesia; India; Indonesia; Japan; Kenya; Kiribati; Madagascar; Malaysia; Maldives; Marshall Islands; Mauritius; Mayotte; Micronesia, Federated States of ; Mozambique; Nauru; New Caledonia; Niue; Northern Mariana Islands; Palau; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Pitcairn; Réunion; Samoa; Seychelles; Solomon Islands; Taiwan, Province of China; Tanzania, United Republic of; Tokelau; Tonga; Tuvalu; United States Minor Outlying Islands; Vanuatu; Wallis and Futuna FAO Marine Fishing Areas: Native: Indian Ocean - eastern, Indian Ocean - western, Pacific - northwest, Pacific - western central © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en 2 Distribution Map © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en 3 Population General Cephalopholis spiloparaea is not commonly seen in shallow waters, but in deeper outer reef slope areas waters it is probably more common. Fishery-independent Only one individual, measuring 30 cm, was recorded in New Caledonia, during underwater visual census in New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Fiji and Tonga in Barrier, Fringing, Intermediate, outer-barrier-reef and Lagoon-bottom reefs. Density estimates for the species were three individuals/per sq km, with a size was between 25 and 30 cm. It is relatively common on reefs of the southern Mariana Islands (Myers 1999, in Donaldson, 2002). In December 1995, Machida et al. (1997) reported seven species of groupers collected at Agdao Fish Market in Davao City, including C. spiloparaea, which was the first record from Mindanao for this species. Fishery-independent data Fishery statistics from The Sea Around Us From 1985 to 2002, C. spiloparaea represented 0.25% (304 kg) of total offshore catch of Serranidae (118,579 kg) in Guam. Current Population Trend: Unknown Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) General Cephalopholis spiloparaea is a reef-associated species found at depths from 16 to 108 m. It is perhaps the most common grouper on Indo-Pacific coral reefs found below 40 m. The species is known primarily from insular localities except those collected from Pinda, Mozambique. Little is known of the biology of this species other than spawning, courtship and feeding. Reproduction Donaldson (1995a) described courtship and spawning behaviour of Cephalopholis spiloparaea from Rota, Mariana Islands. This species has male-dominated haremic groups. Daily courtship behaviour began late in the afternoon and proceeded until after sunset. Males repeatedly visited females in singlemale, multiple-female mating groups during each period and engaged in courtship bouts. Males were predicted to devote more effort toward intra-and interspecific interactions compared to females and to maximize reproductive success. Females were predicted to devote more effort towards foraging, compared to males. This behaviour maximizes reproductive effort. Foraging behaviour by both sexes was virtually absent during daylight and pre-courtship periods. Fish sought shelter and were not incidentally observed foraging after dusk, suggesting that this species actively forages later at night or during early morning hours, just prior to and during sunrise. Systems: Marine Threats © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en 4 There are no known major threats to Cephalopholis spiloparaea. Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Cephalopholis spiloparaea occurs in marine protected areas throughout parts of its range. Credits Assessor(s): Ferreira, B.P., Gaspar, A.L.B. & Myers, R. Reviewer(s): Sadovy, Y. & Moss, K. (Grouper and Wrasse Red List Authority) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en 5 Bibliography Donaldson T.J. 1995a. Courtship and spawning behavior of the pygmy grouper, Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Serranidae: Epinephelinae), with notes on C. argus andC. urodeta. Environmental Biology of Fishes 43: 363-370. Donaldson, T.J. 1995b. Partitioning behaviour and intra- and interspecific interactions: a comparison between male and female groupers, Cephalopholis spiloparaea (Pisces: Serranidae: Epinephelinae). Marine Biology 121((4)): 581-584. Heemstra, P.C. and Randall, J.E. 1993. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 5 October 2008). Machida, Y., Sato, T. and Dasilao, J.C. Jr. 1997. A small collection of groupers from Agdao Fish Market in Davao City, Mindanao, the Philippines (Serranidae, Epinephelinae). Memoirs of the Faculty of Science Kochi University Series D Biology 18: 47-55. Myers, R.F. 1999. Micronesian reef fishes: a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of Micronesia. Coral Graphics, Barrigada, Guam. Citation Ferreira, B.P., Gaspar, A.L.B. & Myers, R. 2008. Cephalopholis spiloparaea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T132825A3461827. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en 6 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.1. Outer Reef Channel - Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.2. Back Slope - Marginal - 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.3. Foreslope (Outer Reef Slope) - Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.8. Marine Neritic - Coral Reef -> 9.8.4. Lagoon - Marginal - 12. Marine Intertidal -> 12.1. Marine Intertidal - Rocky Shoreline - Marginal - Use and Trade (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) End Use Local National International Food - human Yes No No Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Occur in at least one PA: Yes Additional Data Fields Distribution Lower depth limit (m): 108 Upper depth limit (m): 16 Population Population severely fragmented: No © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Cephalopholis spiloparaea – published in 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T132825A3461827.en 7 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™