Download The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages

The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages
NAME:______________________________________
THE CHURCH’S POWER AND DISCIPLINE: Thanks to the Franks and leaders like Pepin and
___Charlemagne________ the Catholic Church owned about __30__% of all land in _Western__
Europe during the Middle Ages. The church kept its power by spreading the belief that it
was the only path to __salvation_____, reaching __heaven___. For salvation a person needed
to receive the __sacraments___, which could only be given to a person from a Catholic
__priest___. If the sacraments where not received the average person was taught and
believed they would go to _hell__. To keep its power over the people and the kings of
Europe, the church had special powers:
1. _Canon__ Law: the church’s own legal system. The church’s court was called the
__curia___.The church had control over all wills, ____marriages_____, widows and
orphans, decisions on what was moral, and ___religious___ crimes like ____heresy____
(teachings different from those of the church).
2. Inquisition: was a special church court to deal with heresy, this was created as
others began to teach beliefs different from the Catholic Church. Those accused had
to confess or were __tortured__________. In some cases a person was even sentenced
to death by being __burned________ at the stake.
3. ____Excommunication_____: the church could punish an individual by not allowing
him to “communicate” with the church making sure they could not receive
__sacraments__ needed to go to heaven.
4. Interdict: this was used to punish a particular area by not allowing religious
services like __mass___ to occur and limited which sacraments could be
administered. The interdict and __excommunication_______ were ways for the
__pope________ to punish __kings______ and his followers in the Middle Ages.
inquisition
Write sentences
To describe the
Topic:
exc
excommunication
interdict and pope
ATTEMPTS AT REFORMING THE CHURCH: In part because of the feudal system the church became
very wealthy thanks to __tithes_______ paid to the church. Nobles also not wanting to divide
their __fiefs______ (lands) and have fighting for land amongst their sons looked to buy them
positions in the church. The buying of church offices was called __simony_____. Over time
many of the sons of nobles who became members of the clergy began to break many of the
rules of the church including __marriage_____ and used the wealth of the church for their
own _purposes__. Because of these abuses of power, movements were created to reform
(__change______) the church from within.
The Cluniac Movement: Named after a monastery in Cluny, __France___ the movement
tried to change monasteries which had broken the _Benedictine__ Rule. The movement
wanted to end the power of kings to pick or _sell__ the position of bishop. It also wanted to
ensure that the __pope___ was the absolute authority on all religious issues. The
movement’s greatest leader was a man named ___Hildebrand_________ who created the
College of __Cardinals____ who would elect the pope. In 1073, Hildebrand was elected Pope
__Gregory_______ VII.
Reforms of Pope Gregory VII: Gregory _replaced_____ all bishops who had paid for their
positions ending the practice of __simony________, forbid members of the clergy from getting
_married____, and made bishops only answerable to him not the __kings____ in the land they
lived. This caused a problem between the pope and the _Holy_ __Roman_ Emperor Henry
IV. Gregory forced Henry to submit to his _power______, but later was kicked out of Rome by
Henry and replaced as __pope___. (GUELFS and GHIBELLINES)
Friars: Unlike the Benedictine __monks_____ who lived in monasteries teaching and helping
the poor, friars were created to __travel_____ around and spread their teachings and help the
poor. This was an attempt to reform the monasteries. Often known as mendicants or
__begging_____ orders, they relied on the charity of others to survive. The two most popular
were the ___Franciscan_________ Order founded by St. Francis of Assisi and the
_Dominican_____ Order founded by St. Dominic.
THE CHURCH’S IMPACT ON ARCHITECTURE AND LEARNING: Because religion was so important to the
people of the Middle Ages many cities and towns built large ___cathedrals______, churches
run by a bishop. Two types of cathedrals developed:
1. ___Romanesque________: the earlier design which copied the __Greek______ and Roman
temples with rounded _arches______ and giant domes.
2. __Gothic_____________: with stained _glass_________ windows, high arches supported by
flying __buttresses_______, and with __gargoyles_________ to scare off evil spirits.
These cathedrals were the homes of the first _schools___ in Europe after the Dark Ages. All
classes were taught in ___Latin__________. Over time as more students wanted to learn and
the cathedral schools did not have enough space, kings and the church gave __charters_____
(contracts) to teacher and student unions who created __universities______. Degrees were
offered in the theology, __law______, and medicine at the bachelor’s, master’s, and
_doctor’s______ levels.
universities
cathedrals
law
THE CRUSADES: (SEE HANDOUTS) LOOK OVER THE HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS!!!!!!!
Which crusade had 3 kings? What were the crusaders promised if they went on a
crusade? What did crusaders learn from the crusades?
THE CHURCH’S DECLINE OF POWER: Over time as powerful kings formed nations they challenged
the power of the __pope_____. Nothing weakened the power of the church greater than two
events in the _14___ Century:
1. THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY or __Avignon___ PAPACY (1309-1376): King Philip
IV of _France__ tried to __tax_____ the land owned by the church and got into a
conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. Philip tried to have the pope _kidnapped___ in
1303, which failed, but the attempt was so stressful that Boniface died a few weeks
later. A few years later a French pope was elected who moved to Avignon, France,
which was considered _papal___ land, but was under the control of the French king.
2. THE GREAT SCHISM (1377-1417): When the pope died visiting Rome and not in
Avignon, the _Italian__ cardinals quickly elected an Italian pope. The _French____
cardinals protested that the election was invalid and elected their own pope, a
_French____ one. Kings of Europe and their people divided their loyalties as to
which pope to _support______.
The Early Protestants: People who began to _protest_____ what was going on in the
church were called Protestants. In France the pope supported ___crusades______ against
protesters about the Avignon Papacy. In England a theologian, John __Wycliffe_____________,
taught that the ___Bible_________ not the pope was the authority on what should be done to
reach heaven and the church should own no __land_____ or have any wealth. In the Holy
Roman Empire, particularly in the Czech Republic today, John (Jan) _Huss_______ led
reformers. Hus was excommunicated and later _burned_____ at the stake for his teachings.
The __Moravian_______ Church was started from his teachings.
Use: Huss, Wycliffe, Protestants, and
Bible for one sentence.
And Avignon
Papacy and Great Schism for
another.