Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Role of Vocabulary Learning in Social Studies Elfrieda H. Hiebert TextProject & University of California, Santa Cruz Knowledge 1986 2007 2017 Knowledge is “stored” in texts and… ©2011 by Mr. T in DC in Flickr. Some rights reserved http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ texts typically have more rare words than conversations. ©2010 by Len Ma-hews in Flickr. Some rights reserved h-p://creaBvecommons.org/licenses/by-‐nc-‐sa/2.0/ FEATURES OF THE VOCABULARY IN SOCIAL STUDIES TEXTS Creating the Constitution After the Declaration of Independence was signed, each state was independent. Therefore, each state needed a set of laws, or constitution, that captured the ideals of the Revolution. These state constitutions served as models for the U.S. Constitution. Some states, for example, allowed all adult white males to vote. Others allowed only those who owned property to vote. Some had strong governors. Some had strong legislatures. In May 1787, many signers of the Declaration of Independence, called delegates, returned to Philadelphia. Their goal was to form a stronger government. Some came to strengthen the Articles of Confederation. Others came to craft a completely new constitution, or written plan for government, for the young nation. The Constitution created in 1787 has been changed over the years, but is still in use today. Declaration of Independence (1776) 1. Vocabulary represents connected ideas in content area. Articles of Confederation (1st U.S. Constitution) (1777) 2nd Continental Congress Delegates U.S. Constitution (including Preamble) (1787) Constitutional Convention Compromises Three branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial) Federal system Checks & balances Bill of Rights (1st 10 amendments) Separation of powers Congress (1789) Ratification by states (1791) 2. Many of the concepts in Social Studies are represented by phrases. • • • • • • Declaration of Independence Checks and balances Separation of powers Bill of Rights Articles of Confederation Federal system 3. Many proper names can be part of Social Studies content. The Constitutional Convention The meeting, known as the Constitutional Convention, included people who had steered the young nation toward independence. Benjamin Franklin was 81 by that time, the oldest person to take part. He suffered from poor health but was present for most of the convention. Franklin supported a stronger national government. James Madison, also a member of the Continental Congress, firmly believed in a strong national government. During the convention, he took detailed notes that historians still consult today. Patrick Henry, who had argued fiercely for independence, refused to attend the convention. He defended the Articles of Confederation and opposed taking power from the states. George Washington, who had led the nation to victory during the Revolutionary War, also attended. Washington was elected president of the convention. Alexander Hamilton had worked closely with George Washington during the Revolution. Later, he became a member of Congress and a lawyer. Hamilton agreed that the central government created by the Articles of Confederation was too weak. 4. Academic text includes a special register of words called general academic words. Creating the Constitution After the Declaration of Independence was signed, each state was independent. Therefore, each state needed a set of laws, or constitution, that captured the ideals of the Revolution. These state constitutions served as models for the U.S. Constitution. Some states, for example, allowed all adult white males to vote. Others allowed only those who owned property to vote. Some had strong governors. Some had strong legislatures. In May 1787, many signers of the Declaration of Independence, called delegates, returned to Philadelphia. Their goal was to form a stronger government. Some came to strengthen the Articles of Confederation. Others came to craft a completely new constitution, or written plan for government, for the young nation. The Constitution created in 1787 has been changed over the years, but is still in use today. 5. Be cognizant of differences in vocabulary across disciplines Use Maps to Locate Places Relative Location Go outside. What do you see? Everything is in a certain place, or location. Relative location tells where something is by comparing it to something else. Words such as near, behind, and above tell where people, places, and things are located. Absolute Location The exact spot where a place is located is its absolute location. It includes a place's house number, street, town, and state. A town is a small community. A postal worker uses absolute location to bring your family's mail each day! Imagine being invited to a friend's house. You have never been there before. Your friend tells you the street address. So you know its absolute location. But how do you get there? You can use a map on the Internet. Type in your address and your friend's address with an adult's help. Directions will pop up telling you how to get there! Relative Location Location Absolute Location MAPS Grid Parts Compass rose Directions: north, south, east, west Key or Legend symbols The Kingdoms of Egypt During the 3000s B.C., two kingdoms developed in Egypt. The kings of Upper Egypt wore white crowns. The kings of Lower Egypt wore red crowns. Uniting Egypt. Legends say that Narmer united the two kingdoms in about 3000 B.C., This made him the first pharaoh, or king, of a united Egypt. He wore a double crown of red and white and founded Egypt's earliest dynasty, or ruling family. Normally, control passed between members of a dynasty. Sometimes, however, a new dynasty gained power. Historians divide Egypt's history into periods based on kingdoms and dynasties. The Old and Middle Kingdoms. Historians call the period from about 2686 B.C. to 2125 B.C. the Old Kingdom. Like later kingdoms, the Old Kingdom was a period of prosperity, political strength, and cultural achievement. After a period of civil wars, the Middle Kingdom began. It lasted from about 2055 B.C. to 1650 B.C. Pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom dealt with one of Egypt's major environmental challenges the Nile floods. They built a system of canals that drained floodwaters and irrigated new farmland. High Point and Decline. The New Kingdom followed more civil wars and invasions. The New Kingdom lasted from about 1550 B.C. to 1070 B.C. New Kingdom pharaohs conquered lands in Asia and Africa. This was the high point of ancient Egyptian power and prosperity. However, the New Kingdom eventually weakened and broke apart. Egypt faced foreign invasions. One late dynasty gained power only with the help of the Assyrians. Still later, Egypt was conquered by the Persian empire. In 332 B.C., the Greek army of Alexander the Great conquered Egypt. Upper Egypt Dynasty (ruling family) Lower Egypt First pharoah Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Egypt conquered by foreign invasions Prosperity & Cultural achievement Nile Floods: canal system Conquering other lands INSTRUCTIONAL SUPPORTS Action 1: Consistently use vocabulary maps. Encourage students to generate their own maps. KINDS: •beam •arch •suspension FEATURES OF SITES: •bedrock •tides •currents SPANS: *simple •continuous •cantilevered VARIATIONS: •truss •bascule/swing •semicircular •segmental arch BRIDGES COMPONENTS: •pier •tower •pylon •cables •girder LOADS & FORCES: •compression •tension •torsion •shear forces Famous Buildings in the World How are architecture, construction, and engineering different? How do people from these areas work together? Famous Constructions in the World (e.g., bridges, canals, dams) How do buildings differ in different climates? BUILDINGS Changes in building over time Stories about Obstacles & Challenges in building and constructing Steps in Designing and constructing What's architecture? What's construction? Elfrieda H. Hiebert Building and Nature What's engineering? Sustainable Resources & Energy Aesthetics Engineering: Architecture Greeks' 7 Wonders: Pyramids of Giza Examples: •Great Wall of China •Statues at Easter Island •Taj Mahal Ancient Monuments Challenges in Maintaining: •Neglect •Misuse •War •Natural Elements (Weathering) WORLD MONUMENTS Monuments of the Middle Ages Cathedrals Castles Bridges Modern Monuments Examples: Eiffel Tower Statue of Liberty 2. Use pictures & illustrations whenever possible. Relative Location Location Absolute Location MAPS Grid Parts Compass rose Directions: north, south, east, west Key or Legend symbols Upper Egypt Dynasty (ruling family) Lower Egypt First pharoah Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Egypt conquered by foreign invasions Prosperity & Cultural achievement Nile Floods: canal system Conquering other lands 3. Choose & focus on a critical group of proper names 4. Have students collect academic words and their word families. create creates created creating creation creative creature explain achieve achieves achieved achieving achievement achievable explains explained explaining explanation explainable 5. Have students read topic-rela articles in magazines. • Readworks.org has approximately 3,000 free passages for Grades 1early high school—many on topics relevant to Social Studies instruction. CONCEPTS OF COMPREHENSION: Explicit Information 3rd GR ADE UNI T Reading Passage The Influence of the Arch By ReadWorks The lasting influence of ancient Rome is apparent in many areas of our contemporary society. Sophisticated elements of law, engineering, literature, philosophy, architecture, and art can all be traced back to the Roman Empire. But perhaps one of the most lasting The Party's Over Parties and stunts at the Great Wall of China are now against the law. A stunt is a dangerous or an unusual act that is done for attention. Leigh Haeger In 2005, Danny Way became the first person to jump over the Great Wall on a skateboard. Over the years, many tourists have climbed the famous wall. Others have jumped over the wall on motorcycles. arch. Parties and stunts have caused serious damage to the Great Wall, say officials. The Chinese government has now issued new rules to protect the famous landmark. An arch is a curved structure designed to support or strengthen a building. Arches are The Great Wall is the longest structure ever built. It twists and turns for more than 4,000 miles through China. Parts of the wall are more than 2,000 years old. contributions from Roman civilization is something we see nearly every day: the Roman traditionally made of stone, brick, or concrete; some modern arches are made of steel or laminated wood. The wedge-shaped blocks that form the sides of an arch are called voussoirs, and the top center stone, called the keystone, is the last block to be inserted. During construction, the arch is supported from below before the keystone is put in. The curve of an arch may take different shapes, but it is often a rounded or pointed semicircle. © 2014 ReadWorks®, Inc. All rights reserved. Text: Copyright © 2007 Weekly Reader Corporation. All rights reserved. Weekly Reader is a registered trademark of Weekly Reader Corporation. Used by permission. © 2010 Urban Education Exchange. All rights reserved.