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Introduction to Body Organization/Metrics
RATIONALE
The purpose of this Biomedical Sciences Core class introductory module is to acquaint
the student with basic terminology, relationships of human anatomy, and metric system units of
measurement. It is a foundation module because all of these terms, relationships, and units will
be fundamental for understanding the content of the remainder of the course. Additional study
of this module material by the Health Sciences student will be beneficial during this course and
throughout a health career.
Objective 1
Define anatomy, and its subdivisions, and contrast it with physiology.
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Pages 4-6.
Anatomy is the Study of Structure
Subdivisions of anatomy are shown below:
Surface Anatomy: Surface of the body.
Gross Anatomy: Anatomical structures that observable without the use of a microscope.
Systemic Anatomy: Specific systems (e.g., digestive, urinary, skeletal, etc.).
Regional Anatomy: Specific regions (e.g., head & neck, trunk, upper and lower limbs, etc.).
Developmental Anatomy: Human development from egg to adult.
Pathological Anatomy: Structure during disease.
Radiographic Anatomy: Structural studies using x-rays.
Embryology: Fertilized egg through 8 weeks of development.
Histology: Study of tissue structure and function.
Cytology: Study of cells.
Physiology is the Study of Function
1.1
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
Objective 2
Identify the relationship between structure and function in living things.
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Pages 4-6.
Anatomy and physiology are inter-related: they depend on each other.
Structure determines function.
Objective 3
Define cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism.
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Page 5-8. Figure 1.1, Page 7.
Cell: A collection of molecular structures (molecules). Cells are the basic
units of structure and function in living systems. They are the smallest
living units in the human body
Tissue: A collection of cells and cellular secretions that perform a specific
function(s).
Organ: A collection of tissues that perform a specific function(s).
System: A collection of organs that perform a specific function(s).
Organism: A collection of systems---a living thing.
Objective 4
Arrange, in order, the six levels of structural organization.
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Pages 6-8; Refer to Figure 1.1.
1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ level
5. System level
6. Organism level
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.2
Objective 5
Identify the functions of the eleven organ systems of the body.
Reading Assignment:
Refer to Figure 1.2.
Integumentary (skin): Protection, regulates body temperature.
Skeletal (bones): Support and protection.
Muscular (muscles): Movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.
Nervous (nerves): Regulates body activities through nerve impulses.
Endocrine (glands): Regulates body activities through hormones.
Cardiovascular: Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells.
Lymphatics: Immunity, fights germs and infections (bacteria, viruses).
Respiratory (lungs): Supplies oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide.
Digestive: Performs physical and chemical breakdown of food for use
by cells.
Urinary: Regulates chemical compostion of blood by eliminating
wastes.
Reproductive: Reproduces the organism.
Objective 6
Describe the human anatomical position.
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Pages 15-16; Refer to Figure 1.6 a & b.
Anatomical Position:
Standing erect, facing observer, feet slightly apart, arms at side, palms forward.
1.3
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
Objective 7
Identify the following anatomical terms and body regions.
Reading Assignment: Refer to Figure 1.6 a & b.
Body Regions: Cephalic, trunk, cervical, upper and lower limbs.
Anatomical Terms:
Cranial: Skull
Femoral: Thigh
Orbital: Eye
Carpal: Wrist
Buccal: Cheek
Metacarpal: Hand
Cervical: Neck
Patellar: Front of knee
Thoracic: Chest
Gluteal: Buttock
Axillary: Arm pit
Plantar: Sole of foot
Ante Cubital: Front of elbow
Tarsal: Ankle
Inguinal: Groin
Phalangeal: Fingers
Digital: Toes
Popliteal: Back of knee
Calcaneal: Heal of foot
Metarsal: Toes
Objective 8
Define the directional terms used in human anatomy.
Reading Assignment: Refer to Figure 1.9. Read Text, Page 18. Refer to Figure 1.8 and Table 1.3.
Superior: Toward head, top, or above.
Inferior: Away from head, bottom, or below.
Anterior (Ventral): Toward the front.
Posterior (Dorsal): Toward the back.
Medial: Toward the midline.
Intermediate: Between two structures.
Lateral: Away from the midline.
Ipsilateral: Same side of midline.
Contralateral: Opposite side of midline.
Proximal: Closer to point of attachment/trunk.
Distal: Farther away from point of attachment/trunk.
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.4
Superficial: Close to or on the surface.
Deep: Farther away and beneath the surface--more internal.
Parietal: Wall of cavity.
Visceral: Internal organs enclosed in a cavity, for example, abdominal.
Objective 9
Identify the planes commonly used to divide the body into portions.
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Page 18-19; Refer to Figure 1.9 and Table 1.4.
Coronal (frontal): Divides body into anterior and posterior portions.
Sagittal: Divides body into right and left sides.
Midsagittal: The specific sagittal plane that is on the midline.
Parasagittal: Any sagittal plane that is not on the midline.
Horizontal: Divides body into superior and inferior portions.
Objective 10
Locate the body cavities listed below:
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Pages 19-22; Refer to Figures 1.10 a, b, & c.
DORSAL: Posterior region of the body.
Cranial: Formed by the skull.
Vertebral: Formed by the vertebrae
VENTRAL: Anterior portion of the body
Thoracic: The chest cavity
Mediastinal: Contains everything except the lungs.
Pericardial: Contains the heart.
Pleural: Contains the lungs.
Abdominopelvic: Inferior portion of the ventral cavity.
Abdominal: Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Pelvic: Inferior portion of the abdominal cavity.
1.5
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
Objective 11
Locate the following structures.
Reading Assignment:
Refer to Figure 2 a-i, Pages 142-149.
Anatomical Structures:
Superior vena cava (Figure 21.29)
Omentum (greater) (Figure 24.2d)
Liver (Figure 24.1)
Stomach (Figure 21.25)
Lungs (Figure 23.1)
Small intestine (Figure 24.1)
Diaphragm (Figure 23.1)
Heart (Figure 20.3)
Thyroid gland (Figure 18.1)
Esophagus (Figure 24.1)
Aorta (Figure 20.3)
Kidneys (Figure 26.1)
Ureters (Figure 26.1)
Urinary bladder (Figure 26.1)
Inferior vena cava (Figure 21.29)
Trachea (Figure 23.1)
Large intestine (Figure 24.23)
Carotid arteries (Figure 21.24)
Objective 12
Identify the most specific body cavity in which the following organs are located:
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Page 19-22. Refer to Figure 1.10.
Heart: Pericardial
Lungs: Pleural
Bronchi: Primarily pleural
Stomach: Abdominal
Intestines: Abdominopelvic
Brain: Cranial
Spinal Cord: Vertebral
Urinary Bladder: Pelvic
Kidneys: Abdominal
Sex Organs: Pelvic
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.6
Objective 13
Distinguish the nine abdominopelvic regions from the four abdominopelvic quandrants.
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Pages 17; Refer to Figure 1.7.
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right Upper Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
(RUQ)
(LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant
(RLQ)
(LLQ)
Abdominopelvic Regions
Right Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Umbilical
Left Lumbar
Right Iliac
(Inguinal)
Hypogastric
(pubic)
Left Iliac
(Inguinal)
Objective 14
Identify the abdominopelvic quandrant in which each of the following organs is located:
Reading Assignment:
Page 17. Refer to Figure 1.7 c.
Liver: RUQ (primarily)
Spleen: LUQ
Left Kidney: LUQ
Cecum: RLQ
Appendix: RLQ
Left Ovary: LLQ
1.7
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
Objective 15
Locate the following bones.
Reading Assignment: Refer to Figure 7.6 , and 8.1.
Skull: Head
Sternum: Breast bone
Clavicle: Collar bone
Ulna: Medial aspect lower arm
Pelvic girdle: Hips
Radius: Lateral aspect lower arm
Humerus: Upper arm
Femur: Thigh bone
Vertebral Column: Backbone
Patella: Knee cap
Tibia: Medial aspect of lower leg (larger bone).
Fibula: Lateral aspect of lower leg (smaller bone).
Objective 16
Define homeostasis, stress, and identify the relationship between them.
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Pages 11.
Homeostasis: Appropriate dynamic condition of the internal environment.
Stress: Disruption in homeostasis.
Examples of Stressors: Occupational duties and responsibilities, air travel, infection,
hyperventilation, surgery, heat, cold, hunger, toxins, and disease.
Objective 17
Define negative and positive feedback. Describe the negative feedback systems that are responsible for maintaining nervous system homeostasis of blood pressure and endocrine system
homeostasis of blood sugar levels.
Reading Assignment: Read Text, Pages 12-15; Refer to Figures 1.3, 1.4, 1.5. Table 1.1. Refer to
Page 1.9 of these study notes.
Positive Feedback Systems:
Output products or signals stimulate more output. That is to say, the outputs reinforce or enhance more of the same outputs from the same sources. Positive feedback
systems are seldom used in the human body.
An everyday example of positive feedback is lighting a fire; the heat from a lit match
causes material to combust. This initial flame creates more heat, which then causes
additional material to burn, generating more heat, and igniting yet more comustible
material. It is a self-perpetuating and enhancing process
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.8
Physiological examples of positive feedback include blood clotting and oxytocin’s
stimulation of uterine contractions.
Negative Feedback Systems:
Output products or signals have a negative or limiting effect on further output. In
general, a negative feedback system will reduce or cease the action of the output.
“Negative” in this case, does not mean “bad”, rather it means to reduce or limit.
Negative feedback systems are very common in physiological processes.
Negative Feedback Examples:
1.0 Household example: Thermostat control of a furnace.
Final Outcome
Increased Temperature
(toward normal)
Input
Dropping Temperature
Negative Feedback:
Deactivation of Thermostat
Heat
Thermostat. Initial Output =
Activate Furnace.
Furnace
2.0 Physiological example: Nervous Control of Blood Pressure
Final Outcome
Increased BP
(toward normal)
Input
Falling BP
Negative Feedback:
Reduced Signals
Beats
Faster and Stronger
Receptors in Brain.
Initial Output =
Stimulate Heart
Heart
3.0 Physiological example: Endocrine Control of Blood Sugar
Final Outcome
Reduced Blood Sugar
(toward normal)
Input
Excess Blood Sugar
Negative Feedback:
Reduced Signals.
Receptors in Pancreas.
Initial Output =
Stimulate Beta Cells
Insulin
Glandular
1.9
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
Objective 18
Apply knowledge of the metric system to solve problems such as those found in the following
Basic Metrics Self Test supplement for Study Notes, Module 1.
Reading Assignment:
Refer to Pages 1.13-1.27 of these study notes. Pay special
attention to conversion factors on 1.22. Additional references in the
text Appendix II, A-36 (Table 1) and A-37 (Table 2)
Basic Metrics Self Test
PART I: Pages: 1.12 to 1.15
PART II: Pages: 1.15 to 1.16
PART III: Pages: 1.17 to 1.21
Part IV: Pages: 1.21 to 1.24
Part V: Pages: 1.24 to1.25
Unit of Measurement
Metric System Practice Questions
Exponents
Conversions Between Metric and English
(U.S. Customary Units)
Metrics Review
Basic Metrics and Conversions
kilometer
meter
decimeter
centimeter
millimeter
micrometer
nanometer
angstrom
km
m
dm
cm
mm
µm (mcm)
nm
Å
1 in. (inch)
1 kg (kilogram)
1 L. (liter)
=
=
=
1000 m
1m
1/10 m
1/100 m
1/1000 m
1/1,000,000 m
1/1,000,000,000 m
1/10,000,000,000 m
2.54 cm
2.205 lb.
1.057 qt.
103 m
100 m
10-1 m
10-2 m
10-3 m
10-6 m
10-9 m
10-10 m
1000
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000001
0.000000001
0.0000000001
1 qt. (quart)
1 lb. (pound)
1 ml water
=
=
=
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
946 ml
453.6 g
1g
1.10
DIRECTIONAL TERMS SELF TEST
Circle the right answer.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
1.11
ANSWERS: Cover
until you are finished.
The rib cage is superior/inferior to the pelvis.
superior
The pelvis is superior/inferior to the rib cage.
inferior
In humans anterior is most similar to ventral/dorsal.
ventral
The radius is lateral/medial to the ulna.
lateral
The ulna is lateral/medial to the radius.
medial
The hand is proximal/distal to the forearm.
distal
The humerus is proximal/distal to the ulna and radius.
proximal
The heel is posterior/anterior to the toes.
posterior
The tibia is lateral/medial to the fibula.
medial
The diaphragm is superior/inferior to the liver.
superior
The vena cava and heart are medial/lateral to the lungs.
medial
The kidneys are lateral /medial to the inferior vena cava.
lateral
The kidneys are anterior/posterior to other abdominal organs.
posterior
The trachea is anterior/posterior to the esophagus.
anterior
The gallbladder is posterior /anterior to the liver.
posterior
The skin is superficial/deep to the muscles and the bones.
superficial
The thumb is lateral/medial to the little finger.
lateral
The ankle is distal/proximal to the foot.
proximal
The patella is on the anterior/posterior side of the leg.
anterior
The wrist is distal/proximal to the hand.
proximal
The foot is distal/proximal to the leg.
distal
The intestines are inferior/superior to the liver & the diphragm.
inferior
The nose is on the anterior/posterior side of the head.
anterior
The ankle is near the distal/proximal part of the lower extremity
distal
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
BASIC METRICS SELF TEST
PART I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Units of Measurement
ANSWERS: Cover
until you are finished.
In our English System of measurement, length is measured in yards, feet, and inches. In the Metric System, the
basic unit of length is a meter. In the Metric System, you
would measure the length of the room in ____________.
A meter is a measure of ________________.
meters
length
Americans measure weight in pounds. In the Metric
System, weight is measured in grams. In the Metric
System, you wouldn’t buy a pound of coffee, you would
buy a certain number of ___________ of coffee.
A _________ is a unit of weight.
grams
gram
Volume in the English System is expressed in terms of
quarts or gallons. In the Metric System, the term liter is
used. A liter is a measure of _______________________.
In the Metric System, milk comes in_________________,
not quarts.
volume
liters
Sometimes it is more convenient to use a term which
means many grams, many liters, or many meters. Kilo
is a prefix which means 1,000. Kilometer means 1,000
meters. Kilogram means 1,000 grams. 5 kilograms
means 5,000 grams. 8 kilograms means_____________
grams. 9,000 meters means ______________________
kilometers. 25,000 grams means 25 _________________.
Kilo means _______________________.
8,000
nine
kilograms
1,000
Just as it is convenient to use terms which mean larger
amounts, it is also convenient to break units of weight,
length, or volume into smaller amounts. Deci is a prefix
which means one-tenth (1/10). A decimeter means onetenth of a meter. A decigram means
_______________________ of a gram. 2 decigrams
means _______________________ of a gram. Nine
decimeters means _______________________ of a meter.
one-tenth
two-tenths
nine-tenths
Since one decigram equals one-tenth of a gram, there
are obviously 10 decigrams in a gram. How many deciliters in a liter?_______________________. How many
decimeters in 2 meters?_______________________.
How many decigrams in 1/2 of a gram?___________.
Each decigram equals_________________of a gram.
Ten
Twenty
Five
one tenth
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.12
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
A prefix for an even smaller measure is called centi. Centi
means one-hundredth (1/100). A centiliter equals onehundredth of a liter. A centimeter equals one-hundredth
of a meter. Centi means _______________________. A
centigram means _______________________ of a gram.
A centiliter equals _______________________ of a liter.
A centigram equals _______________________ of a
gram. The prefix for one-hundredth is ______________.
one-hundredth
one-hundredth
one-hundredth
one-hundredth
centi
Since one centimeter equals one-hundredth (1/100)
of a meter, there are 100 centimeters in a meter. How
many centiliters in a liter? ______________. How many
centigrams in a gram? ______________. How many
centigrams in 6 grams? ______________. How many
centimeters is 1/2 of a meter ______________.
100
100
600
50
If there are 10 decimeters in a meter, and 100 centimeters in a meter, can you figure out how many centimeters
are in each decimeter? ______________. Ten decimeters,
each with 10 centimeters, equals one meter and _______
centimeters. Five decimeters equals how many centimeters? ______________. One decimeter equals how many
centimeters? ______________.
An even smaller measure is denoted by the prefix milli.
Milli means one-thousandth (1/1000). A milligram is
one-thousandth of a gram. A milliliter is one-thousandth
of a liter. A milliliter is _______________________ of a
liter. Two milliliters are equal to _____________________
of a liter. 500 milligrams are equal to ________________
of _______________________.
Since each milliliter equals one-thousandth of a liter,
there are a thousand milliliters in a liter. There are a
thousand ____________________ in one gram. There
are 2000 milligrams in _____________ grams. There are
_____________________ millimeters in one-half of a
meter. 25,000 millimeters are equal to _______________
meters. Nine grams are equal to ____________________
milligrams.
There are still some smaller divisions which will be presented
later. Before proceeding, please be aware that most of the
terms we have used are usually abbreviated.
1.13
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
10
100
50
10
one-thousandth
two-thousandths
500-thousandths
a gram
milligrams
two
500
25
9,000
l2.
l3.
14.
The abbreviation for gram is a small “g”. Five grams
written as 5 ______________. The abbreviation for meter
is a small “m” and liter is a capital “L” or small “l”. Write
the abbreviations for eight liters: ______________. One
hundred meters is abbreviated as ______________.
When using the abbreviation for the prefix kilo, a small
“k” is used with the abbreviation for the unit of measure
it is modifying. For example, “k” is used with a lower case
“g” for gram, “m” for meter, and “l” for liter. For example:
57 kilometers is written 57 km. Five kilograms is written
as: ____________. Write 62 kiloliters: _______________.
In practice kl is almost never used. Instead, 1000 liters is
defined as one cubic meter (m3).
Liter is more typically abbreviated using the small “l” as
in: decilter (dl), centiliter (cl), or milliliter (ml). Similar
measures of weight and length include: centigram (cg),
milligram (mg), centimeter (cm), and milligram (mg).
Write five milligrams. _______________________.
Write 10 deciliters. _______________________.
Write 8 millimeters. _______________________.
Write 50 centimeters. _______________________.
g
8L
100 m
5 kg; 62 kl
5 mg
10 dl
8 mm
50 cm
As we mentioned previously, there are even smaller divisions
than one-thousandth. These smaller divisions are rarely, if ever,
written as fractions. They are usually written as decimals. These
divisions are commonly used in science, industry, and health
professions. You need to be quite familiar with these divisions
and their abbreviations because you will encounter these terms
throughout your studies of the Health Sciences.
15.
16.
Micro is a prefix that means the decimal has six places
after it. For example, one micrometer is written 0.000001
meter. One microliter is written as ____________liter.
One microgram is written as _______________gram.
Four micrograms is equal to _______________ gram.
0.000012 m is equal to ______________ micrometers.
Twenty-eight micrograms is equal to: _____________ g.
0.000001
0.000001
0.000004
12
0.000028
Nano is a prefix that means the decimal has nine places
after it. A nanogram is: 0.000000001 gram. A nanometer
is written 0.000000001m
A nanoliter is written _______________________ L.
5 nanoliters is written _______________________ L.
15 nanograms is written _______________________ g.
38 nanometers is written _______________________ m.
0.000000001
0.000000005
0.000000015
0.000000038
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.14
17.
Angstrom is a term that is normally only used to measure
length (in meters only), such as the wavelength of light.
Angstrom means that there are ten places after the decimal: 0.0000000001 m represents one angstrom. Write
the decimal form for 5 angstroms: ________________m.
Write the term for 13 angstroms. _________________ m.
0.0000000005
0.0000000013
Just as kilo, deci, centi and milli had abbreviations, so do the
prefixes micro, nano and angstrom.
18.
19.
20.
Obviously you can’t use a small “m” for micro because it
would be confused with milli. The abbreviation for micro
is the Greek symbol for the letter “mu” which is written
µ. Sometimes “mc “ is used instead of µ . 0.000001 meter
is written in abbreviated form as 1 µm (mcm). 0.000001
liter is written in abbreviated form as 1 µl (mcl). 0.000001
gram is written in abbreviated form as: 1 ____________.
Write the abbreviation for 0.000008 g. ______________.
Write the abbreviation for 0.000010 l. ______________.
Write the abbreviation for 0.000058 m. ______________.
3 µg is written as: ______________ g.
12 µl is written _____________ l.
µg
8 µg
10 µl
58 µm
0.000003
0.000012
A small “n” is used to abbreviate the prefix nano. 1
nanogram is written 1 ng. 0.000000005 m is written 5
nm. Write the abbreviation for 0.000000007 l. ________.
0.000000027 g is written: _____________.
Four nanometers is written as: _____________ m.
25 nanograms is written as _____________ g.
7 nl
27 ng
0.000000004
0.000000025
Angstroms are usually designated by putting a small
circle above the letter ‘A’. 25 Å means 25 angstroms or
0.0000000025 m. Remember that angstroms normally
only measure length. 6 Å means: _______________ m.
125 Å means: _________________ m.
0.0000000006
0.0000000125
PART II
1.15
Metric Sytem Practice Questions
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.
The unit of measure of length in the metric system is a
_______________________.
meter
The unit of measure of volume in the metric system is a
_______________________
liter
The unit of measure of weight in the metric system is a
_______________________
gram
4.
Kilo means _______________________
1,000
5.
Milli means _______________________
1/1000
6.
Centi means _______________________
1/100
7.
Deci means _______________________
1/10
8.
58 km means how many meters? ___________________
58,000
9.
84 meters means how many cm? ____________________
8,400
10.
How many mg in a g? ______________________
1,000
11.
How many ml in a dl? ____________________
100
12.
How many dm in a m? ______________________
10
13.
How many mm in a cm? ______________________
10
14.
How many cl in a l? ______________________
100
15.
5 g equal ______________________ mg.
5,000
16.
5 g equal _______________________ cg.
500
17.
5 g equal _______________________ dg.
50
18.
1/2 l equals _______________________ dl.
5
19.
1/2 l equals _______________________ cl.
50
20.
1/2 l equals _______________________ ml.
500
21.
Write 2 decigrams as a decimal number. _____________
0.2 g
22.
Write 8 nanograms as a decimal number. ____________
0.000000008 g
23.
0.006 m is equal to _____________________ millimeters.
6
24.
Write 12 centimeters as a decimal number. ___________
0.12 m
25.
0.5 g is equal to 5 _______________________.
decigrams
26.
0.0000000002m is equal to 2 _______________________
angstroms
27.
0.05 meter is equal to _______________ centimeters.
5
28.
Write 9 milliliters as a decimal number _______________.
.009L
29.
28 Å means 28 _______________________.
angstroms
2.
3.
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.16
30.
The abbreviation for microliter is ___________________.
µ 1 (mcl)
31.
58ng means 58 _______________________.
nanograms
32.
9 µl written as a decimal is _______________________.
.000009L
Part III
1.
2.
1.17
Exponents
Writing all those zeros is very cumbersome. In practice
only deci, centi, and milli are typically written as decimals. The smaller numbers are written as exponents. For
example, the number 22 means 2 x 2. 23 means 2 x 2 x 2
and so on. The superscript number is called an exponent
and it tells you how many times you multiply the base
number by itself. Since the Metric System is based on
units of 10, we use exponents to the base of 10.
1 x 102 means 1 x 10 x 10 = 100.
2 x 102 means 2 x 10 x 10 = 200.
5 x 102 means 5 x ______ x ______ = ______.
1 x 103 means 1 x _______________________
and equals _______________________.
2 x 103 means 2 x _______________________.
and equals ___________________.
10, 10, 500
10 x 10 x 10
1000
10 x 10 x 10
2000
For a number such as 1 x 109 it would be very inconvenient to write as: 1 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10
x 10 x 10. Instead, we simply move the decimal to the
right. For example, 1 x 102 means that first you write the
number 1, being sure to put the decimal after it such as
1.0. Next move the decimal to the right of the number
(1 in this case) according to the number of places shown
by the exponent. Zeros are added as “place holders” as
the decimal is moved to the right. Therefore, 1 x 102 is
the equivalent of : 1 x 10 x 10 or 100. Try rewriting 2 x
103 as a whole number. First you write the 2 being sure
to put the __________ after it. Next move the decimal
three places to the _____________ and you have the
number_________________. Does 2 x 10 x 10 x 10 equal
your answer? _________________.
decimal
right
2000
Yes.
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
3.
Remember, if the exponent is positive, that is if it doesn’t
have a minus sign, always move the decimal to the
right. If the exponent is negative, always move it to the
left. For example, 1 x 10- 2 equals 0.01. Again, write
down the whole number 1 making sure you include the
decimal point (1.0). Next, move the decimal two places
to the left, using zeros as “place holders”, and the correct
decimal notation is: 0.01. If the exponent is positive, you
move the decimal to the _____________. If the exponent is negative, move the decimal to the ____________.
You move the decimal to the right if the exponent is
_____________. You move the decimal to the left if the
exponent is _____________. Write 3 x 102 as a whole
number.______________. Write 1 x 10-6 as a decimal
_____________. Did you have trouble with the negative
exponent? Write the number 1 putting its decimal after
it (1.0). Since the exponent is -6 , you know you move
the decimal to the left six places. Count the places.
Practice now going both ways.
Write 1 x 103 as a number _____________.
Write 0.01 as an exponent _____________.
Write 5 x 10- 2 as a decimal _____________.
Write 200 as an exponent _____________.
Write 0.000003 as an exponent _____________.
Write 5 x 10- 9 as a decimal _____________.
4.
right
left
positive
negative
300
0.000001
1,000
1 x 10-2
0.05
2 x 102
3 x 10-6
0.000000005
From the previous descriptions, there are three ways to
write metric terms: A prefix—such as centi, a decimal—
.01, or an exponent—1 x 10-2. They all are equivalent.
Also, note that anything with the exponent of zero equal
one (100 = 1.0; 2.0 x 100 = 2.0) . Fill in the blanks in the
chart below:
Kilo
1000
–––
Centi
Milli
Nano
10
10-1
10- 3
10- 9
1
0.1
0.000001
Angstrom
Deci, Micro,
103, 10- 2 ,10- 6,10- 10
0.01, 0.001, 0.000000001,
0.0000000001
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.18
5.
In Part I of this section you were asked how many millimeters were in a centimeter and other similar questions.
There is a quick and simple way to convert between
metric units using the exponents. Before proceeding,
you need to familiarize yourself with the relative size of
the metric units (e.g., which units are larger or smaller
than the others).
Angstroms are the smallest units we have discussed.
Angstroms are smaller than nanometers. Decimeters are
larger than millimeters. Millimeters are _____________
than centimeters. Micrometers are _____________ than
nanometers. Nanometers are _____________ than angstroms but _____________ than millimeters. Kilometers
are _____________than meters.
6.
7.
1.19
There is more than one angstrom in a nanometer, but
less than one, or a fraction of a nanometer, in an angstrom. There is more than one millimeter in a centimeter,
but _____________ than one centimeter in a millimeter.
There is _____________ than one micrometer in a meter.
There is _____________ than one nanometer in a millimeter. There is _____________ than one decimeter in a
centimeter. There is _____________ than one centimeter
in a nanometer.
The next procedure in converting units is to examine
the exponents. If you need to solve the question: “How
many angstroms are in one nanometer?”, the fist step is
to subtract the smaller exponent from the larger exponent (ignoring the negative sign). One angstrom is 1 x
10-10 and one nanometer is 1 x 10-9. Subtract the smaller
exponent from the larger, (10 minus 9 = 1). This means
you are going to move the decimal one place. It is not
immediately necessary to know which way to move the
decimal: this concern will be addressed once you have
practiced subtracting exponents. If you are asked how
many angstroms are in a millimeter, you will subtract
________ from ________ which equals ________.
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
smaller
larger
larger
smaller
larger
less
more
more
less
less
3,10, 7
8.
If you need to determine how many millimeters are in
an angstrom, the process is still the same: subtract the
smaller exponent 3 from the larger exponent ________
which then equals: ________. The exponent form for a
micrometer is _____________. The exponent form for a
centimeter is _____________. The first step in converting from one to the other is to _____________ 2 from
__________ resulting in the number ________.
The exponent form of 1 liter is 1 x 100, The exponent
form of 1 deciliter is 1 x 10-1. In order to convert from one
to the other, first subtract _____________ from 1 and
the answer is _____________. The exponent form for
1 nanoliter is _____________. The exponent form for 1
milliliter is _____________. To convert from one to the
other, the first step is to subtract _____________ from
_____________ leaving the number _____________.
Now that you know how many places to move the decimal it is necessary to determine the direction to move it.
Consider the following problem: how many microliters
are in a milliliter?
Step 1. Write the exponent form for microliter: ___________.
Next, write the exponent form for milliliter: ___________.
Step 2. Subtract the smaller exponent from the larger which
leaves you with the number ____________. This number
tells you how many places to move the decimal.
Step 3. Determine whether the outcome will be greater than
one (whole number), less than one (fraction), or equal
to one. If it is greater than one, you move the decimal
to the right. If it is less than one, you move the decimal
to the left. If it is equal to one, there is no change in the
decimal. Since microliters are ____________ than milliliters, there will be ___________ than one microliter in
a milliliter. Because there is more than one microliter in
a milliliter the decimal is moved to the right. How many
places?_____________ (Look at step 2.) Thus, there are
1,000 microliters in one milliliter.
10
7
1 x 10-6
1 x 10-2
subtract
6, 4
0 (zero)
1
1 x 10- 9
1 x 10- 3
3, 9
6
9.
1 x 10- 6
1 x 10- 3
3
smaller
more
3
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.20
10.
If the reverse question were asked: “how many milliliters
is in a microliter?”, the steps from above are used in the
same manner, except since milliliters are ____________
than microliters, the decimal is moved to the left (see
step 3). There are ____________ nanometers in a decimeter. There are ____________ centiliters in a milliliter.
There are ____________ meters in a centimeter. There
are ____________ nanometers in a micrometer. There
are ____________ angstroms in a micrometer. There are
____________ micrometers in an angstrom.
larger
100,000,000
0.1
0.01
1,000
10,000
0.0001
11.
Write 5 x 10 x 10 x 10 as an exponent. _____________
5 x 103
12.
Write 0.002 m as an exponent. _____________
2 x 10- 3 m
13.
Write 5 km as an exponent. _____________
5 x 103 km
14.
Write 1 nanometer as decimal. _____________. Write 1
nanometer as an exponent _____________
0.000000001 m
1 x 10- 9 nm
15.
The prefix for 0.01 is _____________.
centi
16.
Write 5 deciliters as an exponent. _____________
5 x 10-1 l
17.
How many angstroms in one nanometer? ____________
10
18.
How many milligrams in one microgram? _____________
0.001
19.
How many meters in one decimeter? _____________
0.1
20.
How many micrograms in one centigram? ____________
10,000
PART IV
1.
1.21
Conversions Between Metric and English Units
In nearly all fields of science, the Metric System is used
because it provides a uniform difference between units;
namely 10, or multiples of 10. This is logical and simplifies calculations. However, it is sometimes necessary to
convert between metric units and familiar English units
such as inches, feet, pounds, and quarts. In microbiology,
the system most commonly used is the _____________.
Occasionally, we need to convert from the Metric System
to the_____________.
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
Metric System
English System
2.
The first step in converting between systems is to select a
conversion factor. Conversion factors are usually printed
in handy places such as on the back of metric rulers, on
wall charts, or in tables at the back of science books.
The following conversion factors are used extensively
in medicine and will be included in the Biomedical Core
exams:
1 in. (inch)
1 oz. (ounce)
1 lb. (pound)
1 qt. (quart)
1 fluid oz.
1 m. (meter)
1 kg. (kilogram)
1 l. (liter)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2.54 cm. (centimeters)
28.35 g (grams)
453.6 g (grams)
946 ml (milliliters)
30 ml (milliliters)
39.37 in (inches)
2.205 lb (pounds)
1.057 qt (quarts)
If you bought a one lb. bag of potatoes and weighed
it on a laboratory balance (Metric System), the lab balance would show: _____________.
3.
Conversion factors can also be written as fractions. For
example, 4 glasses = 1 quart can be written:4 glasses1 quart.
In words, this reads: There are four glasses per 1 quart.
The same conversion factor can also be written:
1 quart
. In words, this reads: One quart per four
4 glasses
glasses. Rewrite the following conversion factors as two
fractions:
1 in. = 2.54 cm.
1 lb. = 453.6 g.
1 fluid oz. = 30 ml.
1 kg. = 2.205 lb.
453.6 g
/
/
4.
Many conversions, like those in frames 2 and 3, can be
made using very simple mathematics or by reading the
appropriate conversion factor. Other conversions need to
be done mathematically by a process called dimensional
analysis. If your table of conversion factors does not
include the exact information you need, you may have to
apply a mathematical procedure called ________________
_________________ .
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1 in.
or 2.54 cm1 in.
2.54 cm
1 lb.
or 453.6 g lb.
453.6 g
1 fl.oz.
or 30 mL1 fl. oz.
30 mL
1 Kg
or 2.205 lb.1 kg.
2.205 lb.
dimensional analysis
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.22
5.
6.
7.
In the measurement 1.3 quarts, the word “quart” indicates the dimension. In the measurement 82 ml, the
abbreviation “ml” indicates the dimension. In other
words, to use dimensional analysis, you analyze the
dimension or unit in the measurement. What are the
dimensions of the following measurements?
14 g. ______,18 lb.______, 24 in. ______, 65 kg ______.
In order to convert between metric and English units,
we need to apply a conversion factor in a process called
dimensional analysis. Dimensional analysis involves
arranging the dimensions (units) so that all cancel except
the unit we want to conserve. In dimensional analysis, all
the dimensions (units) cancel except ________________
_________________.
the unit we are
converting into
If you have eight glasses of water and want to know how
many quart jars you can fill––that is, to convert from
glasses to quarts––don’t worry about whether to divide
or multiply, just use dimensional analysis. First, write
down the number and dimension you want to convert
from (8 glasses). Then arrange the conversion factor so
that when you multiply, the dimension “glasses” cancels
out, and you are left with the desired units–– in this case
quarts.
8 glasses x 1 quart = Which units? _____________.
4 glass
The reason that the units of glasses “cancels” out is
because one of them is above the division line and the
other is below. Whenever that happens, the units nullify
or cancel each other. Now, do the arithematic:
8 glasses x 1 quart = _____________.
4 glass
In using dimensional analysis for the problem above, we
first wrote down the number and dimension we wanted to
convert from, in this case: _______________. The second
thing we wrote down is ____________________________.
The conversion factor allows us to _________________ the
units that we do not desire in the outcome.
1.23
grams, pounds,
inches, kilograms
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
quarts
2 quarts
8 glasses
the conversion factor
cancel
8.
Below are examples of dimensional analysis:
To convert 5 cm to inches:
5 cm x 1 in
= 1.97 in.
2.54 cm
To convert 12 inches to cm, you use the same
conversion factor, but re-arrange it so that
the inches cancel:
12 in x 2.54 cm. = 30.48 cm
1 in.
To convert 1.5 m to inches:
1.5 m x 39.37 in. = 59.05 in.
1m
Show how you would set up the following problems for
dimensional analysis.
Convert 10 g to oz: _______________________.
10 oz. x 28.35 g
1 oz
1 fl oz
10 g x 8.35 g
Convert 15 ml to fluid oz.: _________________.
15 ml. x 1 fl. oz
30 mL
Convert 160 lbs. to kg: ____________________.
160 lb. x 1 kg
2.205 lb.
Convert 10 oz. to g: ______________________.
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.24
9.
In some instances, you might not have a conversion
factor that will enable you to cancel out the units. Don’t
worry. Use two or more conversion factors in exactly
the same way that you used one conversion factor. If
you don’t have a conversion factor that will result in the
appropriate unit’s cancelling out, you may need to use
two or more _____________________. Below are some
examples of dimensional analysis problems that use
multiple conversion factors.
conversion factors
Convert 153 inches to mm.
153 in. x 2.54 cm x 10 mm
1 in.
1 cm
Convert 10 oz. to kg.
10 oz. x 28.35 g x 1 kg
1 oz
1000 g
Notice that it was necessary to use additional conversion
factors that were not listed in the table in frame 2. These
additional conversion factors were described in Part 1
of this study guide, although they were not specifically
referred to as conversion factors.
10.
1.25
There may be several ways to set up dimensional analysis
for the same problem. In some cases, the number of
conversion factors used may vary depending on the way
the problem is set up. In any case, don’t worry; just rearrange the conversion factors so that all the units cancel
except those you want to convert to. Show how you
would set up the following problems for dimensional
analysis.
1m
1 km
x
39.37 in. 1000m
Convert 12 in. to km.
12 in. x
Convert 3000 ml. to quarts
1 fl.oz.
1qt.
3000 mL x
x
30 mL
32.oz
or
1l
1.057qt.
3000 ml x
x
1,000 ml
1l
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
Part V
1.
2.
Metrics Review
The metric system has the great advantage that
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
________.
its units differ by multiples of 10, simplifying calculations
In order to convert between metric and english units,
your first step is to select the appropriate _____________
_____________________.
conversion factor
3.
1 kg
1l
2.205, 30
1.057, 39.37
4.
Rewrite each of the four expressions above as fractions in
= _________ lb.
= _________ qt.
1 fluid oz. = _________ ml.
1m
= _________ in.
1kg
I
/
/
or 2.205 lb.1 kg
2.205 lb.
1 fl.oz.
or 30 mL1 fl oz.
30 ml
1L
or 1.057 qt.1 L
1.057 qt.
1m
or 39.37 in.1 m
39.37 in.
/
/
5.
6.
7.
/
In dimensional analysis, all the units cancel except the
unit that you are ________________.
converting into
What are the dimensions (units) of the following
measurements?
18 cm
37 g.
4 ml.
5,000 m
centimeters
grams
milliliters
meters
What units remain (do not cancel) in the following
problems?
10 m x 39.37 in.
32 cm x 1 in.
1m
2.54 cm
15 cups x 1 quart
4 cups
2 fl.oz. x 30 ml.
1 fluid oz.
17 in. x 1 m
39.37 in.
/
/
inches, inches
quarts, meters
milliliters
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
1.26
8.
9.
10.
1.27
An average size man (160 lbs.) would weigh approximately how many kg?
a. 23
b. 30
c. 45
d. 57
e. 73
A cup of water would fill a 1 L beaker approximately how
full?
a. 1/8
b. 1/4
c. 1/2
d. 2/3
e. 3/4
How many centimeters long is a baby who is 20 in. long?
________________
INTRODUCTION TO BODY ORGANIZATION/METRICS
e. 73
b. 1/4
50.8 cm ≈ 51 cm