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Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 1 BIOLOGY 2304/2101 HUMAN ANATOMY COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES Committee Attendees: Hal Alsup Aglaia Chandler Paul Findell Joan Hauser Laura Juarez de Ku Bernice Speer Judy Shippen Sarah Strong Goals: The objectives were written in consideration of these goals: to define a core body of knowledge for Human Anatomy that will be covered completely in all sections of the course if the department decides to give an assessment final for all sections of Human Anatomy, only the core body of knowledge will be used for constructing the final to allow instructors some flexibility in the addition of material beyond the core objectives to meet the needs of a variety of students, including students who intend to transfer to another institution or continue into the ACC Allied Health Sciences programs to meet the needs of ACC students who plan to take BIOL 2305/2102 Human Physiology to facilitate the development of critical thinking skills in ACC students taking BIOL 2304/2101 by providing a varied and comprehensive laboratory experience, including organ dissection, whole animal dissection, and the study of histology to provide a description of course content for new faculty to accommodate differences in student learning styles Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 2 Assumptions: students who take Biology 2304/2101 (Human Anatomy) must have successfully demonstrated proficiency of high school cellular and molecular biology through an assessment test any assumptions listed at the beginning of a topic are based on the knowledge and skills sections of high school biology as defined by the TEKS (Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills) topics covered in high school biology course will not be covered in the course and students will be expected to be thoroughly familiar with these topics the order in which the material is covered is not proscribed by the order in which they are listed in the common course objectives the order in which the material is covered in the objectives is not linked to one particular textbook and may be located in different chapters, depending upon the text chosen by the instructor the objectives are detailed to provide guidance to instructors teaching this course for the first time the BIOL 2304/2101 Common Course Objectives will be provided to the ACC Health Sciences Division and will define their expectations of the knowledge and skills of students entering their programs the overall purpose of this course is to develop student competency in: (1) identifying and naming gross and microscopic anatomical structures, and (2) describing anatomical location, gross structure, and histological structure of tissues and organs of the human body All campuses will adopt whole animal dissection in lab, specifically to illustrate the individual variations between organisms and to demonstrate certain concepts that cannot be adequately seen on models (such as mesenteries and fascia between adjacent muscles). The departmental policy Dissection is a skill required in subsequent classes and programs. In order to adequately prepare our students, students will do the dissections. At their discretion, instructors may provide additional dissections as demonstrations. The official Biology Department policy concerning student use of organisms in the classroom and laboratory can be found at: http://www.austincc.edu/biology/organismspolicy.html Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 3 The following is a list of structures that students should identify on a dissected animal. The items on this list also appear along with the related lab topics below and are included here for easy reference. List of structures that students will locate through the dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat): thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity parietal pericardium visceral pericardium parietal pleura visceral pleura parietal peritoneum visceral peritoneum heart aorta: arch, abdominal common carotid artery renal artery anterior and posterior vena cava renal vein thymus spleen larynx trachea lungs diaphragm esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine greater omentum pancreas mesentery liver gall bladder if present in species dissected kidney ureter urinary bladder Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 4 testes spermatic cord epididymis penis ovaries oviducts uterus Since the particular inventory of prepared microscope slides and models may differ from campus to campus, instructors should provide additional guidance concerning which models to use and which slides to use for identifying histological structures (example: whole mount vs. cross section of simple squamous epithelium) Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 5 Introduction to Anatomy assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge: o students are familiar with the levels of organization in multicellular organisms and can relate the parts to each other and to the whole Lecture Objectives: 1. Define anatomy and describe its major sub-divisions. 2. Describe and differentiate among the various approaches used to study human anatomy. 3. Review the levels of structural organization in the human body 4. Define body systems and list the major organs that are included in each system 5. Describe and demonstrate how anatomists use directional terms, imaginary lines, and anatomical planes in the process of establishing references for describing anatomical relationships 6. Define “body cavity”, then name the principal cavities of the human body, along with their subdivisions 7. Identify the structures that form the boundaries between each of these cavities 8. Name the major organs that are located in each cavity Laboratory Objectives: 1. Demonstrate the ability to use directional terms, imaginary lines, and anatomical planes for the purpose of describing anatomical (organ-to-organ) relationships: directional terms: superior, inferior anterior; posterior ventral; dorsal medial; lateral proximal; distal superficial; deep anatomical planes: sagittal midsagittal, median frontal, coronal transverse, horizontal 2. Use anatomical models to locate the anatomical planes that serve as reference points in the study of body structure. 3. Use anatomical models (and/or preserved specimens) to identify the various cavities of the body, along with their subdivisions and the major organs that are located in each cavity dorsal: cranial, spinal ventral: thoracic, abdominopelvic Anatomy Common Course Objectives 4. page 6 Use anatomical models to identify the locations of the abdominopelvic regions and anatomical quadrants of the body abdominopelvice quadrants: right upper quadrant left upper quadrant right lower quadrant left lower quadrant abdominopelvic regions: right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac right lumbar umbilical left lumbar right iliac hypogastric left iliac 5. Demonstrate the ability to use body surface anatomy terms on anatomical models. oral orbital occipital cervical thoracic axillary brachial antecubital antebrachial abdominal lumbar pubic inguinal gluteal femoral patellar popliteal sural calcaneal digital Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 7 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge: o students are familiar with the parts of a typical animal cell o students are familiar with the function of cellular parts, including plasma membrane, cytosol, and organelles o students are familiar with cellular processes, including homeostasis, permeability, energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, synthesis of new molecules, metabolic processes and energy transfers o students are familiar with the parts of a microscope o students are able to competently use a microscope Lecture Objectives: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Define “tissue” Identify the different major tissue types found in the human body and describe the general functions and characteristics of each type Describe the specific structural characteristics of each type of epithelial and connective tissues. For epithelium, also describe the naming criteria (cell shape and number of layers.) Describe the structural characteristics of exocrine glands Define “membranes” Identify the different types of membranes found in the human body Describe the structural characteristics of each of these membranes Give at least one example of a place in the body where each major membrane type is found Laboratory Objectives: 1. Use microscope slides to identify the different types of epithelial and connective tissues epithelial tissue simple squamous simple cuboidal simple columnar pseudostratified ciliated stratified squamous (keratinized and nonkeratinized) transitional glandular connective tissue areolar: fibroblasts, fibers adipose: adipocytes reticular: reticular fibers dense irregular dense regular Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 8 elastic hyaline cartilage: matrix, chondrocytes, lacunae elastic cartilage: chondrocytes, lacunae, fibers fibrocartilage: chondrocytes, lacunae, fibers compact bone blood 2. Use anatomical models to identify the locations of different membrane types cutaneous mucous serous synovial 3. Use anatomical models to identify the location of specific membranes parietal and visceral pleurae parietal and visceral pericardium parietal and visceral peritoneum Recommended Dissection: 1. Identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat): thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity parietal pericardium visceral pericardium parietal pleura visceral pleura parietal peritoneum visceral peritoneum Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 9 The Integumentary System Lecture Objectives: 1. 2. 3. Name and identify the major structural components of this system List the functions of this system Discuss the anatomical features of each component of this system: name and describe the cellular components and histological structure of each layer of the skin identify the tissues found in each layer discuss the structure of each of the skin derivatives describe the process of normal replacement of surface cells through mitosis in the basal layer 4. Explain how the concept of the “cutaneous membrane” fits into this structural scheme Discuss the unique features of the structural components of this system” pigmentation distribution of sweat glands, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands modified sweat glands: ceruminous, mammary 5. Laboratory Objectives: 1. Use microscope slides and anatomical models to identify the layers of the skin: epidermis stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum dermis papillary layer dermal papillae reticular layer 2. Use microscope slides and anatomical models to identify the derivatives of the skin: sebaceous glands sudoriferous glands: apocrine and eccrine hair: root and shaft, bulb, matrix, papilla hair follicle: connective tissue root sheath, epithelial root sheath arrector pili 3. Use microscope slides and anatomical models to identify related structures associated with the integumentary system: blood vessels sensory receptors: Meisner’s corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle, hair root plexus, free nerve endings hypodermis Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 10 The Skeletal System Lecture Objectives: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. List the general functions of the skeletal system Name and describe the organs of the skeletal system Describe the major kinds of cartilage tissue and give examples of where each can be found Describe the growth of cartilage Describe and give examples of the different shapes of bones Describe the gross structure of a long bone Describe the microscopic structure and chemical composition of bone tissue, including cell types Compare and contrast the composition of the matrix of bone tissue with that of the different kinds of cartilage tissue Distinguish between compact and cancellous bone Describe and distinguish between endochondral and intramembranous ossification and give examples of bones that form by each process Describe the process of bone growth in thickness and in length Describe how the skeleton develops and changes with age Name and give examples of the general surface features found on bones Name and describe specific bone markings and identify the general functions of each List the bones of the axial skeleton List the bones of the appendicular skeleton Describe major differences in both structure and function between the pectoral and pelvic girdles and their appendages Describe the structural features that distinguish the male from the female pelvis Describe and give examples of the major structural types of skeletal articulations Describe and give examples of the major functional types of skeletal articulations Identify the factors that determine the range of movement at synovial joints Identify the types of movement that actually occur at synovial joint sites Recommended Integration: 1. Describe the relationship of synovial membranes and bursae to skeletal articulations Laboratory Objectives: 1. Identify the histological features of hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, compact bone and cancellous bone tissues. 2. Compare a long and a flat bone and locate: compact bone tissue, cancellous bone tissue, nutrient foramen Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 11 3. Identify the parts of a long bone: diaphysis, epiphyses (proximal and distal), epiphyseal line, medullary cavity, articular surface 4. Locate and identify the tissue types and microscopic structures in slides of bone and cartilage tissues compact bone tissue osteons, central or Haversian canals, perforating or Volkmann’s canals, lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi cancellous or spongy bone tissue trabeculae, osteocytes, lacunae, marrow 5. Identify the major bone markings: crest trochanter tubercle epicondyle spine head condyle ramus meatus sinus fossa foramen tuberosity line 6. Be able to locate and identify the following bones and bone markings on articulated skeletons and disarticulated bones. Also, know how many of each bone are in the body. frontal: sinus, orbits, supraorbital margin parietal temporal: zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process, petrous portion, mandibular fossa, carotid canal, jugular foramen, external auditory meatus, internal acoustic meatus occipital bone: foramen magnum, occipital condyles sutures: sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoidal sphenoid bone: sella turcica, greater wing, lesser wing, sinus, optic foramen, orbital fissures Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 12 ethmoid bone: crista galli, cribriform plate, olfactory foramina, perpendicular plate, superior and middle nasal conchae, sinus maxilla: alveoli in alveolar margin, palatine process, inferior orbital fissure, sinus mandible: body, ramus, condylar process, mandibular foraman, coronoid process, alveoli in alveolar margin, mental foramen, mandibular notch palatine: horizontal process zygomatic: temporal process, zygomatic arch lacrimal: lacrimal canal nasal inferior nasal conchae vomer hyoid bone vertebrae body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, transverse process, spinous process, superior articular process, inferior articular process cervical vertebrae transverse foramen atlas axis: dens thoracic vertebrae rib facets lumbar vertebrae sacrum coccyx intervertebral foramina intervertebral discs Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 13 sternum: manubrium, body, xiphoid process, jugular notch, clavicular notches, sternal angle ribs: costal cartilages, head, neck, body or shaft, tubercle, costal groove clavicle: sternal extremity, acromial extremity scapula: spine, acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, medial border, lateral border, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular fossa humerus: head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, body, deltoid tuberosity, capitulum, radial fossa, trochlea, coronoid process, olecranon fossa, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle radius: head, radial tuberosity, styloid process, ulnar notch ulna: olecranon process, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch, head, styloid process carpals metacarpals phalanges os coxa/coxal bone: ilium, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine, greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa, auricular surface, ischium, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, ramus of ischium, obturator foramen, pubis, superior ramus of pubis, inferior ramus of pubis, pubic symphysis, acetabulum femur: head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, medial condyle, lateral condyle, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, linea aspera patella: base, apex, articular facets tibia: medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus fibula: head, lateral malleolus tarsals: talus, calcaneus Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 14 metatarsals phalanges 7. Locate and identify the fontanels on a model of the fetal skull frontal (anterior) occipital (posterior) sphenoidal (anteriorlateral) mastoid (posteriorlateral) 8. Locate and identify the major types of articulations on the articulated skeleton suture syndesmosis gomphosis synchondrosis symphysis synovial 9. Identify the major structural features on models of selected diarthrotic joints knee joint articular capsule synovial membrane bursae: suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar medial and lateral menisci anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments tibial and fibular collateral ligaments patellar ligament articular cartilages tendon of quadriceps femoris Recommended Dissection: 1. Fresh beef joints Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 15 The Muscular System Lecture Objectives: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Describe the major functions of the muscular system Describe the major molecular components of muscle cells, particularly the contractile proteins Describe the cytological structure of skeletal muscle cells and its relationship to muscle cell contraction Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle at the organ level List and describe the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle Name and describe the functional unit of the muscular system. Define a sarcomere and identify its major components Define and describe the neuromuscular junction and distinguish between it and the motor end plate Distinguish among the three major kinds of skeletal muscle fibers List and give examples of each of the major criteria for naming skeletal muscles Discuss the relationship among prime mover, synergist, and antagonist muscles, using specific examples Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue in terms of their microscopic structure, their general locations, and their functional characteristics Recommended Integration: 1. 2. Describe the relationship of the fibrous connective tissue of the muscular system with the periosteum of bone in the skeletal system Describe the relationship between the kind of articulation and the kind of skeletal muscle movements that occur at each Laboratory Objectives: 1. Identify on microscope slides and anatomical models each of the specific muscle tissue types and the microstructure of each skeletal muscle tissue: muscle fibers, nuclei, striations cardiac muscle tissue: muscle fibers, nuclei, intercalated discs smooth muscle tissue: muscle fibers 2. Identify on microscope slides and anatomical models the components of the neuromuscular junction 3. Name and locate the major muscles of the human body on anatomical models and illustrations and describe a major action of each. frontalis occipitalis orbicularis oculi Anatomy Common Course Objectives orbicularis oris zygomaticus major masseter temporalis sternocleidomastoid erector spinae pectoralis major serratus anterior trapezius rhomboids deltoid latissimus dorsi biceps brachii brachialis brachioradialis triceps brachii diaphragm external intercostals internal intercostals rectus abdominis external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominis gluteus maximus gluteus medius gluteus minimus psoas major iliacus sartorius tensor fasciae latae adductor longus adductor magnus pectineus gracilis rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus medialis vastus intermedius biceps femoris semitendinosus semimembranosus tibialis anterior peroneus longus gastrocnemius soleus page 16 Anatomy Common Course Objectives 4. Identify these structures on models and illustrations: tendons galea aponeurotica linea alba iliotibial tract calcaneal tendon 5. Identify these structures on the muscle cell model: endomysium sarcolemma nuclei sarcoplasm myofibril sarcomeres motor end plate motor neuron page 17 Recommended Dissection: 1. Dissect and identify the major superficial skeletal muscles of a mammal Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 18 The Nervous System and Special Senses Lecture Objectives: 1. Describe the major functions of the nervous system 2. Describe the overall organization of the nervous system 3. Describe a typical neuron and describe the general functions of each component 4. Describe the structural and functional classifications of neurons 5. Identify the types of supporting cells (=glia) found in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Describe the structure and general functions of each cell type 6. Describe the structure, formation and general function of myelin sheaths in the CNS and PNS 7. Define synapse and identify the different types of synapses 8. Describe a chemical synapse 9. Define reflex and describe the structure of a reflex arc 10. Describe white matter and gray matter and their distribution in the CNS and PNS 11. Describe the organization and general function of the CNS 12. Describe the anatomy and general functions of each area of the brain and describe their anatomical relationships 13. Describe the ventricle system of the brain 14. Describe the meninges and associated spaces of the brain and spinal cord 15. Describe cerebrospinal fluid, including its general function, location, formation, circulation, and reabsorption 16. Describe the structure and basic function of the blood-brain barrier 17. Describe the location and structure of the spinal cord, including the arrangement of white and gray matter within the cord 18. Describe the concept of ascending and descending spinal tracts in terms of location, origin and termination. 19. Describe the overall organization and general functions of the PNS 20. Describe the structure of a nerve 21. Identify the cranial nerves and describe the location and general function of each 22. Describe the origin of a spinal nerve (dorsal and ventral roots) and its branches (rami) 23. Identify the spinal nerves 24. Identify the spinal nerve plexuses, the spinal nerves that contribute to the formation of each plexus, and at least one of the major nerves that originate in each plexus 25. Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic motor division of the PNS in terms of effector organs and the organization of efferent pathways. Include neurotransmitters, adrenergic neurons and receptors, cholinergic neurons and receptors 26. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS in terms of structure and general function 27. Describe the general function of a sensory receptor 28. Describe the classification of sensory receptors based on structure, location of stimulus, and the type of stimulus detected Anatomy Common Course Objectives 29. 30. page 19 Discuss the differences between the general and special senses For all of the special senses, describe the location and structure of receptor cells, accessory structures, and afferent pathways Recommended Integration: 1. Review the anatomy of the skull and vertebral column as related to the nervous system 2. Review the intervertebral foramen and its relationship to spinal nerves. 3. Review the neuromuscular junction 4. Review cutaneous receptors as related to the integumentary system Laboratory Objectives: 1. Identify nervous tissue cells (neurons and supporting cells) on microscope slides neurons: cell bodies (=somas), processes (=axons & dendrites) 2. Identify the parts of the neuron on anatomical models cell body nucleus dendrites axon telodendria (=terminal branches) axon terminals (= synaptic knobs, terminal boutons, synaptic terminals ) Schwann cells (=neurolemmocytes) myelin sheath neurilemma nodes of Ranvier (=neurofibril nodes) axon hillock synapses endoneurium 3. Identify the parts of a nerve on anatomical models and microscope slides epineurium, fasciculi, perineurium, nerve fibers 4. Identify the parts of the brain on anatomical models and preserved brains cerebrum: right and left cerebral hemispheres, transverse fissure, longitudinal fissure, lateral sulcus, central sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, insula, cortex, basal nuclei (=cerebral nuclei or old name of basal ganglia), corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, fornix, internal capsule diencephalon: pineal body (=pineal gland), thalamus, hypothalamus, infundibulum, pituitary gland, mammillary bodies brainstem: midbrain (=mesencephalon), corpora quadrigemina, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, cerebral peduncles, pons, cerebellar peduncles, Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 20 medulla oblongata, pyramids cerebellum: right and left cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, cortex, arbor vitae 5. Identify the parts of the ventricle system of the brain on anatomical models lateral ventricles third ventricle fourth ventricle median and lateral aperatures cerebral aqueduct (=mesencephalic aqueduct) interventricular foramen choroid plexuses 6. Identify the meninges and associated spaces of the brain and spinal cord on anatomical models dura mater: periosteal layer, meningeal layer arachnoid mater: subarachnoid space pia mater tentorium cerebelli falx cerebri 7. Identify the parts of the spinal cord on models and microscope slides slides gray horns white columns central canal spinal cord models gray horns: anterior, lateral, posterior white columns (=funiculi): anterior, lateral, posterior central canal gray and white commissures anterior median fissure posterior median sulcus meninges: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater subarachnoid space epidural space 8. Identify the origins of a spinal nerve on spinal cord models and microscope slides dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion ventral root spinal nerve rami: dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, gray ramus communicantes sympathetic ganglia Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 21 9. Identify the cranial nerves branches of olfactory nerve, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts optic nerves, optic chiasma (=chiasm), optic tracts roots of nerves III-XII 10. Identify the spinal nerves and nerve plexuses 11. Identify the olfactory epithelium on models. 12. Identify the papillae and taste buds on a microscope slide of the tongue 13. Identify the accessory structures associated with vision palpebrae medial and lateral canthi levator palpebrae superioris conjunctiva lacrimal gland, lacrimal puncta extrinsic eye muscles: superior oblique, inferior oblique, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus 14. Identify the parts of the eye and parts of the retina on microscope slides and on models retina slide nervous layer: ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, rods & cones pigmented layer eye models fibrous tunic: sclera, cornea, scleral venous sinus vascular tunic: choroid, ciliary body, ciliary muscles, ciliary processes, suspensory ligaments, iris, pupil sensory tunic (=retina): ora serrata, macula lutea, fovea centralis, optic disc lens anterior segment: anterior and posterior chambers, aqueous humor posterior segment: vitreous humor optic nerves 15. Identify the parts of the ear and the histological features of the cochlea on models and on microscope slides cochlear slide scala vestibuli, vestibular membrane, cochlear duct, basilar membrane, scala tympani, organ of Corti ear models external ear: pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane middle ear: ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, round window, Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 22 pharyngotympanic (=auditory, Eustachian) tube inner ear: bony labyrinth: semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea membranous labyrinth: semicircular ducts with ampulla, utricle, saccule, cochlear duct vestibulocochlear nerve: vestibular branch, cochlear branch cochlear cross-section model scala vestibuli, vestibular membrane, cochlear duct, organ of Corti with hair cells and supporting cells, tectorial membrane, basilar membrane, scala tympani, endolymph, perilymph Required Dissection: 1. Dissect and identify the parts of the brain of a mammal 2. Dissect and identify the parts of the mammalian eye (See pages 3-4) Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 23 The Endocrine System Lecture Objectives: 1. Describe the major functions of the endocrine system 2. Define and differentiate endocrine gland, hormone, target cell, and receptor 3. For each endocrine gland, discuss its location, gross anatomy, and histology. Identify the major hormones secreted by these glands hypothalamus pituitary gland: adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis pineal gland (=pineal body) thyroid gland parathyroid glands thymus adrenal gland: adrenal cortex (all zones), adrenal medulla pancreatic islets ovaries testes 4. Describe the anatomical relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland Recommended Integration: 1. Review the relationship of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system Laboratory Objectives: 1. Identify the histological features of the major endocrine glands on microscope slides. Identify the endocrine organ from which the slide is prepared slides pituitary: anterior pituitary (=adenohypophysis) posterior pituitary (=neurohypophysis) thyroid follicles follicular cells thyroglobulin parafollicular cells parathyroid gland adrenal gland cortex: zona glomerulosa, zone fasciculata, zona reticularis medulla: chromaffin cells pancreas: pancreatic islets 2. Locate and identify the major endocrine organs on models and diagrams hypothalamus pituitary gland: anterior and posterior pineal gland Anatomy Common Course Objectives thyroid gland parathyroid glands thymus gland pancreas adrenal glands: adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex ovaries testes Recommended Dissection: 1. Locate and identify the major endocrine glands on a mammal page 24 Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 25 The Cardiovascular System Lecture Objectives: 1. Name and describe the components of the circulatory system. Distinguish between the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system 2. Describe the physical and chemical characteristics of blood. 3. Describe the composition of plasma 4. Describe the structure, characteristics and general function of each formed element in blood 5. Describe hemopoiesis and where it occurs 6. Describe the anatomical location and orientation of the heart 7. Describe the pericardium 8. Distinguish between the three layers of the heart wall, including the tissues of each layer 9. Describe the gross external and internal anatomical features of the heart 10. Describe the path of blood flow through the heart, identifying each vessel, chamber, and valve 11. Discuss the different types of blood vessels, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Identify the general histology and function of each vessel type. 12. Compare and contrast structural differences among arteries, capillaries, and veins 13. Discuss and outline major pathways in the pulmonary and systemic circulations 14. Discuss and outline specific circulations, such as coronary, cerebral arterial circle, hepatic portal system, and fetal Recommended Integration: 1. Review the autonomic innervations to the heart 2. Review the vagus nerve 3. Review bone marrow 4. Discuss the effects of skeletal muscle contraction on venous flow Laboratory Objectives: 1. Identify the different formed elements in blood, using microscope slides Erythrocytes (= red blood cells) Leukocytes (=white blood cells): lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils thrombocytes (=platelets) 2. Identify the histological features of heart tissue intercalated discs muscle fibers Purkinje fibers (=conduction myofibers) 3. Identify the tissue layers of arteries and veins on microscope slides. Be able to differentiate arteries from veins. Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 26 tunica interna (=intima): internal elastic lamina tunica media tunica externa (=adventitia) 4. Identify the following structures on the blood vessel model: artery vein layers of vessel walls: tunica interna, media and externa venous valves internal elastic lamina, external elastic lamina endothelium 5. Identify the anatomical features of the heart using models and diagrams base and apex layers of heart wall: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium right atrium and auricle right ventricle left atrium and auricle left ventricle fossa ovalis interventricular septum bicuspid (=mitral) valve tricuspid valve chordae tendinae papillary muscles aortic semilunar valve pulmonary semilunar valve aorta pulmonary trunk pulmonary veins vena cavae: superior and inferior coronary arteries (right and left) coronary sinus 6. Identify the major blood vessels of pulmonary and systemic circulation on models and diagrams arteries aorta: ascending, arch, thoracic, abdominal brachiocephalic common carotid internal carotid external carotid subclavian axillary brachial radial Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 27 ulnar vertebral celiac trunk: common hepatic, left gastric, splenic superior mesenteric renal gonadal inferior mesenteric common iliac external iliac femoral popliteal anterior tibial posterior tibial peroneal (=fibular) dorsalis pedis veins superior vena cava brachiocephalic internal jugular external jugular subclavian axillary cephalic brachial basilic median cubital inferior vena cava hepatic renal gonadal lumbar common iliac internal iliac external iliac femoral great saphenous popliteal Dural/cranial sinuses: superior sagittal transverse 7. Identify the major vessels of the coronary circulation, the cerebral arterial circle, and the hepatic portal system on models and diagrams Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 28 coronary circulation left coronary a. anterior interventricular a. circumflex a. right coronary a. posterior interventricular a. marginal a. coronary sinus great cardiac v. middle cardiac v. cerebral arterial circle (=circle of Willis) basilar anterior cerebral middle cerebral posterior cerebral anterior communicating posterior communicating hepatic portal circulation splenic v. inferior mesenteric v. superior mesenteric v. hepatic portal v. Required Dissections: 1. Locate and identify the features of a sheep heart 2. Locate and identify these blood vessels of a mammal: Aorta (arch, abdominal) common carotid artery anterior vena cava posterior vena cava (See pages 3-4) Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 29 The Lymphatic System Lecture Objectives: 1. List the major functions of the lymphatic system 2. Compare and contrast plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph 3. Identify and describe the structure and general function of the lymph vessels 4. Describe anatomical features of lymphoid tissue 5. Describe the location, structure, and general functions of the lymphoid organs Recommended Integration: 1. Review the relationships between the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system 2. Discuss the effects of skeletal muscle contraction on lymph flow Laboratory Objectives: 1. Identify the histological features of lymph nodes, using microscope slides cortex: nodules, germinal centers medulla: cords, sinuses lymphocytes 2. Identify Peyer’s patches, using a microscope slide of the ileum of the small intestine 3. Locate the major lymphatic vessels and organs on models and diagrams lymphatic vessels lymphatic ducts: right, thoracic lymph nodes: cervical, axillary, inguinal cisterna chyli lymphatic organs tonsils: pharyngeal, palatine, lingual spleen thymus lymph node Required Dissection: 1. Locate and identify the spleen and thymus on a mammal (See pages 3-4) Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 30 The Respiratory System Lecture Objectives: 1. List the major function of the respiratory system 2. Describe the location, gross structure, histological structure, and general functions of the individual respiratory organs 3. Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zones 4. Trace the path of air flow from the external nares to the alveoli 5. Describe the location and histological structure of the respiratory membrane Recommended Integration: 1. Describe structural variations in the walls of the respiratory structures (epithelium, smooth muscle, cartilage) 2. Describe the parallel branching of respiratory airways and pulmonary vasculature (bronchial tree; pulmonary blood vessels) 3. Review the location of lymphatic tissue associated with the respiratory system 4. Review the location and general function of the olfactory epithelium 5. Review the location, histological structure, and function of the serous membranes associated with the lungs 6. Review the skeletal muscles used in respiratory movements 7. Review the bones associated with the nasal cavity Laboratory Objectives: 1. Identify the structural components of the respiratory system on models or preserved specimens nose external nares internal nares vestibule nasal cavity nasal meatuses: superior, middle and inferior pharynx nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharnyx pharyngotympanic (=auditory, Eustachian) tubes larynx glottis laryngeal cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate vestibular folds vocal folds trachea tracheal cartilages, trachealis muscle bronchial tree: primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 31 alveolar sacs alveoli pleura: visceral and parietal, pleural cavity left and right lungs: apex, base, hilum, superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe, oblique fissure, horizontal fissure, cardiac notch 2. Use microscope slides to identify the major histological features of the trachea mucosa: pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells submucosa, seromucous glands cartilaginous layer adventitia trachealis muscle 3. Use microscope slides to identify the major histological features of lung tissue bronchi bronchioles alveoli pulmonary arteries and veins Required Dissection: (See pages 3-4) 1. Locate and identify the major respiratory organs and associated structures on a mammal:. Larynx Trachea Lungs Diaphragm Thoracic cavity Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 32 The Digestive System Lecture Objectives: 1. List the major function of the digestive system 2. Describe the general histology of the alimentary canal wall 3. Describe the location, gross and histological structures, and general functions of the organs of the digestive tract (=alimentary canal, gastrointestinal tract) 4. Describe the location, gross and histological structures, and general functions of the accessory digestive organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas) 5. Describe the location, structure, and general functions of “mesentery” and the concepts of retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal organs Recommended Integration: 1. Describe structural changes in the epithelial membrane of the alimentary canal from the oral vestibule to the anal orifice 2. Review the location and general function of lymphoid tissue located in the wall of the alimentary canal 3. Review the location and general function of lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine 4. Review the location, histological structure, and general function of the serous membranes associated with the digestive system 5. Review the skeletal muscles associated with the digestive system 6. Review the hepatic portal circulation Laboratory Objectives: 1. Identify the structural components of the digestive system on models or preserved specimens mouth lips and labial frenulum oral cavity vestibule fauces teeth incisor, canine, premolar, molar crown, root, pulp cavity, root canal, apical foramen, enamel, dentin, cementum, periodontal ligament gingivae hard palate soft palate & uvula tongue and lingual frenulum salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual esophagus: gastroesophageal sphincter (=cardiac sphincter, lower esophageal sphincter) stomach lesser curvature, greater curvatures Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 33 cardia, fundus, body, pyloric region, rugae layers of muscularis: circular, oblique, longitudinal pyloric sphincter small intestine duodenum, jejunum, ileum plicae circulares, villi ileocecal valve large intestine cecum, appendix colon: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, hepatic flexure, splenic flexure, haustra,tenia coli rectum anal canal: internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, anus peritoneum: visceral, parietal, mesentery, greater omentum, pancreas head, body, tail pancreatic ducts: main and accessory liver left, right, caudate, quadrate lobes gallbladder Trace the pathway of bile from the liver to the duodenum: Hepatic ducts: right, left and common Cystic duct Common bile duct Hepatopancreatic ampulla Hepatopancreatic sphincter 3. Use both microscope slides and histology models to identify these structures: esophagus: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia stomach: Esophagus-stomach junction Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa duodenum: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia ileum: Peyer’s patches Anatomy Common Course Objectives 4. Identify the histological features of the pancreas. acini ducts 5. Identify histological features of the liver: lobules hepatocytes central vein sinusoids bile ducts branches of hepatic artery branches of hepatic portal vein 6. Identify these structures on the villus histology model. mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa submucosa muscularis: circular layer, longitudinal layer villi crypts lacteals page 34 Required Dissection: (See pages 3-4) 1. Locate and identify the major digestive organs and associated structures on a mammal: abdominopelvic cavity parietal peritoneum visceral peritoneum esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine greater omentum pancreas mesentery liver gallbladder if present in species dissected Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 35 The Urinary System Lecture Objectives: 1. List the major function of the urinary system 2. Describe the location, gross structure, histological structure, and general functions of the organs of the urinary system 3. List and describe the location of the vessels that form a blood supply to the kidney 4. Describe the location, anatomical components, and histological structure of the nephron and associated structures (collecting duct or tubule, blood vessels) 5. Describe the location, general function and structures of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Recommended Integration: 1. Students draw and label tubular and vascular components of the nephron. 2. Describe changes in the structure of the epithelial membrane from the renal calyces to the urethral orifice 3. Compare the structure and general functions of the male and female urethra 4. Review the skeletal muscles associated with the urinary system 5. Trace the flow of blood from the abdominal aorta through the kidney back to the inferior vena cava. Laboratory Objectives: 1. Identify the structural components of the urinary system on models or preserved specimens kidney: cortex, medulla, capsule hilus renal pyramids (=medullary pyramids) renal papillae renal calyxes (major, minor) renal pelvis ureter urinary bladder: mucosa, muscularis (=detrusor muscle), rugae urethra blood supply: renal arteries and veins interlobar arteries and veins arcuate arteries and veins interlobular (=cortical radiate) arteries and veins afferent arterioles glomerular capillaries efferent arterioles peritubular capillaries Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 36 vasa recta 2. Using microscope slides, identify the components of the kidney. renal capsule cortex, medulla glomeruli glomerular capsules proximal and distal convoluted tubules 3. Using nephron models, identify the following structures: renal corpuscle (=glomerular capsule + glomerulus) glomerular capsule (=Bowman’s capsule) parietal layer visceral layer – podocytes, filtration slits proximal convoluted tubule loop of nephron (=loop of Henle) descending limb ascending limb distal convoluted tubule collecting duct (=tubule) glomerulus afferent arteriole efferent arteriole juxtaglomerular apparatus: macula densa cells, granular cells (=juxtaglomerular cells) 4. Using microscope slides, identify the layers of the urinary bladder and the tissues of which they are made mucosa: transitional epithelium muscularis Required Dissection: (See pages 3-4) 1. Locate and identify the major urinary organs on a whole mammal Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra Recommended Dissection: 1. Locate and identify the major structures that form the kidney of a large mammal Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 37 The Reproductive System Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge: o Students can compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis and the significance of each Lecture Objectives: 1. List the major function of the reproductive system 2. Describe the location, structure, and general functions of the reproductive organs of the male 3. Describe the location, structure, and general functions of the reproductive organs of the female 4. Describe the histological structures of the following organs: testis, penis, ovary, uterus 5. Describe the location and structure of the mammary glands. Recommended Integration: 1. Review the skeletal muscles associated with the reproductive system 2. Review the dual role of the male urethra 3. Review the hormones involved in coordinating reproductive functions. Laboratory Objectives: 1. Identify the structures that form the male reproductive system on models or on preserved specimens testes (singular = testis): tunica albuginea scrotum epididymis ductus (=vas) deferens spermatic cord inguinal canal ejaculatory duct seminal vesicles prostate gland bulbourethral glands urethra: prostatic, membranous, spongy (=penile), external urethral orifice penis: corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa, glans penis, prepuce perineum urogenital diaphragm 2. Identify the structures that form the female reproductive system on models or on preserved specimens ovaries oviducts (=fallopian tubes, uterine ducts): infundibulum, fimbriae, ampulla uterus: fundus, body, cervix, endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium cervical canal: internal os, external os Anatomy Common Course Objectives page 38 vagina: fornix, rugae mons pubis labia majora and labia minora clitoris: prepuce, corpora cavernosa vestibular bulb vestibule external urethral orifice vaginal orifice perineum urogenital diaphragm 3. Use microscope slides and models to identify the histological features of primary male and female reproductive organs testis slide seminiferous tubule interstitial cells of Leydig penis slide corpus spongiosum spongy (=penile) urethra corpus cavernosum ovary slide follicles: primordial, primary, secondary, vesicular (=mature ovarian or Graafian) oocytes, zona pellucida, corona radiata corpus luteum uterus slide endometrium myometrium Required Dissection: (See pages 3-4) 1. Locate and identify the major male and female reproductive organs on a whole mammal: testes, spermatic cord, epididymis, penis, ovaries, oviducts, uterus