Download Visualizing Psychology

Visualizing
Psychology
Siri Carpenter &
Karen Huffman
by
PowerPoint ® Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 7: Memory
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Lecture Overview
„
The Nature of Memory
„
Biological Bases of
Memory
„
Forgetting
„
Memory Distortions
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
The Nature of Memory
„
Memory: internal record or
representation of some prior
event or experience
„
Memory is also a constructive process, in
which we actively organize and shape
information as it is processed, stored, and
retrieved.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
1
The Nature of Memory—
Four Memory Models
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
The Nature of Memory—
Four Memory Models (Continued)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
The Nature of Memory—
Description of Four Memory Models
1. Information
Processing
Approach:
memory is a
process analogous
to a computer,
which encodes,
stores, and retrieves
information
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
2
The Nature of Memory—
Description of Four Memory Models
2. Parallel Distributed
(Continued)
Processing Model:
memory is
distributed across a
network of
interconnected units
that work
simultaneously (in a
parallel fashion) to
process information
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
The Nature of Memory—
Description of Four Memory Models
(Continued)
3. Levels of Processing Approach: memory
depends on the degree or depth of mental
processing occurring when material is
initially encountered
4. Traditional Three-Stage Memory Model:
memory requires three different storage
boxes to hold and process information for
various lengths of time
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Diagram of Three-Stage Memory Model
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
3
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. The _____ sees memory as a process similar
to a computer.
2. Which of the four major memory models best
explains how you can wash dishes, wave to
your neighbor, and talk to your friend on the
phone all at the same time?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
The Nature of Memory—
Description of Three Stage
Memory Model
„
Sensory Memory: first memory stage that
briefly preserves a relatively exact replica
of sensory information
‰ Sensory memory has a large capacity
but information only lasts a few seconds.
‰ Selected information is sent on to shortterm memory.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Sperling’s Experiment with
Sensory Memory
„
When flashed an
arrangement of 12
letters for 1/20 of a
second, most people
can only recall 4 or 5.
Sperling proved all 12
letters were available
in sensory memory if
they can be attended
to quickly.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
4
The Nature of Memory—
Three Stage Memory Model (Continued)
„
„
„
Short-Term Memory (STM): second
memory stage that temporarily stores
sensory information and decides whether
to send it on to long-term memory (LTM)
STM can hold 5-9 items for about 30
seconds before they are forgotten.
STM capacity can be increased with
chunking. STM duration improves with
maintenance rehearsal.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
„
„
•
•
•
STM, also called working memory, is much more
than just a passive, temporary holding area.
Three parts of working memory:
visuospatial sketchpad
central executive
phonological loop
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
The Nature of Memory—
Three Stage Memory Model
(Continued)
„
Long-Term
Memory (LTM):
relatively
permanent
memory storage
with a virtually
limitless capacity
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
5
Types of Long-Term Memories
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Improving Long-Term Memory (LTM)
„
LTM can be improved with:
‰ Organization
‰ Elaborative Rehearsal
‰ Retrieval Cues
„ Recognition
„ Recall
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
An Example of Elaborative Rehearsal
„
Understanding and
memory may be
enhanced by
elaborating on
previously known
information (e.g., using
knowledge of
geography to better
understand history)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
6
An Example of Recognition Vs. Recall
„
Research shows people are better at recognizing
photos of previous high school classmates than
recalling their names.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
A Test for Recall: Can You Write Down
the Names of Santa’s Nine Reindeer?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Now Try Recognizing the Names . . .
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
A) Rudolph
B) Dancer
C) Cupid
D) Lancer
E) Comet
F) Vixen
G) Blitzen
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
H) Crasher
I) Donner
J) Prancer
K) Sunder
L) Thunder
M) Dasher
N) Donder
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
7
The names of Santa’s Nine Reindeer are
indicated with **
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
A) Rudolph**
B) Dancer**
C) Cupid**
D) Lancer
E) Comet**
F) Vixen**
G) Blitzen**
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
H) Crasher
I) Donner
J) Prancer**
K) Sunder
L) Thunder
M) Dasher**
N) Donder**
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. Why is short-term memory (STM) also
called “working memory”?
2. Elaborative rehearsal helps improve _____
memory, whereas ______ rehearsal
improves short-term memory (STM).
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Biological Bases of Memory
Biological changes in neurons facilitate
memory through long-term potentiation
(LTP), which happens in at least two
ways:
1. repeated stimulation of a synapse
strengthens the synapse, and
2. neuron’s ability to release its
neurotransmitters is increased or
decreased.
„
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
8
Biological Bases of Memory
(Continued)
„
Hormones
also affect memory
(e.g., flashbulb
memories--vivid and
lasting images are
associated with
surprising or strongly
emotional events).
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Where Are Memories Located?
„
Memory tends
to be localized
and distributed
throughout the
brain--not just
the cortex.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Biology and Memory Loss:
Injury and Disease
„
•
•
Amnesia: memory
loss from brain injury
or trauma
Retrograde amnesia:
old memories lost
Anterograde
amnesia: new
memories lost
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
9
Biology and Memory Loss:
Injury and Disease (Continued)
„
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): progressive
mental deterioration characterized by
severe memory loss
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Forgetting: How Quickly Do We
Forget?
„
Ebbinghaus found:
‰
‰
forgetting occurs
most rapidly
immediately after
learning.
relearning takes
less time than
initial learning.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Why Do We Forget? Five Key Theories
„
„
„
„
„
Decay
Interference
Motivated
Forgetting
Encoding Failure
Retrieval Failure
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
10
Five Theories of Forgetting
(Continued)
1. Decay Theory:
memory degrades with time
2. Interference Theory: one
memory competes (interferes) with another
Retroactive Interference (new information
interferes with old)
‰ Proactive Interference (old information
interferes with new)
‰
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Two Forms of Interference
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Five Theories of Forgetting (Continued)
3. Motivated Forgetting: motivation to forget
unpleasant, painful, threatening, or
embarrassing memories
4. Encoding Failure: information in STM is
not encoded in LTM
5. Retrieval Failure: memories stored in
LTM are momentarily inaccessible
(tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
11
A Test for Encoding: Can You Identify
the Actual Penny?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Overcoming Problems with Forgetting
„
„
Serial Position Effect: remembering
material at the beginning and end of the
list better than material in the middle
Source Amnesia: forgetting the true
source of a memory
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Overcoming Problems with Forgetting
(Continued)
„
„
Sleeper Effect:
information from an
unreliable source,
which was initially
discounted, later gains
credibility because
source is forgotten
Spacing of Practice:
distributed practice is
better than massed
practice
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
12
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. You remember material from the first and last of
the chapter better than material in the middle. This
is a good example of the _____ effect.
2. The _____ of forgetting best explains why you
forgot the name of a previous employer who gave
you a bad performance evaluation.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Memory Distortions
„
Why do we distort our memories?
‰
Need to maintain logic and consistency.
‰
Need to shape and construct our
memories because it is more efficient to
do so.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Memory and the Criminal Justice
System
„
Two memory problems
with profound legal
implications:
•
Eyewitness Testimony-very persuasive but can be flawed
•
Repressed Memories—
considerable debate as to whether recovered
memories are accurate or repressed
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
13
Pause and Reflect:
Why Study Psychology?
„
Psychological research conducts basic research,
which helps us describe and understand our own
and others’ memory processes. This basic research
also leads to applied research that shows us how to
improve our sensory, short-term, and long-term
memory.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Tips for Memory Improvement
„
Three Popular
Mneumonics
•
Method of Loci
Peg-word
Method of Word
Associations
•
•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Visualizing
Psychology
Siri Carpenter &
Karen Huffman
by
PowerPoint ® Lecture Notes Presentation
End of
Chapter 7: Memory
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
14