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Group I Cardiovascular Questions 1. Which set of words best fill in the blanks in the following statement: Giant Gippsland Earthworms have a(n) _________ system with ________; Crayfish have a(n) _____ system with _______________ a. Open, blood; open, hemolymph b. Open, hemolymph; open, hemolymph c. Closed, blood; open, hemolymph d. Closed, hemolymph; closed, blood 2. Label the structures and direction of blood flow of the circulatory system in humans: 3. You encounter a classmate with the following symptoms: slurred speech, face drooping, and cannot lift his arm. Should you call 9-1-1? a. Yes, he is experiencing a heart attack. b. Yes, he is experiencing a stroke. c. Yes, he is experiencing Elephantitis. d. No, he is just heartbroken. 4. What does a blood pressure reading of 120/70 mean? a. Systolic pressure of 70 and diastolic pressure of 120; normal b. Systolic pressure of 70 and diastolic pressure of 120; hypertension c. Diastolic pressure of 70 and systolic pressure of 120; normal d. Diastolic pressure of 70 and systolic pressure of 120; hypertension 5. Which of the following set correctly matches the cellular elements? a. Leukocytes-white blood cells, erythrocytes-red blood cells, thrombocytes- platelets b. Leukocytes-white blood cells, erythrocytes-platelets, thrombocytes-red blood cells c. Leukocytes-platelets, erythrocytes-red blood cells, thrombocytes- white blood cells d. Leukocytes-platelets, erythrocytes-white blood cells, thrombocytes- white blood cells 6. Which of the following sequence of animals correctly labels the diagram of vertebrate hearts? a. Chondrichthyes, California Newt, Squamata, Apodiformes b. Chondrichthyes, Squamata, Apodiformes, California Newt c. Squamata, Apodiformes, California Newt, Chondrichthyes d. Chondrichthyes, Apodiformes, California Newt, Squamata 7. Concentrations of O2 and CO2 in the lung/cardiovascular interface go from a _____ concentration to a _____ concentration by _____. a. lower / higher / osmosis b. higher / lower / osmosis c. lower / higher / diffusion d. higher / lower / diffusion 8. Pulmonary circulation takes _____ blood to the lungs and returns _____ blood to the heart. a. oxygen-rich / oxygen-poor b. oxygen-poor / carbon dioxiderich c. oxygen-rich / carbon dioxidepoor d. oxygen-poor / carbon dioxidepoor 9. During the diastolic phase of the cardiac cycle: a. all four chambers of the heart relax b. the atria contract and the ventricles relax c. the semilunar valve opens d. the right atrium and right ventricle relax, while the left atrium and left ventricle contract 10. Plasma composition of mammalian blood (choose all that apply): a. Water b. Urea c. Hormones d. Proteins 11. Which of these statements regarding blood vessels is correct? a. Arteries have high surface area, high velocity, high pressure b. Arteries have high surface area, low velocity, high pressure c. Arteries have low surface area, low velocity, high pressure d. Arteries have low surface area, high velocity, high pressure 12. Crocodiles have a four-chambered heart and one artery that lead to the systemic circuit. a. True b. False Answers: 1. c 2.refer to handout 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. b 7. d 8. d 9. a 10. acd 11. d 12. b Group II 1) State 2 ways in which the immune defenses of invertebrates and vertebrates are similar. 2) Which of these only has innate immunity? I. Schistosoma II. Ensentina III. Iguana iguana IV. Professorus Revellus V. Lepidoptera A. Only I B. Only IV C. Only V D. Both I and V E. All of the above 3) What are the shapes of the antigen receptors of B and T cells? A. B: Y shaped T: Stick shaped B. B: Stick shaped T: Y shaped C. B: Y shaped T: Y shaped D. B: Stick shaped T: Stick shaped E. Both B and T cells can by Y or Stick shaped 4) 5) Which of these is not a function of antibodies? A. Binding to the pathogen and blocking it from entering a body cell B. Binding to the bacteria and promoting phagocytosis C. Working with complement proteins to create pores in the pathogen D. Directly destroy a pathogen E. Binding multiple pathogens together for phagocytosis 6) Which immunoglobulin is the first responder? A. IgE B. IgM C. IgA D. IgD E. IgG 7) Which Immunoglobulin is associated with allergies? A. IgM B. IgD C. IgA D. IgG E. IgE 8) A. Rheumatoid Arthritis I. Immunodeficiency B. Hay fever II. Autoimmune C. AIDS III. Allergy D. Organ Rejection IV. Transplant E. Diabetes 9) Which of the following is true about antigen receptors: A. They are found on antigens B. Each B or T cell has one type that is specific to one antigen on one foreign molecule C. Each B or T cell has one type that will bind to only viruses or bacteria D. They are fragmented and presented by MHC molecules 10) The precise site of the antigen that the antigen receptor of the B cell or T cell binds to is called the _______. 11) Which of the following are examples of barrier defenses in innate immunity? (more than one answer may apply) A. skin B. Digestive tract C. saliva D. Inflammatory response E. All of the above 12) During passive immunity: A. The body produces antibodies to fight a pathogen B. weakened or dead pathogens are introduced into the body C. The body submits to the pathogen D. an animal is given the antibodies from another animal Answers: 1) The exoskeleton of inverts provides and external barrier similar to skin and mucous membranes of vertebrates. Phagocytic cells and antimicrobial proteins contribute to the innate defenses of invert and vertebrates. 2) D 3) A 4) 5) D 6) B 7) E 8) I: C, II: A & E, III: B, IV: D 9) B 10) epitope 11) A,B,C 12) D Group III 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Neurology Questions The parietal lobe is primarily used for a. Perception of auditory stimuli b. Motor functions c. Sensory functions d. Perception of visual stimuli The visual cortex is located in the ____ lobe. a. Parietal b. Occipital c. Frontal d. Temporal The thalamus a. Releases hormones, such as growth hormone and prolactin b. Is the location of the melatonin-producing pineal gland c. Regulates autonomic function, such as heart rate and blood pressure d. Serves as a final relay point for sending sensory information to the cerebral cortex What anatomical mechanism is involved in causing a person to blush? a. Blood flow to the skin is increased by parasympathetic stimulation b. Sympathetic stimulation relaxes vessel walls, increasing blood flow to the skin c. Hearing of Tim Revell yell out your failing grade in front of the class d. People do not blush, they have naturally rosy cheeks. The autonomic nervous system is usually voluntary, whereas the somatic nervous system is usually involuntary a. True b. False The autonomic nervous system is broken into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. a. True b. False Label all five parts and Identify as part of central nervous system or peripheral nervous system. Matching to transmit 8. Specialized information 9. Gaps in the Myelin sheath b. Schwann Cells 10. Motor neuron that insulates the axon c. Dendrites in the peripheral nervous system d. Axons 11. Surround the cell body, which contains the nucleus 12. What is the general concentration gradient of mammalian neurons? a) Concentration of potassium is highest outside the cell, concentration of sodium is highest inside the cell. b) Concentration of potassium is highest inside the cell, concentration of sodium is highest outside the cell. 13. How does the resting neuron compensate for voltage difference, allowing ions to diffuse in and out? a) Action potential b) Equilibrium potential c) Ion channels d) Refractory period e) Both a & d 14. Ernie climbs Mt. Everest and experiences Hypoxia, an illness also known as “Altitude Sickness”, is a result of insufficient levels of oxygen to the brain causing dizziness, shortness of breath, and mental confusion. The inadequate amount of oxygen flow is an outcome of the sodium potassium pump being damaged. What change in the resting potential of the neuron is expected in a patient who suffered Hypoxia? a) Resting potential would decrease b) Resting potential would increase c) Resting potential would remain the same d) None of the above 15. Which phase in an action potential allows potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell with most of the potassium channels open? a) Resting state b) Depolarization c) Rising phase of the action potential d) Falling phase of the action potential e) Undershoot Answer Key: 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.B 5.B 6.A 7. 1.Lateral ventricles 1&2 2. Third Ventricle 3. Fourth Ventricle 4. Grey Matter 5. White Matter 8. D 9. A 10.B 11. C 12. B 13. C 14. 15. D Group IV Thermoregulation & Osmoregulation Questions 1. True or False. Do rays have the same solute concentration as the ocean they inhabit? 2. True or False. The nitrogenous waste of Lagomorpha is Urea. 3. True or False and justify your answer. Erythrocytes in the filtrate fluid are considered normal. 4. Organism 1 is thrown into water that is hotter than the normal temperature of the water it lives in. It survives. Later, Organism 2 is thrown into water that is cooler than the normal temperature of the water it lives in. It dies. The Organism 1 is __________ while the Organism 2 is ____________. A. a Poikilotherm, a Homeotherm B. a Homeotherm, a Poikilotherm C. Both Hometotherms D. Both Poikilotherms E. Professor Revell, Sarah the S.I. 5. Most mammals are considered to be homeotherms. What is the only mammal that is a poikilotherm? A. Humans B. Whales and Dolphins C. Naked Mole Rat D. Mole E. There are no mammal poikilotherms F. A Hollaback Girl 6. Freshwater fish are ____________ to their water environment. A. Hypotonic B. Anhydrobiosis C. Hypertonic D. Isotonic 7. Lamellale is the ___________________________________________. A. thick layer, membrane, platelet tissue or part. B. thin layer membrane with tissue like parts. C. thin layer membrane. D. thin layer, membrane, scale, or platelet tissue or part. 8. Enzymes with Na+ & Cl- are used _______ to _____ Na+ and Cl- ions up their ________ ________ to keep ______ concentration in the fishes body. A. energy, push, concentration, gradient, lower B. energy, push, concentration, gradient, higher C. energy, excrete, concentration, gradient, lower D. energy, suppress, concentration, gradient, higher B A 9. Point A refers to ___________, while point B refers to__________: A. Radiation, Convection B. Evaporation, Conduction C. A lizards grumbling stomach, the movement of the lizard. D. Conduction, Convection E. Homeotherm, Poikilotherm 10. You are really depressed after your Bio2 final. You go by a bottle of whiskey and drink the whole thing while listening to your new favorite CD, "The Sounds of Vertebrae’s," and exploring a new career path. You take a bathroom break and notice that your urine is diluted. This is because, A. Your body increased the amount of ADH it released and filtrated out all the water in the kidney. B. Your body increased the amount of ADH it released and water was pulled out of your urine as it traveled through the collecting duct. C. Your body decreased the amount of ADH it released and water moved out of your urine as it traveled through the collecting duct and was absorbed by your body. D. Your body decreased the amount of ADH it released and water was unable to move out of the collecting duct and into your body to be absorbed. 11. When an animal that goes into dormancy during a hot or arid time of the year is known as Aestivation. 12. Label the Diagram. Group V 1. Curare is a toxin that prevents acetylcholine esterase from breaking down ACh in the neuromuscular junction. This causes tetanus, a state of continuous contraction, in muscles. Which areas of the sarcomere will stay shortened in this condition? a. H zone and I zone b. A zone and dead zone c. M line and H zone d. Z line and H zone 2. Muscles use an enormous amount of energy. That is why there are glycogen stores inside. What is the primary function of ATP in sarcomeres? a. To replace the AMP attached to the myosin heads b. For the myosin heads to bind the myosin binding site c. To dissociate the myosin heads from the thin filament d. To regenerate the nuclear energy of the phosphates 3. When ATP is bound to the myosin head, what is the immediate energy configuration of the myosin head? a. High energy configuration b. Low energy configuration c. Nuclear energy configuration d. Zero energy configuration 4. Smooth muscle fibers differ from skeletal and cardiac muscles in that they lack striations. What is the basic functional unit of a muscle cell that can be seen as striations in skeletal muscle? a. Myosin b. Sarcomere c. Adenosine triphosphate d. Sacrum 5. Thick filaments composed of myosin do not shorten when skeletal muscle contracts. Which corresponding area of a sarcomere does not change during a contraction? a. I band b. A band c. H zone d. Z line 6. Muscles are usually attached in antagonistic pairs. While the triceps contract, how much free Ca2+ are in the biceps compared to the triceps? a. Biceps will have little free Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm b. Biceps will have high levels of free Ca2+ in sarcoplasm c. Biceps will have no free Ca2+ in sarcoplasm d. None of the above 7. While a muscle is at rest, myosin heads bind ______. This molecule is then hydrolyze to form a cross bridge. The release of ___________ causes the power stroke where the thin filament moves towards the center of a sarcomere, the ___ line. a. ADP, ATP, Z b. AMP, ATP, M c. ATP, ADP, A d. ATP, ADP, M 8. Why is calcium needed for muscle contraction? a. Calcium binds to tropomyosin and closes myosin binding sites b. It binds to the troponin complex and opens myosin binding sites. c. It binds to sarcomeres and generates an action potential d. To regenerate the ATP stores in the muscle 9. Choose the correct order of muscle structure from the largest to smallest unit a. Sarcomere myofibril muscle fiber Muscle b. Muscle myofibril sarcoplasm sarcomere c. Muscle bifurcated myosin myofibril sarcoplasm d. Muscle muscle fibers myofibril sarcomere 10. Sarcomere length is longest when a muscle fiber is: a. completely contracted b. completely relaxed c. partially contracted d. partially contracted 11. Cross-bridge formation is essential in the sliding filament model for muscle contraction. It occurs immediately after which of the following events? a. autosomal genome duplication b. ATP binding c. cross-bridge dissociation d. ATP hydrolysis 12. You have a muscle fiber in a saline solution with 100 mM ATP, 2 mM Mg2+, and 2 mM Ca2+. The muscle is stimulated via an electrode every second. At 4 seconds you add a compound that binds all Ca2+ and removes it from solution. At 8 seconds a compound that exposes myosin binding sites by binding troponin is added. At 12 seconds, additional Ca2+ is added into the solution. Which letter corresponds to the chart that best represents usage of ATP over time? (D) 0 sec, ATP is used up as the muscle contracts and relaxes. 4 sec, without Ca2+ to bind troponin, the myosin binding sites are blocked and the muscle cannot contract. No ATP is used. 8 sec, myosin heads can bind again and the muscle contraction uses up ATP. 12 sec, no change because the myosin binding sites are already exposed.