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World Journal of Sport Sciences 3 (S): 668-672, 2010 ISSN 2078-4724 © IDOSI Publications, 2010 Estimation of the Integrity of Vital Organs and the Balance Between Catabolism and Anabolism in Athletes and Non-Athletes 1 H. Heshmat, 2A. Moussa and 3O. Emara 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Zagazig University, Egypt 2 Department of Training, Faculty of Physical Education, Kena University, Egypt 3 Department of Health Science, Faculty of Physical Education, Kena University, Egypt Abstract: The purpose of this study was to estimate the integrity of vital organs and the balance between catabolism and anabolism in athletes and non-athletes. 20 students in Kena University were divided to two equal groups, athletes and non athletes and they were subjected to sub-maximal ergometric test. Blood samples were obtained before and after the tests, maximal oxygen consumption values were estimated after each test, also Creatine Kinase, Aminotransferases (ALT, AST), Cortisol and testosterone levels were determined pre and post tests using commercial kits, spectrophotometer and Elisa techniques. The results revealed significant increase in Creatine Kinase, ALT, AST, Cortisol and Testosterone in both groups, in case of post tests. At rest, data revealed different results in the studied Parameters as the CK, Cortisol and Testosterone rise in case of athletes indicated physical, mental stress. The results indicated that the measurement of enzymes lets one estimate the integrity of vital organs (Liver, Muscle) where as the Cortisol and Testosterone indicate the balance between catabolism and anabolism in athletes and non-athletes. Key words: Catabolism % Anabolism % Enzymes % Hormones INTRODUCTION Ferrando et al. [5] added that testosterone acts by increasing muscle protein synthesis without having any effect on protein breakdown, nor does testosterone have any effect on the transport of amino acids into muscle fibers. Wolfe et al. [6] reported that testosterone acts via the genome by enhancing transcription and not by accelerating translation. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the integrity of vital organs (liver, muscle) and the balance between catabolism and anabolism in athletes and non athletes. Creatine Kinase catalyzes the interconvention of CP and ATP. The enzyme is present in almost all tissues but is highest in muscle, the heart and in the brain. The serum CK concentration rises when an organ that contains the enzyme is damaged. The serum CK concentration is probably the best biochemical marker of muscle fiber damage [1]. Aminotransferases catalyze the transfer of an amino group from " - amino acid to " keto acid. This transfer is necessary for amino acid metabolism. The serum ALT and AST concentration are low unless the organ that contain them are harmed [2]. Previous studies have established that an acute bout of exercise stimulates hormonal responses in the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonad - adrenal axis. They reported acute increases in concentrations of cortisol and testosterone in response to submaximal exercise [3]. Cortisol is often credited which being the principal catabolic hormone because of its central role in proteolysis. Also, cortisol’s importance for protein turnover exceeds its importance for glucoregulation [4]. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research Sample: 20 male volunteers students were assigned to the study, 10 athletes and 10 non athletes. Each subject gave informed written consent to participate in the study. Subjects were not taking any medications and had no history of any endocrine disorders. Subjects characteristics were as follows (mean ± SD). Group 1 non athletes n=10, age 19.6±4yr, height 172.4±7.3 cm and weight 70.2±6.4 kg. Group 2 athletes n=10, age 20.1±4.2 yr., height 173.3±6.5 cm, weight 71.3±5.8 kg. No significant Corresponding Author: H. Heshmat, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, Zagazig University, Egypt 668 World J. Sport Sci., 3 (S): 668-672, 2010 Table 1: The effect of test determination on maximal oxygen consumption differences were observed between the two groups for the physical characteristics. Prior to the test, subjects were familiarized with the procedures. A 5 min. warm up was done before tests determinations on the bicycle ergometer, submaximal intensity was performed according to protocol of the American College of Sports Medicine. Exercise intensities for these tests were predetermined for each subject in a time (– 10 min). The times of the test between subjects were similar. This was important to help separate out diurnal effects on hormonal responses to the test. Maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) was determined using Astrand nomogram [7]. The tests were performed at the same time of the day for all individuals at several days, to reduce the effects of any diurnal variation on the hormonal concentrations. Subjects refrained from food for 8 h., 5 ml. Blood samples were obtained from a superficial vein utilizing sterile syringe, before and after the tests and then centrifuged 2000 xg for 15 min., serum was immediately frozen to -20°C until analyzed. Creatinekinase, Aminotransferase (ALT, AST) and Cortisol, Testosterone were analyzed using commercial kits, spectrophotometer and Elisa technique. Serum testosterone hormone was assayed by kits supplied by Diagnostic System Lab, Texas and USA [8]. Serum cortisol hormone was assayed according to Foster and Dunn [9]. Serum AST and ALT were assayed [10], serum CPK was analyzed using colorimetric method [11]. Statistical evaluation of the data was accomplished using SPSS; all data were expressed as mean ± SD. The statistical significance was evaluated by using student test, for comparison between athletes and non athletes. P<0.05 was considered to indicated a significant difference between the two groups. and ALT, AST, CK, Cortisol and Testosterone (non athletes) Group 1 Variables Before After P value Vo2max ml/kg/min - 36.3±3.2 ALT (SGPT) IU/L 13.1±2.3 26.3±3.1 S AST (SGOT) IU/L 14.2±2.6 32.3±5.1 S CK IU/L 25.3±4.1 44.3±4.9 S Cortisol ug/dl 11.6±2.1 26.4±3.6 S Testosterone n mol/L 12±1.5 21±3.6 S *P < 0.05 values mean ± standard deviation Table 2: The effect of test determination on maximal oxygen consumption and ALT, AST, CK, Cortisol and Testosterone (athletes) Group 2 Variables Before After P value Vo2max ml/kg/min - 63.3±6.2 ALT (SGPT) IU/L 13.6±1.9 24.2±3.3 S AST (SGOT) IU/L 15.2±2.9 28.3±4.2 S CK IU/L 28.3±3.4 42.1±4.4 S Cortisol ug/dl 16.4±2.6 24.2±3.7 S Testosterone n mol/L. 15±3.1 29.2±2.8 S Values mean ± SD *P < 0.05 Table 3: The effect of test determination on group (1) and (2): Variables After Group (1) After Group (2) Vo2max ml/kg/min 36.3±3.2 63.3±6.2 P value S ALT (SGPT) IU/L 26.3±3.1 24.2±3.3 NS AST (SGPT) IU/L 32.3±5.1 28.3±4.2 NS CK IU/L 44.3±4.9 42.1±4.4 NS Cortisol ug/dl 26.4±3.6 24.2±3.7 NS Testosterone n mol/L. 21±3.6 29.2±2.8 S *P < 0.05 values mean ± standard deviation RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The increased in Vo2 max observed in case of athletes compared to non athletes might be due to increased mitochondrial volume and numbers, together with cardiovascular adaptations and muscle adaptations. The combination of an increased mitochondrial v olume and mass results in increases in the blood and muscle thresholds and the muscle creatine phosphate threshold. Cogganet al. [14] reported a high negative correlation (-0.63) between muscle mitochondrial enzyme activity and shope of the increase in Pi/crP, which indicates that an increased mitochondrial capacity must also increase the rate of ATP demand necessary to tax muscle creatine phosphate stores. Maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) is the maximal rate at which the body can consume oxygen during exercise. Vo2 max values can be relative to body mass (ml / kg / min) or expressed as an absolute volume of oxygen per unit time (L/min) ( Tables 1-3 and Fig. 1-3). Vo2 max values range in non athletes (36±3.2) ml/kg/min as those trained (63.1±6.2 ml/kg/min). Jacobs [12] reported the factors that influence. Vo2 max: are a high proportion of slow twitch motor units, high central and peripheral cardiovascular capacities and the quality and duration of training. Saltin and Astrand [13] recorded Vo2 max values in ill individuals (<20 ml/kg/min) to those well trained and elite endurance (>80 ml/kg/min). 669 World J. Sport Sci., 3 (S): 668-672, 2010 Before After 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Vo2 max ALT AST CK Cortisol Testost. Fig. 1: The effect of test determination on maximal oxygen consumption and ALT, AST, CK (non athletes) Before After 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Vo2 max ALT AST CK Cortisol Testost. Fig. 2: The effect of test determination on maximal oxygen consumption and ALT, AST, CK, Cortisol and Testosterone (athletes) Before After 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Vo2 max ALT AST Fig. 3: The effect of test determination on group (1) and (2): 670 CK Cortisol Testost. World J. Sport Sci., 3 (S): 668-672, 2010 Table 1-3 and Fig. 1-3 revealed an increased CK post tests in the two groups, with a slight increase for the favor of non athletes, At rest, CK was higher in case of athletes compared to non athletes cases. Athletes, as a rule, have higher serum CK concentrations than non athletes because of the regular strain imposed by training on their muscles. In fact, CK is one of the parameters affected the most by training. On the other hand, the increase in the serum CK after a bout of exercise is lower in athletes than non athletes. This might be due to adaptation. Vassilis [1] reported that the most probable mechanisms of the adaptation by neural hypothesis, repetition of exercise increases the number of muscle fibers that are activated; as a result, more muscle fibers share a certain load and damage is less. It may be due to connective tissue hypothesis as their rupture leads to their reconstruction, their increase during recovery, or both leading to increased tolerance to damage or due to cellular hypothes, is due to increase sarcomeres number along the myofibrils increases, which mitigates sarcomere strain and damage as the muscle is stretched. Tables 1-3 and Fig. 1-3, the serum aminotransferase concentrations increase after the exercise bout in case of non athletes more than athletes because of more muscle fiber damage and that AST increases more than ALT as its muscle concentration is higher. Newsholme [15] reported that ALT and AST increase also in case of liver disease such as cirrhosis and hepatitis and serve as indices of the integrity of liver as a vital organ together with the muscle fibers. As for cortisol and testosterone, both are steroid hormones, they are derivatives of cholesterol, they both are useful in biochemical assessment of exercising persons and estimation of the balance between catabolism and anabolism. Tables 1-3 and Fig. 1-3 indicated that athletes have higher resting concentrations of cortisol than non athletes, while exercise affect increase cortisol response in non athletes more than athletes. So, in measuring cortisol at rest may aid in estimating physical or mental stress, while measuring cortisol after exercise may show that the subject receives a particular load. In case of testosterone at rest, the results indicated an increased testosterone concentration in case of athletes compared to non athletes, also exercise elevated testosterone concentration in case of athletes than non athletes. The cause of testosterone rise in case of athletes might be to promote protein synthesis and curbs proteolysis in muscle, so high concentration is desirable. Warner [16] stated that testosterone level is subjected to diurnal variation, the highest levels occur between 6-9AM; with a 15-40% decrement in the afternoon. Ferrando [5] reported that testosterone acts by increasing muscle protein synthesis without having any effect on protein breakdown, nor have any effect on the transport of amino acids into muscle fibers. Wolfe [6] added that testosterone acts via the genome by enhancing transcription and not accelerating translation. The cortisol and testosterone share an important feature, their production is controlled by the hypothalamus, which synthesizes two peptide hormones (CRH) corticotropin - releasing hormone and (GNRH) gonadotropin - releasing hormone. They are secreted to the pituitary gland. The cortisol and testosterone concentrations are controlled by reciprocal communication of the brain with the adrenal and the testis. So cortisol and testosterone are controlled by feedback mechanism. There is no doubt that skeletal muscle is a target organ for sex hormones and both classes of hormones, cortisol and testosterone share the same intra muscular receptor. He also added that testosterone exert an anabolic action on skeletal muscle where as cortisol causes muscle waste and atrophy, especially in the type II muscle [17, 18]. Thus, in males growth and hypertrophy in skeletal muscle are, among others induced by testosterone and counteracted by cortisol. This is also reported by previous studies [19-22] which added that athletes have higher anabolic hormone than non athletes and higher ability to recovery after an exhaustive exercise test. CONCLUSION According to the study aim and sample the following could be concluded: 1. 2. 3. 4. Vo2max might be used as fitness index. CPK is an important marker of tissue healing. AST, ALT together with CPK are very important for estimation of the integrity of vital organs (Liver, Muscle and Heart). 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