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Skin Structure – Skin 101 presenter Linda Burmeister International Dermal Institute Class Objectives • Teach with Confidence – instill confidence in our students • Make it Interactive – get in, get hands on • Make it Relevant – how will they use the information • Make it Fun – it’s not work if you love what you do! Class Outline Introduction - Skin 101 • Skin Histology – why? – It teaches us how the skin is structured and organized Class Outline Introduction - Skin 101 • Skin Physiology – why? – To understand the skin you must read function out of design Steps to success • Recognizing - What is going on in the skin, what do you see? • Why are we seeing it – what is the reason the client is there for the treatment? • Communicating with the client • Recommending the correct treatment and products Skin 101 • Many modalities and treatments require going beyond the basics and require indepth knowledge of the stratum corneum, lymph system and wound healing process. How the skin functions is a key consideration in determining how we customize our treatments' and make product and home care recommendations' to our clients Introduction – Skin 101 • Skin is: – The largest organ in the human body – The heaviest organ in the body…16% of our total body weight; 1.2-2.3 m2 surface area • In humans it is a differentiated structure comprised of cells and tissues that perform specific functions: – Sensory, heat regulation, absorption protection, excretion and secretion You now know… 1. 2. 3. Skin 101 functions how? • Secretion – secretes sebum from the sebaceous glands • Heat regulation – regulates body temperature • Absorption – through cells (trans cellular) and through the mortar/lipid barrier (intercellular) Skin 101 functions how? • Protection – it is the body’s first line of defense. UV protection, pollutants, etc… • Excretion – toxins and wastes released through ostium (pore) • Sensory – nerve fiber endings respond to stimuli sending message to brain… Skin 101 Sensory response of touch • Pressure during cleanse vs. massage • Abrasiveness of sponges or towels during product removal • Firmness of masque brushes • Hot towels, heat lamps, steam (vapor) You now know… 1. 2. 3. Skin 101 Close Examination of the Skin Three Main Layers of the Skin Subcutaneous Layer Epidermis Dermis Skin 101 The Layers of Skin • Epidermis: keratinized surface layers • Dermis: collagen & elastin (connective tissue) with glands and hair follicles • Hypodermis or subcutaneous: loose connective tissue mostly adipose tissue & blood vessels Skin 101 Epidermis 28-50+ days 30-40% water 65-70% water 3-‐4 ques. you could ask just by looking at this slide • Thin skin, illustrated • Thick skin -the palmar in this micrograph of surface of the hands the forehead, covers (and fingers) and the the entire body, plantar surface of the except the palmar feet (and toes), has a and plantar aspects of thick epidermal layer the feet. and is classified histologically as thick Thin Skin: (forehead) skin. SL SG Epidermis A B Fat cells Thick skin: (finger) Fat cells C Skin 101 Simply stated • There are _ layers to the skin, they are: • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ _ _ _and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. • The Epidermis has how many distinct layers? • Explain the differences between thin skin and thick skin. Vary the type of questions-key words such as: identify, list, show, etc… Skin 101 Epidermis: Stratum Germinativum • A single layer of actively dividing keratinocyte stem cells which are mitotically (cell division) active • Deepest layer of epidermis • Attached to basement membrane via hemidesmosomes; attached to each other via desmosomes • Melanocytes & Merkel cells present Skin 101 Simply stated • Stratum Germinativum or Stratum Basale is the layer of keratinocytes that lies at the base of the epidermis immediately above the dermis. It consists of a single layer of tall cells lying on a basement membrane. These cells undergo rapid cell division to replenish the regular loss of skin by shedding from the surface. Skin 101 Simply stated The basal layer rules! • Cells of this layer actively divide, half progress upwards and differentiate while the other half remain behind to divide again. • The dividing basal cell on average replicates every 200 to 400 hours and the resulting cell takes 14+ days to differentiate and 14+- days to shed. • 90-95 percent of the epidermal cells are keratinocytes with the rest being melanocytes, mast cells, or Langerhans cells. You now know… 1. Cell turnover occurs every ___days. 2. The stratum germinativum is also referred to as the stratum ____. 3. 90-95 percent of the epidermal cells are keratinocytes with the rest being ____,____ or ________. Skin 101 Let’s discuss….Melanin The Melanocyte • – a cell responsible for the production of melanin found in the SC. • 1 melanocyte provides melanin to 36 keratinocytes. • Structure consists of a cell body and spiny like protrusions called Dendrites What is Melanin? • A dark brown to black pigment occurring in the hair , skin, iris and the choroid layer of the eyes • It is a complex of molecules still quite not understood fully. Skin 101 Which leads us to…the function of Melanin • Protection from UV • Absorbs and contains free radicals • Maintenance of even skin tone • Binds chemicals in the skin • Client concerns Pigmentation We will discuss how to treat later Factors that affect Pigmentation • Post-inflammatory • Hormonal – stress • Hereditary, aging • Sun exposure/photo sensitivity, etc… You now know… 1. 2. 3. Skin 101 Epidermis: Stratum Spinosum Stratum Spinosum • Shrinkage of the keratinocytes reveals the spines • Several layers of active cells with nuclei • Langerhans cells (guard cells) are more prevalent in the stratum spinosum • Psoriasis: excessive cell division --> increased thickening of S. basale & S. spinosum the immune function of the skin You now know… 1. Langerhans cells are the prime factor in the skin’s immunological system. 2. They are the sentries on the look out for invaders. 3. The chemical messengers that stimulate the Langerhans cells also have the ability to stimulate melanocyte cells. 4. How and Why we need to understand the effects of sun exposure and sun protection.