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Part Three
Plant Descriptions
Page 187
Page 188
Information about the plant
descriptions
This section contains information about selected
plant species that are found in the Border
Rivers - Gwydir catchment. Most of the species
described relate to those that are highlighted
in bold in Part Two: Vegetation Profiles.
They represent the species that are of special
interest, or those that are of use for revegetation
purposes. As a total list of plant species for each
landform is too large to be accommodated in the
Vegetation Profiles, there may be some species
described in this section that have not been listed
there. The plant descriptions do not describe all
the plant species that grow in the Border Rivers
-Gwydir catchment, because the list would be
too large. For information on plants that are not
described in this section, see the bibliography
following the plant descriptions (p 277).
Interpreting the descriptions
The species are listed alphabetically using
their scientific name. There is a common
name index provided at the end of the species
descriptions, following the bibliography. The
common name, if known, is listed next to the
scientific name, and the family that the species
belongs to is listed on the right. After the species
name there is either an (i) or an (r), which
indicates whether they are described for special
interest purposes or if the species is useful for
revegetation. The other parts of the descriptions
are as follows:
• Previous names: Refers to any other
scientific names by which the species has
been known.
Profiles).
• Site preference: Describes the preference
of the plant to such things as soil types,
moisture, aspect, etc.
• Habit: Describes what the plant looks like,
such as flower colour, growth form, bark
colour and texture, etc.
• Flowering: Time of year you would expect
to see the plant flowering.
• Seed collection: How or when to collect
seeds for propagation.
• Propagation: Notes the easiest method
of propagation, i.e. growing from seed,
cuttings, etc. Also see Appendix One for
further information.
• Rainfall: Average annual rainfall of the
species’ natural range.
• Values and uses: Lists the species’ usefulness,
including palatability for livestock, use for
timber, wildlife habitat, etc.
• Comments: Any other information that is
of interest or importance.
As far as possible, jargon and scientific language
has been minimised in the descriptions. For
information on any terms that you do not
understand, consult a reputable botany book.
One such book is Name That Flower by Ian
Clarke and Helen Lee, 1987, Melbourne
University Press. The glossary on PlantNet
(http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/) is also very
useful for technical terms.
How the descriptions were put together
• Habitat: Lists the common pant
communities in which the species can often
be found.
Many sources were used to gather information
for the descriptions. The literature that was
used is given in a bibliography following the
plant descriptions. Greg Steenbeeke (Office
of Environment and Heritage NSW) also
contributed his knowledge and expertise.
• Occurrence: Refers to the Bioregion
in which the plant can be found (BBS
= Brigalow Belt South, DRP = Darling
Riverine Plains, NAN = Nandewar, NET
= New England Tablelands. For further
information see Part Two: Vegetation
PLEASE NOTE
Because many sources have been used, and the
same species can adapt to conditions in two
different regions, it is important that you use
seeds from the same region as where you want
to revegetate.
• Other names: Refers to other common
names by which the plant is known.
Page 189
You should also speak to experienced people,
such as nursery staff, before you make a
decision on what plants you will use for
revegetation. Also, Chapter Twelve in this book
provides excellent information about planning
for, and carrying out, revegetation work.
Page 190
Abutilon leucopetalum (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Acacia atrox (i) Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Straggly Lantern Bush
Malvaceae
Lanternbush, Flannel Weed.
Grows in a variety of vegetation communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Rocky hillslopes and stream banks. Grows on red earths with a
sandy or clay loam mixture.
Straggly plant to a height of 90 cm. Leaves and stems minutely
hairy, giving a velvety feel.
Summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Known to be eaten by stock but little is known of its nutritional value.
Acacia amoena (r) Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Malvaceae
Abutilon calliphyllum
Desert Chinese Lantern.
Often associated with Bimble Box.
DRP, BBS.
Grows on shallow soils. Grows on rocky hill sides and along
edges of ephemeral streams.
Shrub to 1 m high. Leaves with long stalks. Stems and branches
covered in very fine hairs. Flowers yellow.
Spring to summer.
Late summer.
From seed or cuttings.
200-800 mm.
Relatively unpalatable to stock.
An uncommon plant.
Abutilon oxycarpum (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Lantern bush
Boomerang Wattle
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland.
NAN, NET.
Rocky sites.
Erect or spreading shrub 0.5-3 m high. Phyllodes straight or
sometimes slightly curved and leathery, with a central vein
and thick margins. Flowers round yellow to bright yellow or
sometimes pale yellow. Pods straight.
July to October, December.
Summer, when pods dry.
From scarified seed.
800-1000 mm.
Wildlife habitat and food source value. Good small shrub for windbreaks.
Myall Creek Wattle
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Acacia sp. 'Myall Creek'
Eucalypt woodland.
NAN (known only from one site near Bingara).
Hill crest and upper slope.
Shrub 0.5-2 m high, with suckering habit and grey-brown bark. Phyllodes rigid and spiny, with a yellow vein. Round, cream-
coloured to pale yellow flowers.
Throughout the year.
No pods or seeds have been seen, appears to reproduce through root suckers.
800-1000 mm.
Wildlife habitat.
Endangered species that was only found in the year 2000.
Page 191
Acacia binervata (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Acacia cheelii (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma binervatum
Wet or dry sclerophyll forest and in rainforest.
NET.
Sandy or basaltic soils.
Variable species as either an erect or spreading tall shrub to 5 m
high or tree to 15 m high with smooth or rough, grey-black or
grey-brown bark. Phyllodes smooth, with 2 or occasionally 3
longitudinal veins prominent. 30-50 flowers pale yellow to white
round flowers.
August to November.
Collect pods when almost dry, prior to opening and place in paper bags until seeds are released.
From scarified seed.
1000-1600 mm
Good for windbreaks and a useful wildlife plant that provides shelter and nectar.
Acacia buxifolia (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Two-veined Hickory
Box-leaved Wattle
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma buxifolium
Hill Wattle, Box Leaf Wattle.
Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath.
NAN, NET.
Well-drained soil. Slopes, ridges and often on rocky outcrops.
1-3 m high erect or spreading shrub with thick blue-grey
foliage. Rounded phyllodes to 3 cm long with a central vein.
Masses of small, golden, ball-shaped flowers. Pod flat and
straight.
July to November.
December to mid-January. Seeds released immediately or
within 1-2 days of maturity.
From scarified seed.
600-1200 mm.
Low-level cover in windbreaks. Good bird habitat and flowers attract butterflies and insects.
Good for erosion control as it has fibrous roots.
A hardy species.
Motherumbah
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Dry sclerophyll forest and scrub, eucalypt and Cypress Pine
woodland.
BBS, NAN.
Rocky ridges, often in sandy soils.
Erect or spreading shrub or tree to 7 m high or sometimes taller.
Phyllodes bluish in appearance, smooth with numerous longitudinal
veins. Juvenile phyllodes with a distinct yellow knob at their tip, less
noticeable on mature phyllodes. Bright yellow flowers.
August to November.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
800-1200 mm
Bird and wildlife habitat.
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Acacia dealbata (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Acacia deanei (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Silver Wattle
Racosperma dealbatum
Dry sclerophyll forest or woodland.
NET.
Variety of substrates, often on slopes and creek banks.
Tree 30 m tall or a spindly shrub, depending on location. Bark is grey to almost black with
deep fissures. Foliage and branches are a creamy-white due to a coverage of short white hairs.
Flowers are round, yellow and prolific.
July to October.
November to January. Seeds are dropped soon after maturity so monitor the trees closely and
collect seeds by shaking over a sheet placed on the ground.
From seed that has been scarified with boiling water.
800-1000 mm
A fast-growing species that is good for medium level cover in windbreaks. A good plant for
erosion control due to its fast growth and suckering habit. Excellent bird, glider and possum
habitat. Its structure is great for nesting and foraging.
Lifespan of several decades and seeds are long-lived (~50 years).
Green Wattle
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Deane’s Wattle
Grows in a variety of sclerophyll and woodland communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Red earths on level plains and also on mountain sides and slopes
Shrub or small tree to 7 m high, with a spread of 4 m. Bark smooth and grey-brown, with green
or green-yellow foliage. Phyllodes are dark green. Flowers are round, golden yellow or almost
white.
Throughout the year.
Any time of the year after flowering.
From scarified seed (boiling water).
400-1200 mm
Good low level cover in windbreaks and valuable for controlling erosion due to its fibrous
roots. Very drought resistant.
Poisonous to sheep and cattle if grazed heavily.
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Acacia debilis (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma debile
Dry sclerophyll open forest and woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandy soils, often on creek banks.
Erect or spreading shrub to tree 2.5-6 m high. Smooth,
greyish or reddish green bark. Phyllodes smooth. Flowers
round, bright yellow or yellow.
July to September.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
800-1000 mm.
Good for attracting wildlife and can also be used for
stabilising erosion.
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Acacia decora (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Western Golden Wattle
Racosperma decorum, Acacia caleyi
Graceful Wattle, Showy Wattle, Western Silver
Wattle, Golden Wattle
Woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Well-drained light to heavy soils.
1-4 m high erect or spreading shrub with narrow,
waxy, grey-blue foliage. Flowers bright goldenyellow.
Spring.
December to mid-January. Seeds released with 1-2
days of maturity.
Scarified seeds and cuttings.
400-1200 mm.
Good for low level windbreak planting and recharge control. Good habitat and pollen source
for birds and insects.
Regenerates from seed particularly after fire.
Acacia excelsa (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Ironwood
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma excelsum
Savannah and woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Red earths and sandy loams.
Erect or spreading tree or sometimes shrub 3-15
m high. Phyllodes smooth, with 3-7 prominent
longitudinal veins. Flowers round, and bright yellow.
Pod straight and flat.
March to June. But very irregular and does not flower
every year.
Spring – summer.
From scarified seed.
300-800 mm.
Good wildlife habitat, long-lived.
Acacia fimbriata (r)
Previous names:
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Fringed Wattle
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma fimbriatum, Acacia perangusta, Acacia fimbriata var. perangusta, Acacia
prominens var. fimbriata
Eucalypt forest and woodland.
NAN, NET.
Rocky and sandy soil, often along rocky streams. Moist heavy soils.
Erect or spreading shrub or tree to 6 m high. Phyllodes straight or slightly curved with margins fringed with small hairs (sometimes minute). Flowers round, bright yellow and sometimes
paler yellow. Pods are thin textured.
July to November.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
1000-1600 mm.
Wildlife habitat and food source.
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Acacia harpophylla (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Yarran
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Acacia omalophylla, Racosperma omalophyllum
Curly Yarran, Myall, Gidyea, Gidgee, Spearwood
Grows in a wide variety of soils and vegetation communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Tolerates a wide range of soils.
Shrub or small tree 10 m high, with rough fibrous bark on
a sturdy trunk. Greyish-green phyllodes with many fine
parallel veins that are only just visible. Flowers goldenyellow to cream.
August to November.
December to January.
From scarified seed.
300-600 mm.
Windbreaks and firewood. Hard timber valued for
woodworking.
Resists frost and drought.
Acacia implexa (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma harpophyllum
Forests and woodlands, often forming extensive low forests and scrubs.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Generally grows best in clay loam soils.
Erect or spreading tree to 20 m, often suckering. Dark, fissured
bark. Sickle-shaped grey-green phyllodes to 20 cm long.
Flowers are ball-shaped and vary in colour from white to
golden-yellow.
Winter-spring or in response to rain.
Late spring - summer.
From fresh seed, scarification not necessary. Germination rates decline as seeds get older. Grows from root cuttings.
400-1000 mm.
Wildlife habitat. Sheep will graze on new suckers. Timber
can be used for building and turning work and also firewood. A useful shade tree for warm
climates. A hardy tree for areas with low rainfall.
Tree can be coppiced and the suckers can be transplanted. May increase soil fertility.
Decomposition may release accumulated calcium.
Acacia homalophylla (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Brigalow
Hickory Wattle
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma implexum
Hickory, Lightwood, Screw Pod Wattle, Broad-leaved Wattle, Bastard Myall.
Forests and woodlands on shallow soils on riparian, slopes and rocky
country.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Well-drained soils in open situations.
Shrub or small tree to 15 m high, often suckering. Phyllodes are light
green and sickle-shaped to 20 cm long. Bark is greyish and flowers
are pale yellow to almost white. Pods loosely coiled or twisted.
December to March
May take up to 12 months to mature so check trees regularly.
From scarified seed.
600-1600 mm.
Good for planting in windbreaks and recharge lots on rocky outcrops.
Very hardy and tolerates frost, droughts and wind. Prone to borer and leaf gall.
Page 195
Acacia leiocalyx (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Blackwood
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma melanoxylon
Moist forest and margins of rainforests on clay and basalt
soils.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Deep gullies, and most situations.
Tree reaching to 30 m with variable habit. Phyllodes to
14 cm long, sometimes with a blunt hook. Several widely
spaced, well-defined veins. Flowers are cream, ballshaped. Pod often twisted into a complete circle.
July to December.
Autumn.
From scarified seed.
800-1600 mm.
A good hardy shade or shelter tree. Larger specimens are a useful timber tree.
Prone to borer attack in warm areas. Has become a weed in South Africa.
Acacia neriifolia (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma leiocalyx
Black Wattle.
Sclerophyll forest, woodlands and heath.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Sedimentary and granite-derived soils.
Erect or spreading tree or shrub to 6 m high. Slightly corrugated, grey or greyish brown
bark. Phyllodes smooth, with 3, or sometimes more, longitudinal veins prominent. Flowers
cylindrical, pale yellow or yellow.
June to October.
Summer – autumn.
From scarified seed.
800-1600 mm.
Wildlife habitat and food source. Good for medium-level cover in windbreaks.
Acacia melanoxylon (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Curracabah
Silver Wattle
Syn. Racosperma neriifolium
Oleander Wattle.
Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Granite outcrops and rocky hillsides.
Shrub or tree 3-8 m high. Phyllodes linear, straight
or slightly curved, and covered in fine hairs. Flowers
round, yellow or bright yellow in clusters.
July to October.
Late spring.
From scarified seed.
600-800 mm.
Wildlife habitat. Can be planted as a small shelter tree
and within windbreaks.
Page 196
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Acacia obtusifolia (r)
 
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Miljee
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Midget Tree, Ram’s Horn Tree, Nelia, Umbrella Bush,
Karagata, Nelia.
Woodlands, grasslands and shrublands.
DRP, NAN.
Heavy to moderately-drained soil. Densely branched erect or spreading shrub to 6 m high.
Sharp tipped phyllodes and large woody twisted seed pods.
Flowers golden-yellow or pale-yellow.
October to December.
December to March.
From scarified seed.
300-1000 mm.
Low-level cover in windbreaks, and long-lived (more than
several decades). Will be grazed by stock, but not known to
be very palatable.
Drought and frost tolerant.
Acacia paradoxa (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma obtusifolium
Blunt-leaf wattle.
Dry and wet sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath.
NET.
Sandy and loam soils, usually sandstone but also basalt.
Tree or shrub 1.5-8 m high. Smooth or corrugated, grey bark.
Phyllodes smooth, usually with 2 or 3 or more longitudinal veins
more prominent. Flowers pale yellow to cream-coloured in a
cylindrical head about 4 cm long.
December to February.
Late summer – autumn.
From scarified seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Good wildlife habitat and small to medium-sized windbreak species.
Acacia oswaldii (r)
Other names: Stiff-leafed Wattle
Kangaroo Thorn
Acacia armata
Found in many different plant communities.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Suits a variety of soil types.
Spreading, prickly shrub to 3 m high and 3-4 m across. Phyllodes
to 3 cm long with undulate edges. Stems with stiff spines. Flowers
yellow balls.
July to November.
Summer to autumn.
From scarified seed.
600-1200 mm.
Suitable for road batters and hedges. Excellent species for growing
as a paddock hedge.
Very hardy.
Page 197
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Acacia pendula (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Acacia rubida (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma pendulum
Boree.
Major river floodplains and is sometimes the dominant
species in shrublands and open woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Needs full sun. Tolerates clay and alluvial soils.
Tree to 10 m with pendulous branches, occasionally
spreading. Phyllodes are narrow and grey to a length of 8 cm,
with two or three veins more prominent.Flowers are yellow
and ball-shaped, and somewhat inconspicuous.
Mainly summer and autumn (irregular).
Spring.
From scarified seed.
300-800 mm.
Wildlife habitat and also good for firewood. Grazed by stock
and is a good source of drought fodder. Can also be planted for shade and shelter.
Frost tolerance not fully tested.
Acacia penninervis (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myall
Mountain Hickory
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma penninerve
Moist and dry sclerophyll forest and woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a variety of soil types.
Shrub or tree from 2-8 m high. Finely or deeply fissured, dark
grey to slightly curved, midvein and marginal veins prominent.
Flowers round, pale yellow to almost white in clusters.
Throughout the year.
Summer – autumn.
From scarified seed.
600-1200 mm.
Wildlife habitat and nectar source. Use as a windbreak species. Wood has been used in turning.
Red-leaved Wattle
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma rubidum
Red-stemmed Wattle
Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland on a variety of soils.
NET.
Elevated rocky sites. Common along roadside verges.
Large, erect shrub, sometimes reaching tree proportions.
Phyllodes to 10 cm long, with a hint of red underneath the
green colouring. Pinnate phyllodes sometimes also present.
Yellow flowers.
July to November.
Summer to autumn.
From scarified seed.
1000-1600 mm.
Good wildlife species and a fast-growing windbreak tree for the edges.
Very hardy.
Page 198
Acacia spectabilis (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: River Cooba
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma stenophyllum
River Myall, Belalie, Eumong, Gurley.
Along rivers, creeks and in swampy areas in River Red
Gum forests and woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Heavy clay soils.
Tree from 4-13 m high that often suckers. Fissured, dark
grey-brown bark. Phyllodes drooping, straight or curved
with prominent veins. Flowers round, cream-coloured to
yellow.
March to August, but irregularly throughout the year.
Late spring.
From scarified seed.
300-800 mm.
Good timber for turning and joinery. Can also be utilised for shade, shelter, firewood, fencing,
and riverbank stabilisation.
Has been known to cause skin irritation.
Acacia triptera (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma spectabile
Dry sclerophyll forest and heath.
BBS, NAN.
Likes full sun and good drainage, and sandy or gravelly soils
Large shrub with tree-like form growing to a height of 6 m.
Pendulous branches. Phyllodes are divided and trunk is greygreen. Flowers are golden, ball-shaped, and pods long and
wide and are purplish in colour.
July to November.
Late summer.
From scarified seed.
600-800 mm.
Good wildlife habitat and food source. Not known to be grazed. A source of gums and resins.
Acacia stenophylla (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Mudgee Wattle
Spur-wing Wattle
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Racosperma tripterum
Mallee, woodland and heath communities. BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandhills or rocky outcrops.
Dense, spreading shrub to 3 m high by 4 m and more wide. Phyllodes are rigid, sickle-shaped and pointed, with many prominent veins. Flowers are golden and borne in a cylindrical head. Pods usually curved.
August to November.
Late summer/autumn.
From scarified seed.
300-1000 mm.
A good plant hedge as its sharp phyllodes make it impenetrable. Useful nesting site, especially
for small birds.
Page 199
Acacia viscidula (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection:
Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Apiaceae
Austral Bugle
Lamiaceae
Bugle.
Occurs in many vegetation communities including mallee, mulga and cypress pine.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in a wide variety of soil types, from calcareous red soils to skeletal soils on hillslopes.
Likes damp or sheltered areas.
Spreading, perennial plant with rosettes of soft leaves. Flowers are on a spike and can be pink, mauve or purple.
Spring and summer.
Collect flower heads as they dry off and place in paper bag. Shake to remove seed and sieve out
waste.
Grows readily from seed and also by division or cuttings.
300-1600 mm.
Pioneer species that is good for planting as a ground layer in revegetation schemes.
Alectryon oleifolius (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flannel Flower
Eucalypt forest on shallow, sandy soil.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Poor sandy soil, with good drainage and full sun.
Perennial herb to 90 cm in height. Flower heads are white to cream and
tipped with green. Individual flowers are white to cream.
Throughout the year but mainly September to November.
Late summer.
From seed. Seeds can take up to one year to germinate.
500-1200 mm.
Ajuga australis (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Acacia sp. C, Racosperma viscidulum
Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath.
NAN, NET.
Grows in granite soils and on granite outcrops.
Shrub to 4 m high, sometimes 5 m high. Smooth, grey or grey-brown bark. Small branches
covered in short, white hairs. Phyllodes straight to slightly curved with several prominent
veins. Flowers ball-shaped, light to bright yellow.
August to October.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
1000-1600 mm.
Good wildlife habitat and food source. Useful planted in a windbreak as a low level species.
Actinotus helianthi (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Sticky Wattle
Western Rosewood Sapindaceae
Heterodendron oleifolium
Bonaree, Boonery.
Widespread in communities in semi-arid regions.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Grows in heavy black soils and sandy/limestone soils.
Small tree to 10 m high. Broad, long leaves to a length of 15 cm. Flowers small and cream. Fruit is green, opening to expose red and black seeds.
Early summer.
Late summer. Collect when capsule has split open. Wash seed prior to sowing. Germination
rates can be very poor and high temperatures are required.
From seed and cuttings.
200-800 mm.
Excellent for wildlife. Useful for joinery as it has attractive dark timber. Can also be used for fencing. Useful drought forage.
Page 200
Allocasuarina inophloia (r)
Previous names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Stringybark She-oak Casuarinaceae
Casuarina inophloia
Woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Ironstone or sandstone ridges, but hardy in most soils.
Small tree to 10 m high with drooping habit but with spreading
crown. Bark is brown and fibrous, with a shaggy appearance.
Female flowers are bright red, and male flowers are in spikes.
Winter.
Collect cones when they are starting to turn grey/brown and place
in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
800-1000 mm.
Good medium-level tree for windbreaks. Good wildlife habitat and food plant, particularly the flowers which appear in winter. Glossy Black Cockatoo feed tree.
Allocasuarina littoralis (r)
Black She-oak
Previous names:
Casuarina littoralis, Casuarina suberosa.
Habitat:
Woodland or occasionally tall heath.
Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET.
Site preference:
Likely to occur on sandy soil, but hardy in a range of soils.
Habit: Tree to 15 m high and branchlets to 20 cm long.
Flowering: Mainly summer.
Seed collection: Late summer-autumn.
Propagation: From seed.
Rainfall: 1000-2000 mm.
Values and uses: Useful small shade tree. Glossy Black Cockatoo feed tree.
Casuarinaceae
Allocasuarina luehmannii (r)
Casuarinaceae
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Casuarina luehmannii
Scattered in woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Non-calcareous soils, more common on sandy soils.
Tree to 15 m high. Bark is rough and deeply fissured.
Any time of the year but mainly summer.
Late summer-autumn.
From seed.
300-1000 mm.
Produces a large volume of pollen of average quality. Timber
durable but not known to be used for any purpose.
Foliage rarely utilised by stock as it is tough and thick.
Glossy Black Cockatoo feed tree.
Alphitonia excelsa (r)
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Buloke
Red Ash
Rhamnaceae
Sarsparilla, Soap Tree.
Scrub and open forest, and on steep gullies and slopes.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates most soil types.
Tree to 25 m high. Bark grey and leaves shiny green above
and silvery grey below. Flowers are small, green and
insignificant. Fruits round and black.
Spring – summer.
Collect seed when fruit is black and soft.
From cuttings and moderate success with seed.
300-1200 mm.
Useful for fodder, shade, small woodwork projects, and firewood.
Used by Aborigines as a medicinal plant and leaves were used as soap.
Page 201
Alstonia constricta (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Myrtaceae
Rough-barked Apple
Myrtaceae
Generally grows along rivers or on undulating country.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Deep alluvial loamy soils, but grows on a variety of soil
types.
Tree to 30 m high; bark persistent, grey, shortly fibrous.
Adult leaves glabrous, discolorous.
Late winter-spring.
Soon after maturity.
From seed.
800-1600 mm.
Useful shade tree. High wildlife habitat value. Timber is close-grained but not highly regarded.
A high pollen producer but honey is of a low quality.
Angophora leiocarpa (r)
Previous names: Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Gibraltar Rock Apple
Eucalyptus exul
Dry open woodland.
NAN.
Known only from a small stand on open scree on a ridge
of acid volcanic outcrops on Gibraltar Rock, west of
Tenterfield.
Tree to 8 m high; bark persistent, grey, shortly fibrous,
shedding in plates. Adult leaves smooth.
Unknown.
From seed.
1000 mm.
A species that needs special management to maintain its population.
Endangered species.
Angophora floribunda (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Apocynaceae
Bitter Bark, Quinine Tree, Fever Bark, Peruvian Bark.
Woodlands, usually rarer on the plains.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Grows in most soils, but prefers sandy soils and plenty of sun.
Shrub or tree to 12 m high with fissured bark. Flowers are white and scented. Fruits long and thin.
Spring.
From cuttings.
500-1200 mm.
Useful shade tree.
Some fodder value, but in large amounts can cause poisoning.
Angophora exul (i)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Quinine Bush
Smooth-barked Apple
Myrtaceae
Angophora costata (in part), Angophora costata subsp. leiocarpa, Eucalyptus leiocarpa.
Gum Myrtle, Apple Tree, Boondah.
Deep alluvial sandy soils or sandy soils on sandstone.
BBS, NAN.
Sandstone and sandy soils.
Tree to 25 m high; bark smooth, shedding in small scales,
pink, grey or cream. Adult leaves smooth. Flowers cream.
Winter to spring.
Soon after maturity.
From seed.
800-1000 mm.
Valuable wildlife habitat and also a useful shade and shelter tree.
Page 202
Angophora subvelutina (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus subvelutina
Eucalypt woodland.
NAN, NET.
Deep alluvial soils.
Tree to 20 m high; rough bark persistent and grey,
fibrous-flaky. Adult leaves discolorous. Flowers are
white.
Summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Good shade tree.
Tolerance to frost is good.
Aotus subglauca (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Broad-leaved Apple
Wild Wallflower
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Dry sclerophyll forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandstone and granite hills.
Many-branched shrub to 1 m high. Stems with white hairs. Flowers
yellow with a purple patch in the centre of petal.
Spring.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
300-1600 mm.
Apophyllum anomalum (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Capparaceae
Currant Bush, Broombush, Mustard Bush, Currant Bush.
In many communities in semi-arid areas.
DRP, BBS.
Grows on a variety of soil types. Most common on red earths
and duplex soil.
Shrub to 3 m high. Young stems white and flowers greenishwhite to yellow.
Spring to early summer.
Late summer-autumn.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Very hardy and drought resistant. Young growth and fruit are grazed by stock.
Aristida leptopoda (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Warrior Bush
White Speargrass
Poaceae
White Wiregrass, Bunch Spear Grass.
Grows in grassland and woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers heavy soils.
Tussocky perennial to 70 cm high. Stems erect or ascending and round in crosssection. Leaves to 40 cm long. Flowerhead much-branched.
Summer or after good rain.
Late summer to early autumn.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Palatable to stock when young, but not utilised much after flowering when plant has
hardened off.
Page 203
Aristida ramosa (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Anthericaceae
Reed Grass
Poaceae
Darby’s Oats.
Dry woodland and grassland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Often grows in drainage lines.
Tall, tufted perennial to 3 m high. Flowerheads are cane-like and up
to 40 cm long.
In response to rain.
At least 4 weeks after flowering.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Palatable to stock when young.
Canes have been used for thatching.
Asperula conferta (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Small Vanilla Lily
Grows in a variety of habitats, but mostly in open grasslands
and open woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Loam or clay-loam soils, also on shallow soils on hillsides.
Perennial herb (tuberous) to 50 cm high. Leaves narrow, bluish green and grass-like. Pale lilac flowers in spikes.
August to December.
From seed or by division of tubers.
300-1200 mm.
Makes a very small contribution to winter-spring forage in
some areas.
Flowers are strongly vanilla-scented on warm days.
Arundinella nepalensis (r)
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Poaceae
Three-awm Speargrass, Cane Wiregrass, Cane Speargrass.
Woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on poor soils.
Tussocky, perennial grass to 1 m high. Stems stiff and tough. Flowerhead narrow with side
branches more or less pressed against the central stem.
Spring to autumn.
Summer to late autumn.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Only palatable to stock when young.
The seeds often cause irritation to the mouths and eyes of stock.
Arthropodium minus (i)
Habitat:
Purple Wiregrass
Common Woodruff
Rubiaceae
Woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types.
Tufted perennial forb to 15 cm high. Hairless leaves, except for rigid
hairs along the margins and midrib underneath. Flowers creamy –
white.
Spring – summer.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Extremely drought resistant and will be heavily grazed in the late
summer months when other green feed is in short supply.
Page 204
Astrebla lappacea (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Whitewood
Sapindaceae
Cattle Bush.
Found in mixed open forest, also on dunes and crests of mulga
communities.
DRP, BBS.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types, including duplex and clay
soils, and gravelly, clay loam red earths.
Small to medium-sized tree to 10 m high. Rough bark on trunk
and smooth bark on branches. Flowers creamy-green colour in
large clusters. Seed with wing.
Spring – summer.
Collect the seeds as they turn brown.
From seed.
300-1000 mm.
Good wildlife habitat. Timber not very durable.
Atriplex leptocarpa (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Poaceae
Wheat Mitchell
Grasslands, woodlands and low shrublands.
DRP, BBS.
Heavy grey clay and clay loam soils.
Densely tufted grass to 90 cm high. Stems smooth and erect. Flowerhead a spike to 30 cm long. Spikelets 4 – 6 flowered.
Summer.
Late summer/autumn.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Not of high nutritive value but palatable when young. Older
material is only useful for roughage. Long lived.
Can become the dominant species if there is a series of wet summers, but doesn’t like flooding.
Valuable wildlife habitat.
Atalaya hemiglauca (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Curly Mitchell Grass
Slender-fruit Saltbush
Chenopodiaceae
Creeping Saltbush, Long-fruited Saltbush.
Woodlands, grasslands and low shrublands in the drier areas of the catchment.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Common on duplex soils.
Small, perennial shrub to 30 cm high, with a spreading habit. Flowers in
clusters in the leaf angles.
Most of the year, but mainly spring and summer.
Soon after flowering.
From seed.
300-600 mm.
Useful for colonising scalded areas. Will be heavily utilised by stock in dry
times, but not generally palatable.
Page 205
Atriplex muelleri (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Poaceae
Speargrass
Poaceae
Stipa scabra
Rough Speargrass.
Found in a wide variety of habitats.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types.
Tufted perennial to 60 cm high. Leaf blade folded or inrolled, smooth to strongly ribbed. Flowerheads to a length of 30 cm.
Summer.
Late summer/autumn.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Seeds can contaminate wool as a ‘vegetable fault’.
Austrostipa verticillata (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Wallaby Grass
Danthonia linkii var. linkii
Grows in open country.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers heavy clay or loamy soils.
Perennial grass to 70 cm with variable form. Flowerheads branched or spreading. Stems
smooth. Spikelets pale-greenish to straw-coloured.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year.
From seed. Optimum sowing time is autumn.
300-1200 mm.
Remains green all year and is a valuable fodder source in winter.
Austrostipa scabra (r)
Previous names:
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Chenopodiaceae
Lagoon Saltbush, Green saltbush, Queensland Saltbush and Annual Saltbush.
Mitchell Grass communities.
DRP.
Prefers low-lying areas, on brown clays and occasionally gravely ridges and red earth soils.
Erect shrub, to 40 cm high. Annual, with flowers borne in the leaf angles.
Most of the year.
Most of the year.
From seed.
300-600 mm.
Will be eaten by stock when mature, but sheep do not find it palatable.
Austrodanthonia bipartita (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Mueller's Saltbush
Slender Bamboo Grass
Poaceae
Stipa verticillata
Bamboo Grass, Bamboo Spear Grass.
Woodlands and grasslands in moister areas and along streambanks.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Variety of soil types.
Tufted perennial to 1 m high. Stems stout and erect, becoming slightly weeping at maturity. Leaves to 20 cm long. Flowerheads narrow, growing to a
length of up to 40 cm. Spikelets 1-flowered.
Spring to autumn.
Autumn.
From seed.
400-1200 mm.
Seeds can contaminate wool as a ‘vegetable fault’.
Page 206
Azolla filiculoides (i)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Propagation: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Proteaceae
Tarvine
Nyctaginaceae
Boerhavia diffusa, Boerhavia mutabilis
Hogweed, Common Spiderling.
Open grasslands and woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on a wide range of soil types.
Prostrate or low-growing perennial. Leaves with
margins entire. Flowers pink. Sticky seeds easily attach
to hair and clothing.
Summer – Autumn.
Summer.
From seed.
400-1000 mm.
Regarded as a crop weed in many areas.
Boronia granitica (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Honeysuckle Banksia
Dry sclerophyll forest.
DRP, NET.
Occurs on rocky hillsides and shallow soils.
Tree to 25 m high with rough bark. Leaves to 10 cm long and silver on the underside. Flowers pale yellow on cylindrical spikes.
January to June.
Usually summer, seeds open within a year after flowering.
From seed.
400-1200 mm.
Important wildlife habitat and food source for a variety of animals, including invertebrates.
One of the few banksias that copes well in clay soils. Valuable wildlife habitat. Used by
Aborigines to carry fire (smoking cones can be carried long distances)
Boerhavia dominii (r)
Previous names:
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Azollaceae
Azolla filiculoides var. rubra
Red Azolla, Pacific Azolla, Bung Weed, Duckweed.
Dams, backwaters and lagoons.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Still or very slow-moving water.
A small, free-floating fern. Greenish-red colouring.
Plants can be divided and transferred easily.
Grows rapidly. If added to home ponds, application of fertiliser will speed its growth.
Banksia integrifolia (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Red Water Fern
Granite Boronia
Rocky, granite outcrops.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Often found in rock crevices.
Small shrub to 1 m in height. Leaves divided and slightly hairy.
Flowers pink and star-like.
July to October.
December.
From seed. Seed may need pre-treatment to germinate.
600-1000 mm.
This species is listed as endangered.
Page 207
Rutaceae
Bothriochloa macra (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Sterculiaceae
Daphne Heath
Ericaceae
Heath, sclerophyll forest and woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers sand or sandy loam, and occasionally clay.
Shrub to 150 cm high. Leaves grey-green in colour. Tubular white flowers.
August to December.
Cuttings in late summer.
400-1600 mm.
Attractive to wildlife, particularly butterflies. Berries are edible.
Brunoniella australis (i)
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Kurrajong
Open forest and woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types, including sandstone, sandy soils, and sandy red earth.
Tree to 15 m high and occasionally taller in forest conditions. Bark smooth and grey. Leaves
bright, shiny-green. Flowers are green to cream with red inside and bell-shaped. Fruit a woody
pod, with seeds set amongst fine yellow hairs (hairs can be
irritating to the skin).
Summer.
Late summer to autumn.
From seed.
400-1200 mm.
Highly regarded as a fodder tree.
The seed is edible and can be used to make a beverage, not unlike
coffee, if roasted. The bark was used by Aborigines to make fish
nets and they extracted water from the roots.
Brachyloma daphnoides (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Poaceae
Red-leg Grass, Pitted Beard Grass.
Open woodlands and commonly found on over-grazed pastures, White
Cypress Pine and Bimble Box communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers sandy loam to loamy red soils.
Tufted perennial grass to 1 m high, with few leaves. Flowerhead of 1-6 slender spikes. Spikelets paired.
Summer – autumn.
Autumn.
From seed.
400-1200 mm.
Produces very few leaves so is of low to moderate quality for forage. Good ground cover and
persistent on poorer soils.
Brachychiton populneus (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Red Grass
Blue Trumpet
Acanthaceae
Blue Yam.
Sclerophyll forest and woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers shade.
Small herb to 15 cm high, leaves around 6 cm long. Mauve-blue flowers
with spreading lobes.
June to September.
From cuttings.
400-1600 mm.
Common plant but usually eaten off.
Page 208
Bulbine bulbosa (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Asphodelaceae
Native Blackthorn
Pittosporaceae
Boxthorn, Sweet Bursaria.
Dry to wet sclerophyll forest and woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Variety of soil types. Common along streams.
Thorny shrub to 5 m in height. Leaves are dark-green and shiny, clustered along the stem.
Flowers are creamy-white and numerous near the ends of the branches. Fruit is brown and flat.
Mainly summer, but can flower throughout the year.
Late summer – autumn.
From cuttings or seed.
300-1200 mm.
A hardy species but it needs some space to grow.
Will grow on salt lake margins. Habitat for parasitic wasps
of pest species. The drug aesculin is extracted from leaves
and is commercially harvested in areas of Australia.
Caladenia tentaculata (i)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Wild Onion
Bulbinopsis semibarbata
Small Onion Weed, Native Leek.
A wide range of vegetation and soil types.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Most common in ephemerally damp sites and disturbed sites.
Annual herb to 50 cm high. Flowers similar to B. bulbosa.
July to January.
Late spring to summer.
From seed.
Bursaria spinosa (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Asphodelaceae
Bulbinopsis bulbosa
Native Leek, Golden Lily, Native Onion, Onion Weed.
Woodland, grassland and sclerophyll forest.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on most soil types except for sands and skeletal soils.
Prefers a damp position.
Bulbous herb to 75 cm high with fleshy, hollow leaves. Yellow
star-shaped flowers with six tepals, on a succulent stem.
Spring to early summer.
Summer.
From seed or division of bulbs.
200-1600 mm.
Frost resistant, drought tender. Easily lost through grazing in spring and summer. Bulbs eaten
by Aborigines.
Bulbine semibarbata (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Bulbine Lily
Spider Orchid
Orchidaceae
Arachnorchis tentaculata
Sclerophyll forest and woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Will grow on clay loams, sand and rocky soils.
Herb to 45 cm high. Sepals and petals with three red/maroon stripes. Labellum green with a
maroon tip.
August to January.
Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact Australasian Native Orchid Society for information.
<800 mm.
Tubers used by Aborigines as yams.
Page 209
Callistemon pallidus (i)
Lemon Bottlebrush
Myrtaceae
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Grows beside streams and in wet rocky places.
NAN, NET.
Most soils suitable, but prefers some sun.
Erect shrub to 5 m high; bark persistent; new growth silvery.
Leaves with surfaces conspicuously and densely gland-dotted.
Flowers cream to yellow.
Flowering: Spring to summer.
Seed collection: Late summer, select old capsules and place in a warm place until
the seeds are released.
Propagation: From seed or cuttings.
Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm.
Values and uses: Good low-level windbreak species. Attractive to nectar-feeding birds.
Comments:
A reasonably hardy plant.
Callistemon pungens (r)
Myrtaceae
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: In or near rocky creeks.
NAN, NET.
Prefers granite soils.
Shrub or small tree 2-5 m high; branches rigid; new growth
silvery. Leaves with upper and lower surfaces with numerous
small glands. Flowers 12-14 mm long, purple; anthers purple.
Flowering: Summer.
Seed collection: Late summer, select old capsules and place in a warm place until
the seeds are released.
Propagation: From seed or cuttings.
Rainfall: 800-1000 mm.
Values and uses: Attracts nectar-feeing birds and is a good low-level windbreak species.
Comments:
Listed as a vulnerable species.
Callistemon viminalis (r)
Weeping Bottlebrush
Myrtaceae
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Melaleuca viminalis
Grows along watercourses; chiefly in sandstone or granite areas, and sandier alluvial flats.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in most soils but likes full sun.
Shrub or small tree to 8 m high; bark dark, furrowed; branches generally weeping. Leaves with
apex acute, lateral veins obscure. Flowers bright red in spikes.
Spring to early summer and occasionally other times throughout the year.
Throughout the year. Put capsules in a paper bag to catch seeds as they release.
From seed.
500-1000 mm.
A good screening plant and also produces abundant, red flowers. Good for use as stabilisation
on riverbanks. Excellent wildlife value for nectar feeding birds and small birds.
Not fully frost hardy, will tolerate lighter frosts.
Callitris endlicheri (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Black Cypress Pine
Cupressaceae
Black Pine.
Dry sclerophyll forest and shrubby woodlands on stony hills or ridges.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Well-drained soil in a sunny position on granitic or sandy soils.
Conical tree to 15 m high, with a dense usually green crown.
Globular cones either solitary or clustered.
Spring-summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1600 mm.
Timber is less durable than C. glaucophylla. Good shelterbelt
species.
Will tolerate dry conditions. Regarded as an invasive species in some areas.
Page 210
Callitris glaucophylla (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Common Fringe-myrtle
Myrtaceae
Fringe Myrtle, White Fringe Myrtle
Grows in heath, woodland and dry sclerophyll forest,
widespread on skeletal and sandy soils.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandy and gravelly soils on rocky outcrops. Well-drained
soils in full or part sun. Hardy to periodic inundation and
frost.
Erect or spreading shrub to 2 m high. Bark soft and dark.
Small, aromatic green leaves. Flowers white-pink followed
by dark, persistent calyx.
September – February.
Late September to March when capsules bronze and start to
fall.
From cuttings 4-5 cm long taken about 3 months after
flowering.
600-1600 mm.
Low level cover in windbreaks. Flowers attract butterflies and other insects. Good habitat for small birds.
Capparis mitchellii (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Cupressaceae
Callitris huegelii, Callitris columellaris
White Pine, Cypress Pine.
Dry sclerophyll forest and shrubby woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows mostly on sandy soils or coarse red/brown
earths.
Conical tree to 20 m high, often with bluish-grey foliage
that can appeaar sparse or patchy. Round cones.
Spring-early summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Regarded as good wildlife habitat and also as a useful windbreak species. Leaf oils used in perfumes. Good timber tree - termite resistant.
Regarded as an invasive native species in some areas.
Calytrix tetragona (r)
Other names: Habitat:
White Cypress Pine
Native Orange
Wild Orange, Bumble.
Woodlands and savannah woodlands. Often grow as
individuals.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in drier areas, often as well-drained soils.
Shrub to 6 m high. Branches and leaves a yellowish colour,
with paired spines when young. White flowers and large edible
fruit.
Summer.
Late summer-autumn.
From seed and root suckers.
300-800 mm.
Excellent fodder when cut in situ. The pulp of the fruit was
eaten by Aborigines and bark is used medicinally.
The wood is suitable for turning, carving and engraving.
Page 211
Capparaceae
Carex appressa (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering:
Seed collection: Propagation:
Rainfall: Values and uses:
Comments:
Knob Sedge
Habit: Flowering:
Propagation:
Rainfall:
Values and uses:
Comments:
Currant Bush
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Apocynaceae
Kunkerberry. Woodland and shrubland on a variety of soils.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
A very hardy plant in most situations, but frost tolerance is
not known.
Spreading, low shrub to 4 m high. Flowers white and strongly
scented.
Summer.
From cuttings and seed.
500-1200 mm.
May be useful as a prickly screen. High wildlife value.
Drought tolerant and probably frost tender.
Cassinia laevis (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Cyperaceae
Carex inversa var. major, Carex inversa var. inversa
Grasslands open forest and woodlands in drier areas.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on a range of soil types and in a variety of situations, but
prefers moist situations.
Loosely tufted plant to 120 cm. Pale to dark yellow-brown seeds
on numerous short spikes.
Spring-summer.
Late summer.
From seed or division.
400-1600 mm.
Where it occurs in large numbers it can provide some medium quality forage.
Has been known to become a weed in lawns and gardens.
Carissa ovata (r)
Other names:
Habitat: Occurrence: Site preference:
Cyperaceae
Usually associated with water and is common in damp places.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Likes wet places and will tolerate its roots in water.
Tufted plant to a height of 60 cm. Flower spike on stem
that is triangular in cross-section.
Spring-summer.
Late summer.
By division and seed.
400-1600 mm.
Rarely eaten by stock, but good for revegetation of
wetlands and river margins.
The leaves were used by Aborigines to weave baskets and other articles.
Carex inversa (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference: Tall Sedge
Cough Bush
Asteraceae
Dead Finish, Wild Rosemary, Curry Bush, Wild Curry, Rosemary Bush.
Grows in a variety of communities, including White Box woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Ridges in stony soils and mallee in red soils; sandy loam soils.
Shrub to 3 m high with woolly stems. Leaves with sticky, shiny surface
and woolly underside. Flowers creamy-white in clusters.
Spring to autumn.
Soon after flowering, by placing a bag over flowers as they are very fine
and wind-distributed.
From seed. May take 2-4 weeks to germinate.
300-1200 mm.
Only sparingly grazed and is suspected of poisoning stock.
Has been known to cause coughing and irritation of eyes to people walking through stands.
Page 212
Casuarina cristata (r) Previous names:
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering:
Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
River Oak Casuarinaceae
River She Oak, Creek Oak.
Along freshwater streams.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Banks of permanent streams or areas that have permanent
water.
Tree to 35 m high with a drooping habit in most branchlets.
Male flowers in dense spikes, females in a compact head.
Any time of the year.
Collect cones after they start to go fully brown and place in
paper bags to catch seeds as they are released.
Easily raised from seed.
600-1800 mm.
Foliage will be utilised by stock during drought. Timber
makes an excellent fuel and can be used for woodturning. Good for riparian planting/
rehabilitation in the provinces where it occurs naturally. High wildlife value. Preferred nesting
tree of the endangered Regent Honeyeater.
Chenopodium auricomum (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Casuarinaceae
Casuarina cambagei, Casuarina lepidophloia.
Black Oak, Bull Oak, Swamp Oak.
Forests and woodlands on sandplains, foothills and
floodplains, in low lying areas.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers clay soils but can be found on brown soils, red
earths and brown gibber soils.
Tree to 20 m high that frequently produces suckers. Has
a dense crown, with dull-olive to grey foliage. Branchlets
drooping over most of the tree.
Summer-autumn, but sometimes flowers in July and
November.
Late summer-autumn.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Foliage is eaten by stock but of low nutrition value. Timber can be used for floorboards,
fencing and fuel. Good for shade and shelter.
Suckers occur readily from exposed roots.
Casuarina cunninghamiana
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Belah
Golden Goosefoot
Chenopodiaceae
Queensland Bluebush, Northern Bluebush and Bluebush.
On river floodplains in a variety of communities (woodlands, low shrublands and grasslands).
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grey clay soils, usually in low-lying areas.
Perennial shrub to a height of 1.5 m. Leaves longer than
broad with margins entire or lobed at the base of the blade.
Winter-spring.
Summer.
From seed.
300-600 mm.
Useful as a drought resistant fodder although not normally
utilised by stock.
Capable of withstanding inundation for short periods.
Page 213
Chenopodium pumilio (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Windmill Grass
Poaceae
Umbrella Grass, Star Grass, Blow-away Grass.
Open forests, woodlands, shrublands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a range of soil types but is more common on red
earths and grey clay soils.
Erect perennial grass to 50 cm high.
Mainly summer, but sometimes in autumn and spring.
Autumn when seed has turned black.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Highly palatable to stock and will tolerate heavy grazing.
Susceptible to heavy frosts but will grow in some sheltered areas.
Chrysocephalum apiculatum (r)
Previous names:
Chenopodiaceae
Boggabri, Rough-leaved Goosefoot, Clammy Goosefoot.
Occurs in a wide range of vegetation types.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers red and brown soils.
Prostrate growth to a height of 25 cm and covered with hairs, many of
them glandular. Flowers in clusters in leaf axils.
Spring-summer.
Summer-autumn.
From seed.
>500 mm.
Not generally utilised by stock, but some may be grazed in times of drought.
Emits a strong aroma when crushed.
Chloris truncata (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Small Crumbweed
Common Everlasting
Helichrysum apiculatum, Helichrysum apiculatum var.
occidentale, Helichrysum apiculatum var. minor, Helichrysum
aff. apiculatum, Helichrysum apiculatum var. racemosum,
Helichrysum semiamplexicaule var. simpliciusculum,
Helichrysum flavissimum, Chrysocephalum flavissimum.
Yellow Buttons
Forest, woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in most soils and prefers a sunny position. Occurs in open
and disturbed sites.
Perennial herbs to 70 cm high. Silvery-grey to green leaves.
Bright yellow flowers borne in clusters.
Spring-summer.
From cuttings and seed.
300-1600 mm.
Moderately palatable.
Hardy to most frost. Will be lost from pasture if over-grazed.
Page 214
Asteraceae
Chrysocephalum semipapposum (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Desert Lime
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Rutaceae
Eremocitrus glauca
Desert Kumquat, Limebush, Native Kumquat, Desert Lemon, Desert Lime.
Woodlands, shrublands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Usually restricted to heavy brown clays, desert loams and
red earths.
Tangled, spiny shrub to 7m in height. Produces suckers,
so can become a large thicket. Leaves rounded at the tip.
Branches bear numerous straight or curved spines. White,
bell-shaped flowers. Fruit is a round berry which is lemoncoloured when ripe.
Spring.
Summer.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Useful for planting in windbreaks on heavy clay soils.
Fruits are edible and are sought after for ‘bush tucker’.
Clematis glycinoides (r)
Habitat:
Asteraceae
Helichrysum semipapposum, Helichrysum adonidiforme,
Helichrysum apiculatum (Labill.), Helichrysum apiculatum
var. occidentale Benth., Helichrysum apiculatum var.
minor Benth., Helichrysum aff. apiculatum, Helichrysum
apiculatum var. racemosum, Helichrysum semiamplexicaule
var. simpliciusculum Domin, Helichrysum flavissimum
(Spreng.), Chrysocephalum flavissimum (Spreng.)
Yellow Buttons.
Woodlands and grasslands on hills and mountains.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Rocky areas. Sandy red soils and shallow stony soils.
Perennial herb to 60 cm high. Stems woolly with very small glandular hairs. Flowers small, yellow and clustered.
Most of the year but peaks in spring and early summer.
From cuttings.
300-1600 mm.
Remains green throughout summer but is not highly palatable.
Citrus glauca (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Clustered Everlasting
Headache Vine
Occurs in a many vegetation communities, but favours
forested and wooded communities.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types.
Hardy climber to 5 m high. Leaves toothed to entire and
shiny. Flowers white/cream, with four narrow petals and
abundant stamens.
August to January or sporadically at other times.
From cuttings.
600-1200 mm.
Nectar source and habitat for birds and insects.
Has been blamed for poisoning calves and goats.
Page 215
Ranunculaceae
Clematis microphylla (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Blushing Bindweed
Button Everlasting
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Asteraceae
Helichrysum scorpiodes, Xeranthium scorpiodies
Stringybark forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers clay/loam soils.
Perennial herb to 50 cm high. Stems mostly unbranched and woolly. Yellow flowers are borne
on stems 20 cm long.
Spring.
Summer.
From cuttings or by division.
600-1600 mm
Very hardy species and has a tendency to sucker.
Correa glabra (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Convolvulaceae
Australian Bindweed, Pink Bindweed, Morning Glory, Australian Dodder.
Grows in most vegetation communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Will grow in most soil types but favours good drainage. Prefers
a sunny position.
Trailing plant with very variable leaves. Round, pink or mauve flowers, with a pale greenish throat.
Throughout the year but more so in early spring to late autumn.
Late summer.
From seed or cuttings.
300-1600 mm
Plant persists well in dry times due to its tap root. Seldom
abundant but will be grazed by stock.
Regarded as one of the most useful summer-growing native perennials.
Coronidium scorpioides (i)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Ranunculaceae
Old Man’s Beard, Narrow-leaf Headache Vine, Travellers Joy.
Found in a variety of habitats including woodlands and shrublands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Occurs mainly on loamy soils, but will tolerate a range of soil types.
Climber to 5 m high, with variably hairy stems. Narrow, divided leaves on thin stalks that are occasionally twisted near the base. Flowers creamy-white to
yellow, with male and female flowers often occurring on different plants.
Mid-winter to spring.
From cuttings.
200-1800 mm.
Attractive plant for growing along fences and in gardens.
Convolvulus erubescens (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Small-leaved Clematis
Rutaceae
Mostly found in open woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in rocky areas.
Straggly to dense shrub to 2 m high. Stems woody at the base. Leaves dark-green and hairy
above, and lime-green and velvety below. Flowers lime-green, tubular.
Winter – early spring and sporadically at other times.
From cuttings.
400-1200 mm.
Will be heavily grazed if in an accessible area.
Page 216
Correa reflexa (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Common Correa
Native Fuschia.
Dry sclerophyll forest and heath.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandstone rhyolite and granite areas.
Shrub to 1.5 m high. Leaves variable in form. Flowers are bell-shaped and can be greenishyellow to deep red usually with yellow tips.
April to September and sporadically throughout the year.
From cuttings.
600-1500 mm.
Good low-level addition to windbreaks and shelter-belts. Provides nectar to birds and insects.
Corymbia dolichocarpa (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Myrtaceae
Carbeen
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus tessellaris
Moreton Bay Ash
Woodlands as dominant or sub-dominant.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on deep soils and on sandy floodplains. Sometimes found
on stony, basalt soils.
Tree to 30 m high; bark persistent to 1-3 m up trunk, grey to
grey black, white or grey, shedding in short ribbons or in small
polygonal flakes. Adult leaves, bright green to grey-green, dull.
Spring.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as
they are released.
From seed.
500-1000 mm.
Excellent shade and shelter tree. Carbeen open forest is an Endangered Ecological Community.
Corymbia trachyphloia (r)
Alternate name:
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Long-fruited Bloodwood
Eucalyptus dolichocarpa
Eucalypt woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandy, alluvial flats.
Tree to 25 m high; bark persistent, red-brown or grey-brown. Adult
leaves grey-green, dull. Flowers white or cream.
Spring.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper
bags to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
600-800 mm.
Wildlife habitat and windbreak species.
Corymbia tessellaris (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Rutaceae
White Bloodwood
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus trachyphloia
Brown Bloodwood.
Dry sclerophyll woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Shallow infertile soils on sandstone, granite or acid volcanics.
Tree to 25 m high; bark persistent, pale brown or
yellow-brown. Adult leaves green or grey-green, glossy.
Spring.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as
they are released.
From seed.
800-1000 mm.
Shade, shelter and wildlife. Timber moderately durable, used for mine props, fencing and fuel.
Page 217
Craspedia variabilis (r)
Billy Buttons
Asteraceae
Other names:
Bachelor Buttons.
Habitat:
Sclerophyll forest, woodlands and grasslands.
Occurrence:
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Site preference:
Grows in most soil types and situations.
Habit: Perennial herb to 50 cm high. Leaves at the base of the plant. Tiny yellow
flowers in head on an erect stem.
Flowering: Spring to early summer.
Seed collection: Summer.
Propagation: From seed.
Rainfall: 400-1600 mm.
Values and uses: Moderately palatable to stock.
Crassula sieberiana (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Darling Lily
Amaryllidaceae
Murray Lily, Macquarie Lily, Desert Lily, Flaccid Lily.
Open woodlands and grasslands mainly along rivers and sandy
floodways.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in most soils in full sun.
Bulbous plant to 50 cm high, with strap-like leaves 2-3 cm wide.
White to creamy, trumpet-like flowers. Forms globular green seeds
that persist on inflorescence until the plant breaks down.
Summer to early autumn.
Soon after flowering.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Bulbs have been used as a flour substitute by Aborigines.
Crotalaria mitchellii
subsp. laevis (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Crassulaceae
Austral Stonecrop, Austral Crassula, Silver Crassula, Sieber Crassula.
All vegetation communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Most common on sandy or loamy soils especially when skeletal or shallow.
Succulent perennial to 20 cm high. Leaves grey-brown to reddish.
Pale yellow to red flowers.
Spring-summer.
Capsules (usually containing two seeds) should be collected prior
to opening and placed in a paper bag to collect seeds as they are
released.
By division or by seed.
300-1600 mm.
Palatable to stock but not present in high enough quantities to be useful.
Crinum flaccidum (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Australian Stonecrop
Sand Rattlepod
Yellow Rattlepod
Sandplains and hillslopes.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Granitic or sandy soils.
Woody forb to around 1 m high. Flowers deep yellow and pea-like.
Fruit oblong and club-shaped.
Spring.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
400-1600 mm.
Native legume that fixes nitrogen in woodlands and pastures.
Page 218
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Cullen tenax (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Emu-foot
Psoralea tenax
Tough Scurf Pea, Emu Grass.
Woodland, shrubland and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Clay soils and in sandy ephemeral creekbeds.
Slender forb to 30 cm high. Leaves dark green. Flowers
purple and pea-like. Fruit is a wrinkled black pod.
Late winter-early summer and also autumn.
Summer – autumn.
From scarified seed.
400-1600 mm.
It can be a nutrition forage species if present in high
numbers, and stock find it palatable.
High germination after heavy summer and autumn rain.
Cyanicula caerulea (i)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Blue Fingers
Orchidaceae
Caladenia caerulea
Blue Fairy, Parson-in-the-pulpit, Blue Caladenia.
Open woodland and scrubland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Ridges and slopes in skeletal soils.
Herb with a single, narrow leaf. Flower is solitary (very rarely
two) and is bright violet-blue to sky blue. Very rarely the flower
will be white.
Winter – spring.
Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact Australasian Native Orchid Society for information.
300-1200 mm.
Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Cymbidium canaliculatum (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Tiger Orchid
Orchidaceae
Black Orchid, Humpty Dumpty, White-tongued cymbidium, Dampy-ampy.
Hollows of trees in dry sclerophyll forest and woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Hollows and crevices on trees.
Epiphytic orchid with flowering stems to a length of 60 cm. Flowers
variable in colour but typically brownish-green with purple or red
blotches, and a white labellum with purple marks.
September to November.
Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact local orchid
clubs for information. Divide clumps and plant into orchid mixture
obtained from nurseries or into the rotten heartwood of dead trees.
400-1200 mm.
Wildlife habitat value for smaller mammals and invertebrates.
Page 219
Cymbopogon refractus (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection:
Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Poaceae
Australian Hound’s-Tongue
Boraginaceae
Forget-me-not, Hound’s Tongue, Australian Forget-me-knot.
Sclerophyll forest, woodland and sand dunes.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandy to sandy clay loam red earths.
Erect perennial to 75 cm high.
Spring-summer.
Late summer-autumn.
From seed.
300-1600 mm
Not noticed as being eaten by stock.
Cyperus difformis (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Couch Grass
Bermudagrass, Water Couch, Creeping finger Grass, Star Grass, Devil Grass.
Widespread in many vegetation communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types from sand to heavy clays, prefers damp areas.
Mat-forming perennial grass to a height of 30 cm. Flowerheads with 2 – 6 spikes arranged in
an ‘umbrella-like’ fashion. Spikelets 1-flowered and compressed.
Mainly summer – autumn.
Autumn.
By division and from seed.
200-1200 mm.
Highly palatable to stock and has some nutritional value.
Sometimes an indicator of saline soil if growing in an area where it is not usually seen.
Cynoglossum australe (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Poaceae
Turpentine Grass, Kangaroo Grass.
Forests and woodlands on poorer soils.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
On stony soils and stream banks in hilly areas.
Tall, tufted perennial grass to 1.5 m. Stems rigid and smooth. Leaves predominantly basal. Flowerheads narrow, on slender stems. Spikelets
two-flowered.
Spring – autumn.
Late autumn to summer.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Palatable to stock when young.
Re-sprouts after fire.
Cynodon dactylon (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Barbed-wire Grass
Dirty Dora
Variable Flat Sedge, Rice Sedge.
Seasonally wet, open areas.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Wet areas and heavy clay soils preferred.
Tufted plant, with red roots, growing in wet, open situations. Grows to a height of 50 cm.
Spring-summer.
Late summer.
Seed or transplant.
300-1600 mm.
Has been suspected of sheep deaths, but rarely grazed.
Can become a pest in irrigated crops.
Page 220
Cyperaceae
Cyperus fulvus (r) Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Apiaceae
Broom Bitter Pea
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Spiny Bitter Pea.
Sclerophyll communities.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on sandy soils.
Straggly, multi-stemmed shrub to 2 m high. Awl-shaped
leaves. Flowers yellow and red-brown, pea-like.
Spring.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
400-1600 mm.
Not likely to be grazed because of its spiny leaves. Nectar source for birds and insects. Good nesting sites for birds. High wildlife value.
Desmodium brachypodum (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Native Carrot
Carrot Weed, Wild Carrot.
Woodlands, shrubland and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on most soil types.
Annual herb to 60 cm high, usually branched from the base. White,
rarely pink to crimson flowers, in umbels.
Spring-summer.
Late summer - autumn.
From seed.
300-1600 mm.
Grazed by stock before flowering.
The burrs of Native Carrot may cause matting of wool.
Daviesia genistifolia (r)
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Cyperaceae
Mariscus fulvus, Cyperus fulvus var. densespiculatus
Open woodland or in the understorey of forests.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Moist areas stony, basalt soils in rocky creekbeds and slopes.
Tufted perennial to 50 cm high. Leaves often curly. Nut
(seed) yellow-brown.
Autumn and spring.
Late summer.
From seed, transplant or division.
300-1600 mm.
Widely distributed but not common.
Daucus glochidiatus (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Curly Sedge
Large Tick-trefoil
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Open forests, woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on a variety of soils including those rich in silica.
Climbing or erect shrub to 1 m high. Leaves consisting of three
leaflets. Flowers purple and pea-like.
Late spring to autumn.
Summer – autumn.
From scarified seed.
400-1600 mm.
Valuable wildlife food plant and will re-sprout after fire. Readily lost if overgrazed. A native
legume that helps to put nitrogen back into the soil.
Page 221
Desmodium varians (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Phormiaceae
Queensland Bluegrass
Poaceae
Silky Bluegrass, Bluegrass.
Open forests, woodlands, shrublands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Most common on clay soils. More common in areas receiving extra moisture during summer
from flooding or runoff.
Perennial grass to 1.2 m high. Leaves with prominent white midribs and edges. Flowerhead of
2-7 spike-like branches, the stem with rings of hairs at the nodes.
During warmer months.
Summer and autumn.
From seed.
200-1200 mm.
Can quickly become rank, so is more palatable to cattle than sheep.
Can become the dominant species if there is a series of wet summers. Queensland Bluegrass
dominatedgrasslands are listed as an endangered ecological community.
Dichondra repens (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Blueberry Lily
Blue Flax-lily, Black-anther Flax-lily.
Sclerophyll forest, woodland and mallee.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types.
Mat-forming, perennial herb to a height of 1 m. Leaves thin and narrow , often with rolledunder edges, and held erect. Flowers purple with yellow anthers. Fruit is a berry.
Summer.
Late summer.
From seed or by division.
300-1200 mm.
Not known to be grazed by stock. Leaves have been used for fibre.
Dicanthium sericeum (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Variable Tic-trefoil, Tick-trefoil.
Woodlands, shrublands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Found growing on red earths.
Trailing or twining perennial to 50cm long. Leaves with
three leaflets. Flowers pink and pea-like.
Most of the year but more so in the warmer months.
Summer and throughout the year.
From scarified seed.
400-1600 mm.
Often grazed. A native legume that helps to put nitrogen back in the soil.
Dianella revoluta (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Slender Tick-trefoil
Kidney Weed
Forest, woodland and grassland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in most areas but requires high amounts of water to
establish well.
Creeping perennial that produces roots at stem nodes. Leaves
are kidney-shaped. Flowers are green and inconspicuous.
Throughout the year, but mainly in spring and summer.
By cuttings, division and seed.
600-1600 mm.
Low value as forage.
Page 222
Convolvulaceae
Dichopogon fimbriatus (i)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Cotton Panic Grass
Showy Parrot-pea
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Dillwynia sericea subsp. a
Dry sclerophyll woodland and heath.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Gravelly soils on stony ridges.
Shrub to 1 m high. Stems with dense, spreading hairs. Flowers red and yellow, pea-like.
Spring – early summer.
Late summer.
From scarified seed.
300-1600 mm.
Not grazed by stock to any great degree.
Dillwynia sieberi (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Poaceae
Woolly Finger, Cotton Grass, Silver Spike Grass.
Found in many vegetation communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on many soil types, but favours poorer, well-drained
soils.
Tussocky, perennial grass to 60 cm in height. Stems
numerous and branched, sometimes grooved. Flowerhead to
11 cm long. Leaves curl and twist when dry.
Spring.
Summer.
From seed.
200-1200 mm.
Highly palatable and is one of the more desirable species for pastures.
Needs several seasons of high summer rainfall to establish well.
Dillwynia sericea (i)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Anthericaceae
Arthropodium fimbriatum, Dichopogon sieberianus.
Grass Lily.
Sclerophyll forest, grassland and woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Will grow in a wide range of soils.
Tuberous plant to 1 m high. Two to six delicate, purple flowers at each
node, which smell similar to chocolate.
September to February.
Late summer to autumn.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Used as an Aboriginal food plant.
Digitaria brownii (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Nodding Chocolate Lily
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Dillwynia juniperina
Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on a variety of soil types, but favours poorer soils.
Shrub to 2.5 m high. Stems slightly hairy. Flowers yellow, brown and
pea-like.
Spring – summer.
Late summer.
From scarified seed.
400-1600 mm.
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Page 223
Diuris sulphurea (i)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection:
Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Sapindaceae
Sticky Hop Bush
Sapindaceae
Giant Hopbush, Switch-sorrel, Akeake.
Open forest and woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Shallow stony soils on hillslopes and ridges.
Erect or spreading shrub to 8 m high. Leaves often entire, though sometimes toothed or wavy.
Leaves are also shiny and sticky. Flowers are small and insignificant. 3 – 4 winged fruit.
Spring.
Summer.
From cuttings or seed.
200-1200mm.
Not readily grazed by stock but goats will browse foliage. Maintains soil cover against erosion. Seeds eaten by birds. Medicinal use by Aborigines.
Drosera peltata (i)
Alternate names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Boronia-leaved hop Bush
Open forest or woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on rocky, shallow soils.
Shrub to a height of 3 m. Leaves much-divided. Flowers small and insignificant in clusters.
Winged fruit.
Summer.
From cuttings and seed.
300-1200 mm.
Nectar and fruits are valuable food sources for birds and insects. Seeds once used as hop
substitute in beer-making.
Dodonaea viscosa (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Orchidaceae
Diuris latifolia
Tiger Orchid, Donkey Orchid, Doubletails, Clown Orchid.
Sclerophyll forest and woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Clay-loam soils usually with some depth.
Seasonal perennial herb to 60 cm high. Leaves paired long and thin, to
50 cm in length. Flowers bright yellow with dark markings.
September to December.
Specialist knowledge needed.
Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact Australasian Native Orchid Society for information.
300-1200 mm.
Aboriginal food plant, the tubers are large and nutritious. One of the
several ‘yams’ collected for food.
Dodonaea sinuolata (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Hornet Orchid
Pale Sundew
Droseraceae
Drosera auriculata
Tall Sundew, Climbing Sundew.
Woodlands and grasslands.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Shallow, gravelly or sandy soils on footslopes and hillslopes.
Prefers moist situations.
Herbaceous plant to 50 cm high arising from underground tuber. Leaves fringed with long, sticky hairs. Flowers pink or white.
Mainly summer.
Summer - autumn.
From seed or transplants.
300-1600 mm.
Can occur in abundance but its palatability to stock is unknown.
Insectivorous plant with sticky hairs that trap insects and feed plant, which in turn adds
nutrients to poor soils. Most abundant where soil is damp in the winter-spring period.
Page 224
Drosera spatulata (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Chenopodiaceae
Spike Rush
Cyperaceae
Wet or permanently moist, open areas.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows as an emergent aquatic plant and also in wet soil.
Tufted perennial to 50 cm high. Stems round. Nut (seed)
shiny, smooth, yellowish-brown.
Spring-summer.
By division.
300-1600 mm.
Hardy plant for revegetating wetlands within its distribution area.
Eleocharis pallens (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Climbing Saltbush
Rhagodia nutans
Nodding Saltbush, Native Seaberry, Fishweed.
Open forests and woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Found mainly on heavy soils, but will grow on a wide range of soil types.
Prostrate or decumbent, herbaceous plant with tough stems. Insignificant flowers with small
bright red or yellow fruits.
Autumn.
From cuttings or seed.
300-1600 mm.
A useful forage species and a good ground cover for banks.
Will withstand very dry conditions and will grow and climb in a wide variety of situations, e.g.
fences, trees etc. Tolerant of grazing but needs a good rest to produce large amount of plant matter between grazing periods.
Eleocharis cylindrostachys (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Droseraceae
Drosera spathulata
Near wetlands and in heaths.
NAN, NET.
Prefers moist areas.
Small, rosetted plant to a height of 12 cm. Sticky leaves. Flowers white or
pink.
Spring to summer.
Late summer.
From seed or transplant.
800-1600 mm.
Can occur in abundance but its palatability to stock is unknown. Insectivorous plant (see D.
peltata).
Einadia nutans (r)
Previous names:
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Sundew
Pale Spike-Rush
Small Spike Sedge.
In shallow water and edges of swamps, along roadsides, and lakebeds.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on a range of soils.
Perennial growing to 50 cm high. Very short rhizomes. Stems
almost cylindrical.
Autumn and spring.
By division.
300-1200 mm
Good for vegetating or revegetating wetlands.
Not palatable to stock.
Page 225
Cyperaceae
Enchylaena tomentosa (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Curly Windmill Grass
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Onagraceae
Grows in a wide range of vegetation types in damp situations.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers full sun or part shade and tolerates most soil types.
Erect, perennial herb to 1 m in height.
Spring – summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
400-1200 mm.
Eremophila bignoniiflora (r)
Other names: Poaceae
Chloris acicularis
Large Windmill Grass, Spider Grass, Star Grass, Umbrella Grass.
Found in a wide variety of vegetation communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types but prefers clay soils.
Tussocky perennial grass to 50 cm high. Variable growth form. Leaves bluish-green. Flowerhead of 2 – 14 spikes in an ‘umbrella-like’ form.
Spring – autumn.
Autumn.
From seed.
200-1200 mm.
Early growth is palatable, but can become hard and rank. Useful pioneer species. Creeping
rhizome is a useful soil stabiliser.
Drought and flood tolerant.
Epilobium billardieranum (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Chenopodiaceae
Barrier Saltbush, Plum Puddings, Berry Cottonbush.
Woodlands, shrublands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates all soil types.
Shrub to 1 m high.
Spring to early summer.
Late summer-autumn.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Useful drought reserve but not utilised by stock under normal
conditions. The berries are edible and have been used to
produce a red dye. High wildlife value.
Common in many situations and is very drought tolerant.
Enteropogon acicularis (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Ruby Saltbush
Eurah
Myoporaceae
Gooramurra, Quirramurra, River Angee, Creek Wilga, Pombel, Berrigan, Emubush, Swamp Sandalwood, Nut Wilga.
Woodlands (Coolibah, Black Box, River Red Gum), and Lignum communities.
BBS, DRP.
Grows in periodically flooded heavy clay soils of river and creek floodplains.
Tall shrub or small tree to 7 m high with drooping branches and foliage. Flowers creamcoloured with purple flecks.
Mainly spring and summer, but sometimes sporadically throughout the year.
Late summer.
From cuttings. Raising from seed can be difficult, but if used the seeds should be soaked before planting.
300-800 mm.
Eaten by sheep and cattle. The fruits are eaten by emus. Can be used to
protect waterways. A useful honey species.
Fruits were used as a purgative and the leaves as a laxative by Aborigines.
Page 226
Eremophila debilis (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Winter Apple
Myoporaceae
Myoporum debile
Amulla, Creeping Boobialla.
Open forest and woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Tolerates a wide variety of soil types.
Prostrate shrub to a width of 2 m sometimes weakly climbing
into shrubs. Flowers white to pale-mauve followed by pink
berries.
Spring to summer.
From cuttings and seed. Place ripe fruit in plastic bag, allow to ferment and sow while fresh. Germination variable.
400-1200 mm.
Good ground cover and excellent wildlife habitat and food plant (edible fruits).
Eremophila longifolia (r)
Emu Bush
Myoporaceae
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Berrigan, Long-leaved Eremophila, Native Plum Tree.
Woodlands and shrublands.
DRP.
Tolerates many soil types.
Shrub or tree to 8 m high with drooping branches and
foliage. Flowers pink to reddish-brown and spotted inside.
Flowering: Most of the year.
Propagation: From cuttings.
Rainfall: 300-800 mm.
Values and uses: Readily eaten by stock. Fruits eaten by emus.
Eremophila maculata (r)
Spotted Fuschia Bush
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Native Fuschia, Spotted Emubush, Emubush, Fuschia-bush, Poison Fuschia.
Woodlands, shrublands and grasslands.
DRP.
Grows in areas that receive run off. Grows on a variety of soils,
including heavy clays, clay loams and duplex soils.
Dense shrub to 2.5 m high. Branches slightly woolly. Flowers red,
orange or yellow on ‘s’ shaped stems.
Winter to spring, but sometimes also in summer.
From cuttings.
300-600 mm.
Poisonous to stock.
Aboriginal medicinal plant. High wildlife value.
Eremophila mitchellii (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Myoporaceae
Budda
Myoporaceae
False Sandalwood.
Woodlands on red soil ridges and floodplain rises.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Grows on a variety of soil types including sandy loam and clay loam red earths, red brown
earths and duplex soils.
Shrub or tree to a height of 10 m. Rough, dark brown bark.
Leaves bright green, smooth and somewhat sticky. Flowers
white or pale cream.
Mainly spring, with a second flowering in autumn.
From cuttings. Difficult to raise from seed.
300-800 mm.
Good wildlife habitat. Often used as drought fodder and
browsed when in reach. Source of essential oils. Useful for
firewood, honey, and fence posts.
Drought resistant and long-lived (50-100 years or longer).
Page 227
Erodium crinitum (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Blue Storksbill
Geraniaceae
Native Crowfoot, Blue Heron’s Bill, Wild Geranium, Native Geranium, Storksbill, Blue
Crowfoot.
Woodland, grassland and saltbush communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in most soil types.
Annual or biennial plant to 90 cm high. Deeply divided leaves. Flowers deep blue.
July to April.
Late spring to autumn.
From seed.
300-1600 mm.
Can be a reliable source of fodder.
High in abundance following high, cool-season rainfall. The
fleshy root may have been cooked and eaten by Aborigines.
Eucalyptus acaciiformis (r)
Wattle-leaved Peppermint
Myrtaceae
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Sclerophyll woodland.
NET.
Ridges and slopes on poorer soils.
Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high, bark persistent on
trunk and larger limbs. Adult leaves green to grey-green, dull.
Flowering: October to November.
Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place
in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released.
Propagation: From seed.
Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm.
Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and windbreaks.
Comments:
Endemic to NSW, along the eastern margin of the Northern Tablelands. Rare in the Border
Rivers - Gwydir catchments.
Eucalyptus albens (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
White Box
Myrtaceae
Shrubby or grassy woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers medium to higher fertility soils.
Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high with greyish rough
bark over whole trunk and larger branches. Adult leaves pale
slate grey to bluish grey or green-grey. Fruit variable with or
without stalks, barrel-shaped to slightly urn-shaped. Flowers
white.
March to June
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place
in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
800-1200 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree.
Durable and strong timber. Excellent firewood. Component of an Endangered Ecological
Community. Koala food tree.
Recognised by its smooth branches and greyish leaves. Large buds and fruit often with wax
present (prominent on buds and new growth).
Page 228
Eucalyptus andrewsii (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Myrtaceae
Blakely’s Red Gum
Myrtaceae
Grassy woodlands often with box and ironbarks.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Moderately fertile, lighter soil in damper areas.
Tree to 20 m high with smooth, patchy, greyish bark which sheds at intervals throughout the
year. Dense, rounded crown. Dull green or grey-green leaves. Flowers are usually white.
Flowers heavily every 2-3 years from August to December.
Early February to late May.
Collect fruit and place in paper bags when fruit begins turning from green
to brown to catch seeds.
800-1200 mm.
Windbreaks, erosion control (behind fibrous rooted plants), bird habitat
and food source. Also good for stock shelter. Koala food tree. Component
of several Endangered Ecological Communities.
Withstands drought, frost and wind reasonably well.
Eucalyptus bridgesiana (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Tenterfield Woollybutt
Dry sclerophyll woodland and open forests.
NAN, NET.
Tolerates relatively infertile sandy soils.
Small to medium-sized woodland or forest tree to 30 m high.
Rough, flaky, loose bark to small branches. Adult leaves glossy
green. Flowers creamy-white.
Warmer seasons.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in
paper bags to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree.
Eucalyptus blakelyi (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
New England Blackbutt.
Dry sclerophyll woodland and forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Deep to shallow soils on rises, usually granite.
Medium-sized to tall tree to 20 m high. With rough bark on trunk and
larger limbs. Adult leaves dull or glossy, green to grey-green. Flowers
white.
November to January.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in
paper bags to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree.
Excellent timber for construction and furniture/joinery.
Eucalyptus banksii (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: New England Blackbutt
Apple Box
Myrtaceae
Apple Gum, Apple, Bridges Box, Peppermint.
Grassy woodland.
NAN, NET.
On drier sites, often shallower soils on slopes.
Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high with rough bark persistent
on trunks and larger branches. Adult leaves are bluish to dark green.
Flowers are white.
January to May.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree.
Page 229
Eucalyptus brunnea (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Caley’s Ironbark
Myrtaceae
Open forest and woodlands.
BBS, NAN, NET.
On drier, shallower soils of moderate fertility.
Small to medium-sized woodland tree to 25 m high. Ironbark
persistent to the small branches and is thick and deeply furrowed.
Adult leaves dull, bluish-grey. Flowers white.
May to February.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper
bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm
Excellent wildlife habitat. Shade and shelter tree, and timber can be used for construction,
fencing and firewood. Good pollen for honey production. E. caleyi ssp. ovendenii is listed as a
vulnerable species and is found only in the Kwiambal area near Ashford.
Eucalyptus caliginosa (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Wet or dry sclerophyll forest
NET.
Moderately fertile soils.
Medium-sized to very tall tree to 35 m high. Smooth bark
which is creamy-yellow when first shed. Adult leaves glossy
dark green above and pale green below.
Flowers white.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place
in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree.
Eucalyptus caleyi (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Brown Gum
Broad-leaved Stringybark
Myrtaceae
New England Stringybark.
Dry sclerophyll or grassy forest and woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Loamy soils of moderate fertility.
Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high with rough bark throughout. Adult leaves slightly glossy, green. Flowers
white.
April to June.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and
place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree.
Page 230
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
New England Blackbutt
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. campanulata
Wet or dry sclerophyll forest.
NET.
Moderately to highly fertile loamy soils in wet areas, usually on steep country.
Tree to 30 m high, with persistent bark on trunk and larger branches, shedding in long ribbons. Adult leaves green, glossy to semi-glossy.
Pear-shaped fruit. Summer.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they
are released.
From seed.
1000-1600 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat. Excellent for planting in cool, moist climates.
Eucalyptus camphora subsp. relicta (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
E. rostrata
River Gum
Woodlands or forests on grey heavy clay adjacent to permanent water.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Areas where there is ample underground water and areas where the land is sporadically
inundated. Tolerates a range of soil types.
Tree to 40 m high with smooth bark often streaked with red. Crown is large and spreading.
Leaves bluish-green. Flowers white.
Variable but usually December to February, and may only be every few years.
September-October. Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to
catch seeds as they are released.
From seed. 35o C is optimum germination temperature.
300-1200 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat. Timber has been used for firewood, fencing, furniture and parquetry. Valuable as a shade and shelter tree. Flowers produce good pollen for honey. Grubs in the
trunks, branches and roots were eaten by Aborigines and the roots were used to make bowls.
Able to withstand drought and is moderately frost-resistant. One of the most widespread
Eucalyptus species. Koala food tree.
Eucalyptus campanulata (r)
Alternate names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
River Red Gum
Warra Broad-leaved Sally
Waterlogged and swampy areas on poor soil.
NET.
Found in an area North-east of Guyra, and at Bolivia.
Small tree or multi-stemmed mallee to 7 m tall. Lower trunk
with fibrous bark and upper branches smooth. Broadly oval
leaves.
February to April.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place
in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
800-1000 mm.
Good for areas that are occasionally waterlogged.
Endangered species.
Page 231
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus chloroclada (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Fuzzy Box
Myrtaceae
Grassy or sclerophyll woodland, favouring rolling country to low hills.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Light, loamy soils of medium fertility. Medium-sized woodland tree to 20 m high. Rough bark persistent on trunk and larger branches. Adult leaves dull green to bluish green.
Flowers white.
June to September.
Collect fruits when they are turning from green to brown and place in paper bags to catch the seeds as they are released.
From seed.
600-1000 mm.
Valuable wildlife habitat. Pollen provides excellent honey. Good shelter tree. Fuzzy Box listed
as an Endangered Ecological Community.
Eucalyptus coolabah (r)
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference: Myrtaceae
Baradine Red Gum
Dry sclerophyll woodland, usually with Callitris spp.
DRP, BBS, NAN (rare).
Grows on deep sandsy soils.
Small to medium-sized woodland tree (sometimes multi-stemmed)
to 20 m high. Bark is variable, either with loose, rough bark over
part or most of the trunk, or shedding to leave a smooth, mottled
cream surface. Flowers white.
September to November.
Collect fruits when they are turning from green to brown and
place in paper bags to catch the seeds as they are released.
From seed.
500-800 mm.
Valuable wildlife habitat. Timber can be used for fencing or fuel, and valuable shade for stock.
Looks similar to Eucalyptus dealbata but is typically found at lower altitudes.
Eucalyptus conica (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Dirty Gum
Coolibah
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus microtheca (of NSW authors)
Grassy and shrubby woodland on floodplains and on floodplains.
DRP, BBS.
On heavy clay soils, near permanent water or with periodic
inundation.
Tree to 20 m high; bark persistent on trunk and larger branches
grey with whitish patches, fibrous-flaky, smooth above, shedding
short ribbons. Adult leaves grey-green, dull and pendulous. Fruit
capsules small.
Winter – spring.
Collect fruits when they are turning from green to brown and place in paper bags to catch the seeds as they are released.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat as well as a good shade and shelter tree. Good for firewood and
fencing. Historically used for wheels and shafts. Termite resistant.
Extremely drought-resistant. Moderately frost-resistant. A component of an Endangered
Ecological Community.
Page 232
in
Eucalyptus crebra (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Mountain Gum
Myrtaceae
White Gum, Mountain White Gum, Broad-leaved Ribbon Gum.
Grassy or sclerophyll woodland or forest.
NAN, NET.
On loamy or sandy soils at higher elevations.
Tree to 40 m high; bark smooth or sometimes persistent on lower trunk (short stocking only),
grey, fibrous-flaky, white, grey, pink or yellow above, shedding in long ribbons. Adult leaves
green and glossy, juvenile leaves rounded to ovate, often bluish.
March to May.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as
they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Wildlife habitat and food source.
Eucalyptus dealbata (r)
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Narrow-leaved Red Ironbark, Ironbark.
Grassy or sclerophyll woodland or forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soils but is found mostly on shallower
or sandy soils of medium fertility.
Tree to 35 m high, with ‘ironbark’ persistent to the medium
branches. Bark is deeply and coarsely furrowed, hard, grey to
dark-grey. Adult leaves narrow and dull green to bluish green.
Flowers creamy-white.
May to August.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in
paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
600-1200 mm.
High value wildlife habitat. Timber can be used for construction, furniture, fencing and
firewood. Good for shade and shelter.
Variable characteristics make it hard to distinguish, and may be divided into several subspecies. Most widely spread of all the ironbarks.
Eucalyptus dalrympleana
subsp. heptantha (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Narrow-leaved Ironbark
Tumbledown Red Gum
Myrtaceae
Hill Red Gum, Inland Red Gum.
Grassy woodland on skeletal soils usually on basic rocks.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Low and stony outcrops with shallow soils.
Small woodland tree to 15 m high (sometimes taller), usually
having a misshapen appearance. Bark sheds in flakes or plates,
leaving a smooth surface of a variety of colours. Adult leaves
glaucous to dull-green.
May to November.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
500-1000 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and is a koala food source. Timber is durable and suitable for fencing
and construction. Good producer of pollen for honey.
Very similar in appearance to E. blakelyi.
Page 233
Eucalyptus laevopinea (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Black Box
Myrtaceae
Woodlands on seasonally inundated river flats.
DRP.
Heavy clay soils on alluvial plains.
Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high with rough and persistent bark
to the smallest branches which is thick and shaggy in older trees. Adult
leaves dull, grey-green. Flowers white (rarely pink).
August to January.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
300-600 mm
Useful in windbreaks and shelterbelts. Good for fence posts and fuel. Attractive to nectar eating birds attracted to its nectar-rich flowers. Also a good honey species.
Usually recognised by the rough bark, dull, narrow leaves, and particularly by the long, narrow
juvenile leaves of coppice stems and seedlings. Needs to be planted close to water in drier
regions. Moderately drought and frost resistant, but slow-growing. Component of Coolibah/
Blackbox Woodland Endangered Ecological Community.
Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Abundant in wet or dry sclerophyll or grassy forest.
NAN, NET.
Medium to high fertility soils.
Medium-sized to tall tree to 40 m high with rough bark over trunk
and larger branches. Adult leaves are slightly glossy green. Flowers
white.
June to August.
Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper
bags to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
800-1000 mm
High-value wildlife habitat and food source.
Eucalyptus largiflorens (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Silver-top Stringybark
Red Stringybark
Myrtaceae
Dry sclerophyll forest or woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Shallow, poor soils on rocky hills. Small to medium-sized tree to 30 m high though often less, with
rough, thick, fibrous and stringy, dark brown bark. Adult leaves
slightly glossy, green. Flowers white.
January to April.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in
paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
600-1000 mm
Good for shade but should be protected to stop cattle ringbarking
the tree after its fibrous bark. Good medium level cover in
windbreaks and good bird habitat.
It is distinguished from other stringybarks in NSW by its beaked buds and + globular fruit with massive disc. Tolerates dry sites and low temperatures.
Page 234
Eucalyptus mckieana (r)
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Silver-leaved Ironbark
Myrtaceae
Grassy or sclerophyll woodland on lighter soils.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Areas of deep red sandy soils overlying a clayey subsoil.
Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high, rarely a mallee.
Dark grey to black persistent ironbark to the small branches.
Adult leaves very short stalked and bluish to silvery-grey.
Flowers creamy-white.
September to February.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place
in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
500-1200 mm.
Good for wildlife, shade and shelter. Timber is strong but less so than other Ironbarks.
Easiest to recognise of all ironbarks due to its round, glaucous leaves.
Eucalyptus melliodora (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
White stringybark.
Dry sclerophyll forest or woodland.
NAN, NET.
Poor sandy loam or granite.
Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high with rough bark
throughout. Adult leaves glossy, green. Flowers white.
March to May.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in
paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Good shade and shelter tree. High-value wildlife habitat. Valuable timber tree. Listed as a
vulnerable species and also forms part of an Endangered Ecological Community with E.
andrewsii.
Eucalyptus melanophloia (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: McKie’s Stringybark
Yellow Box
Myrtaceae
Yellow Ironbox, Honey Box, Yellow Jacket.
Grassy and shrubby woodlands and open forests.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Moderately fertile often sandy or alluvial soil.
Medium-sized woodland to occasionally tall forest tree 30 m
high with a spreading crown. Bark is variable from mostly
smooth to rough covering most of the trunk. Bark may be
fibrous, dense or loosely held. Flowers white or occasionally
pink.
September to February.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in
paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
600-1200 mm.
Good for shade and shelter. Timber is durable but hard to work. Large, old trees have aesthetic
and wildlife habitat value. Excellent building material and firewood species. Pollen sought after
for producing excellent honey. Koala food tree.
Able to withstand moderate frost. Component of an Endangered Ecological Community.
Page 235
Eucalyptus microcarpa (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Grey Box
Myrtaceae
Grey Box.
E. hemiphloia
Grassy woodland or forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Loamy soils of moderate to high fertility.
Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high with grey, rough, persistent bark over the entire trunk
and larger branches. Trunk is around half the total height of the tree. Adult leaves pale slate
grey to bluish grey. Flowers white.
March to June.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they
are released.
From seed.
800-1200 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat. Highly regarded as a timber tree, with strong and durable timber.
Recognised by its smooth branches and broad greyish leaves. Buds and fruit relatively large for
a box species. Very similar appearance to White Box, but White Box is glaucous on buds and
new growth. Component of an Endangered Ecological Community.
Eucalyptus nicholii (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Myrtaceae
Grey Box, Inland Grey Box.
Grassy woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Heavy clay soils or red earths. Shallow soils on ridges in warm to hot
climates.
Small to medium-sized tree in woodland or occasionally tall forest tree
to 25 m high. Upright crown. Rough and persistent bark over most of
the trunk. Adult leaves dull green. Flowers white.
February to August.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they
are released. Most productive fruits are higher up on the tree.
From seed.
600-1000 mm.
Useful for fence posts and other farm construction. Produces good pollen for high quality
honey. Useful for shade and shelter.
Similar in appearance to E. moluccana and E. pilligaensis, but E. microcarpa has smaller fruit
than E. moluccana and larger and duller leaves than E. pilligaensis.
Eucalyptus moluccana (r)
Other names:
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Western Grey Box
Narrow-leaved Black Peppermint
Myrtaceae
Willow Peppermint.
Grassy or sclerophyll woodland on shallow relatively infertile soils on metasediments and
granites.
NAN, NET.
Often grows on porphyry or granite, but will grow on a wide range of soils.
Small to medium-sized tree to 18 m high with rough, persistent
bark to the small branches. Bark yellowish-brown to greybrown with red-brown underlayers. Adult leaves dull, bluish
green. Has a tendency towards a weeping habit. Flowers are
small and creamy-white.
March to April.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in
paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Good wildlife habitat value. Frost hardy and moderately drought resistant.
Widely grown as an ornamental in south-eastern Australia. Listed as a vulnerable species.
Page 236
Eucalyptus nobilis (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Myrtaceae
Messmate
Myrtaceae
Messmate Stringybark.
Wet sclerophyll or grassy forest.
NET.
Cold areas of high rainfall on deep fertile soils.
Small to very tall tree to 50 m high and sometimes 90 m, sometimes
reduced to a mallee shrub. Brown, fibrous bark extending to the small
branches. Adult leaves are large and glossy, green. Flowers white.
Various times throughout the year.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
High-value wildlife habitat and food source. Good shade and shelter tree.
Eucalyptus pauciflora (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
New England Peppermint
Grassy woodland or open forest.
NAN, NET.
Found on broad, cold, swampy flats.
Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high. Bark is rough and
persistent on trunk and larger branches. Adult leaves are green to
bluish-green. Flowers white.
January to May.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they
are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
High-value wildlife habitat and food source. Good shade and shelter tree. Component of an
Endangered Ecological Community.
Eucalyptus obliqua (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Northern Tablelands Manna Gum, Ribbon Gum.
Tall grassy or wet forest.
NAN, NET.
Fertile loamy soils.
Medium-sized to tall forest tree to 50 m high (sometimes 70 m). Bark
shedding to ground level. Adult leaves glossy, green. Flowers white.
January to May.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to
catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
800-1000 mm.
High-value wildlife habitat and food source. Good shade and shelter tree. Component of an
Endangered Ecological Community.
Eucalyptus nova-anglica (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Forest Ribbon Gum
Snow Gum
Myrtaceae
White Sally, Cabbage Gum.
Grassy, dry sclerophyll woodland.
NAN, NET.
Flat cold sites above about 700 m altitude on deeper soils of varying
fertility.
Small to medium-sized (rarely tall, sometimes 30 m) tree with smooth white or greyish bark throughout. Adult leaves glossy, green or bluegreen with parallel venation. Flowers white.
October to January.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag
to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Good wildlife habitat and food source.
E. pauciflora often varies from site-to-site, with several subspecies recognised. High frost
tolerance. Component of an Endangered Ecological Community.
Page 237
Eucalyptus pilligaensis (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Bimble Box
Myrtaceae
Poplar Box, Bimbil Box, Poplar-leaved Box.
Grassy and shrubby woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Moderately fertile loamy soils, clay loam to sandy loam texture.
Small to medium-sized woodland tree to 20 m high with rough bark on
trunk and larger branches. Bark is grey to grey-brown and persistent to
the smaller branches. Adult leaves very glossy green and are broad and
rounded (poplar-like). Flowers white or, rarely, pink.
August to January.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper
bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat (Koala food tree and readily forms hollows).
Bimble Box is suitable for shelter belts and windbreaks and it is easy
to propagate. Excellent fuel. Useful for fence posts, but it is prone to
termite attack in the ground. Prefers red soil ridges and not heavy clays.
Eucalyptus prava (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Open forests and woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Light and sandy alluvial flats and outwash at low/medium altitudes.
Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high with rough, light to medium grey bark persistent over
most of the trunk. Adult leaves narrow glossy-green. Flowers white.
June to August.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in
paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
600-1000 mm.
High value wildlife habitat. Timber is strong and durable. Also
valuable for shade, shelter and firewood.
Closely resembles E. moluccana and E. microcarpa, but has glossier leaves than either
of these. Named for the village of Pilliga which is an alluvial plain surrounded by grassy
woodlands.
Eucalyptus populnea
subsp. bimbil (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Narrow-leaved Grey Box
Orange Gum
Moonbi Red Gum, Salmon Gum.
Dry sclerophyll woodland and open forest.
NAN, NET.
Poor skeletal soils on acid granite, sandstone or quartzite.
Small to medium-sized tree to 15 m high, generally of poor
form. Leaves are grey to bluish-grey. Bark looks smooth but is
coarsely rough to touch.
December to February.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in
paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
800-1000 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source.
Page 238
Myrtaceae
Eucalyptus sideroxylon (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Black Sally
Myrtaceae
Grassy woodland, usually in association with White Sally, but this species prefers a wetter site.
NET.
Grows on a range of soils but prefers fertile, loamy soils on cold flats at higher altitudes.
Small to medium-sized tree to 15 m high, with rough bark
on the lower parts of trunk and smooth, dark grey to oily,
olive green above. Adult leaves with a small hooked tip,
glossy green with three veins. Flowers white.
April to October and sometimes into summer.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place
in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm
Good as medium-level cover in windbreaks. Excellent wildlife habitat.
It is unrelated to the white sallies (E. pauciflora) and has tight, star-shaped bundles of buds.
Does not tolerate drought as well as E. pauciflora, but is much more cold tolerant.
Eucalyptus subtilior (r)
Alternate names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Red Ironbark, Mugga.
Dry sclerophyll woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Low ridges and slopes on loam soil often with high gravel content. Small to medium-sized or occasionally tall tree to 35 m high. Ironbark persistent on trunk and
larger branches, hard and deeply furrowed. Adult leaves dull, green, glaucous or slate grey.
Flowers white, pink, red or pale yellow.
May to November, although it will flower at other times throughout the year.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they
are released.
From seed.
400-1200 mm
Useful for medium to high level windbreak cover. Strong, hard timber used for engineering and
fence posts. Posts last in the ground for over 100 years. Excellent habitat, and birds and squirrel
gliders are attracted to its nectar. Known to be a food source for the Regent Honeyeater.
Widely planted for its coloured flowers. Moderately frost tolerant.
Eucalyptus stellulata (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Mugga Ironbark
Stringybark
Myrtaceae
E. stannicola
Sclerophyll or grassy woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandy soils of low to moderate fertility.
Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high, rough persistent bark throughout. Adult leaves green
glossy to semi-glossy.
Warmer months.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place
in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat. Good windbreak species.
Page 239
Eucalyptus viminalis (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Myrtaceae
Manna Gum, White Gum
Grassy woodland or forest
NAN, NET.
Fertile loamy soils.
Medium-sized to very tall tree (sometimes to 50 m) with bark mostly shedding to ground level. Smooth grey to whitish trunk and branches. Adult leaves narrow, green. Flowers white.
January to May.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they
are released.
From seed.
800-1200 mm
Wildlife habitat and food source (including koalas). Attractive pink or pale yellow to white
wood.
Frost-resistant species. Very similar, and often growing with E. dalrympleana, but
distinguished by very narrow juvenile leaves and immature epicormic growth. Component of
an Endangered Ecological Community.
Eucalyptus viridis (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Ribbon Gum
Green Mallee
Myrtaceae
Mallee shrubland to low forest.
BBS, NAN.
Shallow light soils on rocky rises.
Mallee or small woodland tree to 15 m high with rough bark
persistent on the lowest part of stems, ribbony and smooth on most of
trunk. Adult leaves are glossy, dark green with numerous oil glands.
Flowers white.
November to January.
Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper
bags to catch seeds when released.
From seed.
300-800 mm
Valuable wildlife habitat. Good for windbreaks and shelter.
An attractive mallee due to its narrow, green leaves.
Eucalyptus youmanii (r)
Youman’s Stringybark
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Sclerophyll woodland and open forest.
NET.
Poor skeletal soils on rises, shale or acid volcanic geology.
Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high, with rough bark throughout.
Adult leaves slightly glossy, green to blue-green. Flowers white.
Flowering: June to August.
Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag
to catch seeds as they are released.
Propagation: From seed.
Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm
Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat. Timber has been used for fence posts. Listed as a Rare or Threatened
Australian Plant (RoTAP).
Evolvulus alsinoides (i)
Convolvulaceae
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Eucalypt or Acacia woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Sandy plains and rocky outcrops.
Herb or shrub, with either erect or ascending branches. Blue flowers are either solitary or in groups.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year.
From seed or cuttings.
300-1600 mm.
Not present in high enough quantities to be of grazing benefit.
Widespread but not common.
Page 240
Ficus rubiginosa (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Propagation:
Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Common Fringe-sedge
Rough Bedstraw
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Rubiaceae
Recorded in many vegetation communities, especially in dry sites.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Stony or rocky areas with shallow soils.
Perennial forb to 30 cm high with square stems. Leaves almost
stalkless and roughened. White or yellow flowers are very small.
Late winter – spring.
Summer.
From seed.
300-1000 mm.
Common groundcover component.
May be confused with Asperula conferta which has more leaves per whorl and white
flowers.
Galium migrans (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Cyperaceae
Occurs in a wide range of vegetation communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Usually on sandy or loamy soils. In clay soils along river channels.
Slender perennial sedge which grows to a height of 40 cm. Flowers
in reddish-brown spikelets. Nuts (seeds) white to yellow in colour.
Throughout the year.
By division. 300-1600 mm
Will only be grazed when new growth has appeared, after good
rainfall.
Galium gaudichaudii (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Moraceae
Ficus sp. A sensu Jacobs and Pickard (1981), Ficus platypoda
Rusty Fig, Rock Fig.
Dry open forest on hills and rocky riparian areas.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types.
Small shrub or tree to 50 m in height in tall rainforests. Shiny
leaves above and rusty hairs on the underside.
Spring to summer.
January to July.
From seed or cuttings.
400-1200 mm.
Excellent shade and shelter tree. Good wildlife habitat.
Fimbristylis dichotoma (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Port Jackson Fig
Rubiaceae
Galium sp. A
Rocky crevices on hillsides.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Shaded or sheltered sites among rocks and logs.
Prostrate perennial with stems to 40 cm long. Leaves in whorls of four
around the stem. Flowers cream to yellowish-white.
Spring – autumn.
Seed.
300-1200 mm.
Page 241
Geranium retrorsum (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Geraniaceae
Cobbler's Tack
Asteraceae
Glossogyne tenuifolia
Native Cobbler’s Tack.
Grasslands, woodlands and heaths.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates most soil types.
Perennial herb to 60 cm high. Flowers yellow. Fruit like
introduced Cobbler’s Tack but plant rarely with a prominent
aerial stem.
Summer to autumn.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1600 mm
Often eaten by stock.
Very abundant after good summer rainfall. Dense stands can cause problems for sheep when
the barbed seeds stick to the wool.
Glycine clandestina (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Native Geranium
Austral Cranesbill, Native Geranium, Cut-leaf Cranesbill, Hairy Geranium.
A variety of woodland and grassland habitats.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in clay, sandy loam, and sandy skeletal soils on hillsides, flats and rises.
Perennial plant with erect or prostrate stems to 50 cm long. Will sometimes root at stem nodes.
Flowers pink and sometimes with yellowish veins.
Spring – early summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
400-1600 mm.
Seldom abundant, but is known to be grazed. Taproots roasted and eaten by Aborigines.
Glossogyne tannensis (i)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Geraniaceae
Woodlands and grasslands.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in a variety of soil types.
Perennial herb to 50 cm long. Covered with soft hairs. Leaves
deeply lobed. Flowers paired, pale pink with yellow veins.
Spring to early summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
400-1600 mm.
Not known to be grazed.
Geranium solanderi (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Common Cranesbill
Twining Glycine
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Forest, woodlands, heath and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a variety of soil types but grows well on sandy, red earths. In shade or open pastures.
Weakly twining plant with trifoliate leaves. Flowers bluish,
purple to pink, and pea-like.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year. Collect dry pods before they split.
From scarified seed.
300-1600 mm.
Readily eaten by stock and is considered good drought fodder.
A good addition to native pastures. Native legume with wildlife value and adds nitrogen to the
soil.
Page 242
Glycine tabacina (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Goodeniaceae
Ivy Goodenia
Goodeniaceae
Forest Goodenia.
Grows in a variety of communities, often on hillslopes.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on shallow, stony, sandy or loamy soils.
Perennial, trailing or upright species with stems to 25 cm long.
Flowers pale-yellow with upper petals down-curved.
Spring and autumn mainly, but in warmer months.
Summer and late autumn.
From seed.
300-1600 mm.
Palatability in pastures not known.
Gossypium sturtianum (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Daisy-leaved Goodenia
Sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath communities.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Often found on sandstone or sandier soils.
Erect species to 60 cm high. Stems often hairy. Flowers lemon-yellow to orange.
Spring - summer.
Summer.
From seed.
400-1600 mm.
Good understorey species for native revegetation.
Goodenia hederacea
subsp. hederacea (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Variable Glycine
Woodlands and grasslands.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in a variety of soils.
Twining or creeping perennial with trifoliate leaves. Flowers blue,
violet or purple and pea-like.
Summer.
Collect pods as they turn black and dry.
From scarified seed.
400-1600 mm.
Palatable to stock, but only usually present in small patches. Valuable
wildlife species. Native legume that adds nitrogen to the soil.
Goodenia bellidifolia (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Glycine
Sturt's Desert Rose
Malvaceae
Sturt’s Rose, Desert Rose.
Found mainly in or along stream lines.
BBS, DRP, NAN.
Grows in rocky situations and on shallow soils.
Smooth-stemmed shrub to around 1 m high. Flowers pale purple, with
a red blotch at the base of each petal. The five petals overlap greatly to
form a bell-shaped flower.
Early spring – summer.
Late summer.
From cuttings or seed.
300-800 mm.
An uncommon shrub.
Page 243
Grevillea beadleana (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Proteaceae
Fan Grevillea
Proteaceae
Dry sclerophyll woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on quartz-rich soils. Skeletal and shallow soils on sandstone, granite or acid volcanics.
Small shrub to 3 m in height. Leaves to 10 cm in length. Flowers cream to pale yellow in a cylindrical cluster.
Spring.
Summer.
From seed.
400-800 mm.
High wildlife value for habitat and food.
Hakea decurrens (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Seven Dwarfs Grevillea
Rusty Spider Flower.
Dry sclerophyll forest or woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on shallow soils and rocky ridges, favouring well-drained sites.
Shrub to 2 m high. Branches have a velvety feel. Flowers with brown hairs on the outside and
greenish tinge on the inside are borne in a cluster at the end of branches.
Spring.
Summer.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
A species that is attractive to nectar eating birds.
Grevillea ramosissima (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Proteaceae
Restricted to sheer scarps in granite and metasediments.
NET.
Clifflines and steep slopes.
Spreading shrub to 2.5 m high. Much-divided, grey-hairy leaves
up to 12 cm long. Flowers are deep-red.
Autumn and other times throughout the year.
Throughout the year, 1-2 months after flowering.
From seed and cuttings.
900-1400 mm.
High value wildlife habitat and food source.
Listed as an endangered species. Two highly localised populations
near Mole River and Walcha.
Grevillea floribunda (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Beadle's Grevillea
Bushy Needlewood
Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in sandy and rocky areas.
Spreading shrub to 5 m tall. Leaves almost at right angles to
stems. Flowers white, occasionally with a pink tinge.
May – September.
Summer. Seed matures in the second year after flowering.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Wildlife habitat and food value and revegetation potential on
rocky areas.
Page 244
Proteaceae
Hakea leucoptera (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Small-fruit Hakea
Proteaceae
Grows in damp areas of dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. Also found in heath near swamps.
NAN, NET.
Prefers wet situations, and tolerates a range of soil types.
Small shrub to 2 m high. Leaves terete to narrow with thick
margins and protruding midvein. Flowers are white and are
clustered in the axils of the leaves.
Spring to early summer.
Autumn. Secure nylon stocking over pods to collect seed as it
falls. Fruit opens when ripe unlike many hakeas.
From seed.
600-1000 mm.
Food value for nectar-feeding birds and insects. Habitat value
for small birds.
Haloragis heterophylla (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Proteaceae
Silver Needlewood, Needle Hakea, Pin Bush, Water Tree.
Woodland and shrublands.
DRP, BBS.
Prefers coarse textured soils.
Small tree to 5 m high or a bushy shrub to 2 m high. Leaves stiff
and cylindrical with a sharp point at the tip. Flowers white, in
short spikes or clusters.
Late spring – summer.
Throughout the year. Fruits open once picked.
From seed.
300-1000 mm.
Only grazed by stock when feed is very limited. Roots used to make pipes for smoking. Used
by Aborigines as a source of water, where the roots were dug up and one end was placed in a slow fire to extract the moisture.
Distinguished from similar Needlewood species (H. tephrosperma) by having a pale seed. The
seed of H. tephrosperma is almost black.
Hakea microcarpa (r) Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Needlewood
Rough Raspwort
Variable Raspwort, Perennial Raspwort, Perennial Raspweed.
Grows along creeks and other areas that have ample water.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in heavy clays.
Annual or perennial plant to 50 cm high. Small flowers with
red anthers.
Spring – summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1600 mm.
Will grow all year and will be grazed by stock, but rarely
occurs in large quantities.
Has the potential for weediness in some higher rainfall areas.
Page 245
Haloragaceae
Hardenbergia violacea (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
False Sarsaparilla
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Purple Coral-pea, Sarsparilla, Native Lilac, Coral-pea.
Woodlands and forests.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Rocky hillsides with shallow soils, but grows on a wide variety of
soil types with sandy and loam soils favoured.
Trailing or climbing perennial with stems up to 2 m long. Flowers
are lilac to violet and pea-like.
Late winter to early summer.
Collect pods as they turn brown and allow to dry and open.
From scarified seed or from cuttings.
300-1600 mm.
Useful wildlife species. Good as a ground cover and a very hardy plant that can survive adverse
conditions.
Root once used as a tonic and regarded as a substitute for sarsaparilla when leaves were boiled.
Hibbertia obtusifolia (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Hairy Guinea Flower
Dilleniaceae
Woodland and open forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Shallow soils on hillsides.
Shrub to 90 cm high. Stems are covered with soft white or brown hairs. Dark-
green leaves to 15 cm long. Bright yellow flowers.
Late winter-spring.
From cuttings.
500-1200 mm
Has a nice display of flowers but has no pastoral use.
Hibiscus sturtii (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Dilleniaceae
Grey Guinea Flower, Showy Guinea Flower.
Woodland and forests.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Gravelly clays, sandy or stony soils. Locally common on hillsides.
Shrub to 1 m high. Leaves rounded at the tip, grey-green. Flowers
bright golden-yellow.
Spring.
From cuttings.
300-1600 mm.
Plant does not appear to be utilised by stock.
Hibbertia vestita (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Hoary Guinea Flower
Hill Hibiscus
Malvaceae
Sturt’s Rose, Sturt’s Hibiscus.
Occurs in White Cypress Pine, and Green Mallee communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Hilly areas with stony, shallow soils.
Small perennial shrub to 60 cm high. Leaves hairy. Flowers pink to purplish with five petals
and long stems, borne singly in the angles of the leaves.
Spring to summer.
Late summer.
From cuttings or seed.
300-1200 mm.
A relatively uncommon species.
Page 246
Homoranthus flavescens (r) Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Myrtaceae
Lance-leaved Hovea
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Hovea sp. R, Hovea sp. B.
Open, dry sclerophyll forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows among rocky outcrops and on shallow sandy soils.
Shrub to 2 m high with stems and branches with grey, tightly curled hairs. Flowers are purpleblue and pea-like.
Late winter to spring.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
400-1000 mm.
Valuable wildlife habitat and food source. Nitrogen-fixing species.
Indigofera adesmiifolia (r)
Previous names:
Granite Homoranthus
Homoranthus flavescens (in part).
Mouse Plant.
Heath and woodlands.
NAN, NET.
Grows in skeletal soil among crevices in granite outcrops. Very rare and found in the Tingha-Howell area and at Bendemeer.
Prostrate to spreading shrub to 0.5 m high. Leaves mostly 3-6
mm long, with upper surface flat or sometimes concave. Flowers 1-6 on undifferentiated branchlets.
October to November
Late summer.
From seed.
800-1200 mm
Valuable wildlife habitat and food species. Nectar used by Aborigines.
Rare and listed as a vulnerable species and component of Endangered Ecological Community.
Hovea lanceolata (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Woodland, forest and heath.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandy or well-drained, often shallow soils.
Spreading shrub to 0.5 m high. Sometimes erect and up to around
1 m high. Leaves usually 6-10 mm long. Flowers usually solitary,
clustered towards end of branchlets.
Late spring to summer.
From cuttings using new spring or summer shoots.
800-1000 mm
Valuable food source for nectar-feeding birds, mammals and
isects.
Homoranthus prolixus (r)
Previous names:
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Mouse Plant
Tick Indigo
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Indigofera australis var. signata, Indigofera australis var. platypoda, Indigofera australis var.
signata Native Indigo.
Common in woodlands.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers rocky sites (mainly on volcanic rocks).
Similar to I. australis but has more crowded leaves and shorter
flower stems, with leaves often reduced to jointed phyllodes.
Spring.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
300-1000 mm.
Good wildlife habitat and food source. Nitrogen-fixing species. Lost through overgrazing.
Page 247
Indigofera australis (r)
Australian Indigo
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Hill Indigo, Native Indigo, Austral Indigo
Woodlands and forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers shallow soils.
Shrub to around 2.5 m in height. Stems often a dark red colour,
leaves are bluish-green. Flowers are pink to lilac (and, very
rarely, white).
Flowering: Spring.
Seed collection: Summer.
Propagation: From scarified seed. Cuttings are also possible if flower colour
needs to be preserved.
Rainfall: 300-1600 mm.
Values and uses: Not grazed heavily by stock.
Comments:
Suspected of stock poisoning while flowering (but very rarely
and only under extreme conditions, such as drought). Nitrogenfixing species.
Isotoma axillaris (r)
Showy Isotome
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Rock Isotome
In cracks in rock faces and on granite and sandstone outcrops.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Shallow or sandy soils, or skeletal soils on rock outcrops.
Rounded plant to 50 cm with light grey-green to purplish-green
leaves. Flowers mauve, blue, or white star-like.
Summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
200-1600 mm.
Occurs in isolated clumps and is not known to be palatable to stock. Skin contact with sap can
cause chemical burns in some people.
Isotoma fluviatilis (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Swamp Isotome
Lobeliaceae
Found in most vegetation communities, favouring damp areas.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows mainly in wet and damp places.
Prostrate, creeping, perennial forb, sometimes with fine hairs. Leaves entire, or slightly
toothed. Flowers blue to white or purplish, and tubular with starry lobes.
Summer.
From cuttings or division. Grows easily from small stem pieces.
600-1200 mm.
Sometimes a weed of lawns.
Jacksonia scoparia (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Lobeliaceae
Dogwood
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Winged Broom-pea, Stinkwood, Native Broom, Mountangarra.
Shrubby woodlands and open sclerophyll forest.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Occurs on shallow, sandy soils on dunes, hillsides and ridges.
Shrub to 3 m high with leafless branches. Flowers are profuse, yellow and pea-like.
Spring.
Summer.
Scarified seed.
300-1600 mm.
This species is an indicator of poor soils. Emits an offensive odour
when burnt. Moderate source of pollen for honey. Aborigines are said to
have eaten gum and pollen. As it is a legume it will fix nitrogen.
Page 248
Jasminum lineare (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Native Jasmine
Desert Jasmine.
A variety of woodland and shrubland communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Grows in a wide range of soils including red earths and gravelly loams.
Small shrub/vine to 2 m high. Stems can be 10cm in diameter. Flowers white, and red when
dried. Fruit is a black, round, berry.
Summer.
From cuttings and seed.
300-800 mm.
Good wildlife value. Will be grazed by sheep and goats. Planted on a fence, it can be a good,
low level windbreak. Good groundcover.
A very hardy climber with strongly scented flowers.
Juncus continuus (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Juncaceae
Damp areas.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers sandy soils.
Perennial, tufted plant to 1 m high. Flowers clustered or singular. Dark, golden-brown capsule.
Spring – summer.
Late summer.
From seed or division.
300-1600 mm.
Good for wetland revegetation, planted on edges where it is seasonally wet.
Juncus ochrocoleus (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Oleaceae
Juncaceae
Juncus sp. H.
In seasonally wet locations.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers sandy soils.
Perennial, tufted species to 90 cm high. Flowers singular and abundant. Capsule golden brown.
Spring – summer.
Late summer.
From seed or by division.
300-1200 mm.
Can be used for wetland revegetation if planted in seasonally wet locations.
Juncus subglaucus (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Juncaceae
Juncus sp. U.
Occurs in many vegetation communities, including Black Box and Bimble Box communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in most soil types. Found near permanent water and in areas that are seasonally inundated.
Tufted perennial that grows to a height of around 1 m. Flowers small and numerous. Capsule golden brown.
Spring – summer.
Late summer.
From seed or by division.
300 – 1600 mm.
Valuable for revegetating wetlands or areas that are seasonally inundated.
Page 249
Juncus subsecundus (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Finger Rush
Juncus subsecundus subsp. congregatus, Juncus subsecundus subsp. subsecundus
Most commonly found in drier habitats than other Juncus spp.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in a wide range of soil types and conditions.
Slender, tufted perennial to 70 cm high. Flowers solitary or
clustered. Capsule golden brown to dark golden brown.
Spring – summer.
Late summer.
By division.
300-1600 mm.
Useful for revegetation due to its tolerance of a wide range of soils
and climatic conditions.
Kunzea bracteolata (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Myrtaceae
Dry sclerophyll forest on granite or rhyolite.
NET.
Granite outcrops.
Shrub to 1.5 m high. Leaves to 9 mm long. Flowers white, in
clusters at the end of branches.
Spring and early summer.
From cuttings.
1000-1200 mm
Valuable wildlife habitat and food source.
Kunzea opposita (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Myrtaceae
Heath or dry sclerophyll forest.
NAN, NET.
Shallow, sandy or well-drained soils.
Shrub to 3 m high. Leaves usually opposite, 1.5-3 mm long.
Flowers are pink, in clusters at the end of branches.
Spring.
Collect the small, numerous seeds soon after flowering. Observe
plant regularly as the seeds are released quickly once ripe.
From seed.
1000-1200 mm
Attracts native bees and butterflies. Attractive when flowering.
Lepidosperma laterale (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Juncaceae
Variable Sword Sedge
Cyperaceae
Lepidosperma lineare
Eucalypt woodland on hilltops and slopes.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on low fertility soils.
Tufted sedge that grows to a height of 1 m.
Throughout the year.
By division.
500-1600 mm.
Attractive to seed-eating birds and useful for revegetating areas with low fertility
soils.
Page 250
Leptospermum arachnoides (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Needle-leaf Tea Tree
Moist heath and sclerophyll forest on shallow soils.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandstone and granite.
Shrub 2 m or more high with rough bark that peels in flaky
layers. Leaves usually 10-20 mm long. Flowers white.
November to January.
Collect capsules before they open and place in paper bags to
catch seeds.
From seed.
1000-1600 mm
Good low level cover for windbreaks on its preferred soil and
habitat. Good wildlife habitat, especially for smaller birds.
Leptospermum brachyandrum (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Grey Tea Tree
Myrtaceae
Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and shrubland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Mainly prefers rocky granite outcrops or shallow soils on poorlydrained sites.
Shrub or small tree to 4 m or sometimes taller. Leaves mostly 10-20
mm long. Flowers solitary or double, and white.
October to December.
Collect ripe, unopened capsules and place in paper bags to collect
seed when released.
From seed and cuttings.
1000-1600 mm
Good wildlife habitat and food source. Good low-level windbreak
species.
Listed as an Invasive Native Species in the New England Tablelands and Nandewar Bioregions. 
Leptospermum novae-angliae (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Myrtaceae
Shrubby, dry sclerophyll forest along rocky creeks.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandstone and granite.
Shrub or small tree to 6 m high. Bark smooth, shedding in ribbons.
Leaves 20-50 mm long. Flowers 3-7 together, white.
November to January.
Collect capsules when ripe, prior to opening, and place in paper
bags to catch seed.
From seed or cuttings. Cuttings from young growth in early summer
is the easiest way to propagate.
1000-2000 mm.
Excellent low level cover in moist areas. Good wildlife habitat.
Leptospermum brevipes (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Myrtaceae
New England Tea Tree
Myrtaceae
Heath and sclerophyll forest.
NAN, NET.
Prefers rocky sites, mainly granite outcrops, but will tolerate a wide
range of soils, but prefers poorly-drained areas.
Shrub to 2 m with bark lifting and flaking. Leaves often with
conspicuous glands, to 15 mm long. Flowers white.
October to November.
Collect capsules as they dry and place into paper bags to catch seeds
as they are released.
From seed.
1000-1600 mm
Moderately drought and frost-resistant. Useful as a screen plant.
Page 251
Leptospermum polygalifolium (r)
Other Names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Slender Tea-tree
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Epacridaceae
Heath, open woodland and forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in sandy soils over granite.
Many-branched shrub to 1 m high. Leaf margins finely toothed. Flowers
white.
June to November.
From cuttings.
800-1600 mm
Good food plant for wildlife and also attracts butterflies. Also a desirable
cut-flower.
Leucopogon muticus (r)
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Leptospermum attenuatum
Grows in heath, scrub or dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands.
BBS (very rare), NAN, NET.
Deep or shallow sandy soil, particularly sandstone areas.
Shrub or small tree to 5 m high. Very flaky bark. Leaves broad
to very narrow, 10-20 mm long. Flowers solitary or double and
white. Summer.
Seeds mature quickly after flowering, so be vigilant if trying to
collect seed. Collect capsules as they start to dry and place in a paper
bag to collect seeds as they are released.
From seed, but cuttings taken in summer are easily grown.
1000-1600 mm.
Good wildlife habitat and birds will use the bark for nesting.
Leucopogon melaleucoides (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Common Tea Tree, Wild May, Green Tea Tree, Creek Tea Tree.
Dry sclerophyll forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Alluvial sand and along rocky water courses.
Shrub 1-4 m high with leaves usually flat and rather stiff in texture Flowers greenish white or pink.
August to January.
Collect capsules as they dry and place into paper bags to catch seeds as they are released.
From seed.
700-1400 mm.
Riverbank coloniser and stabiliser. High wildlife value.
Subsp. transmontanum most common in Border Rivers-Gwydir catchments, but subsp.
polygalifolium will occur more often above 1000m in eastern part of the catchment.
Leptospermum trinervium (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Tantoon
Blunt Beard Heath
Epacridaceae
Green Beard Heath
Dry sclerophyll forest and exposed areas.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers sandy soils.
Shrub to 2 m tall. Leaves entire with 3-5 central parallel veins. Flowers
white.
September to October.
From cuttings.
600-1600 mm.
Will form a dense screen, but slow growing.
Flowers strongly, sweetly scented.
Page 252
Lissanthe strigosa (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Lomandraceae
Wattle Mat-rush
Lomandraceae
Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and grassland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers sandy, well-drained soil.
Tufted perennial with variable form. Leaves tough, rigid and flat. Flowers
cream, rounded or bell-shaped.
Spring to early summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Attracts butterflies and seed- and insect-eating birds. Attractive foliage.
Lomandra leucocephala (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Mat-rush
Sclerophyll forest and woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types.
Tufted perennial with elongated or short stems and green, linear leaves 8 –70 cm long. Flowers
are often hidden in the foliage.
Spring.
Summer.
From seed.
600-1200 mm
A hardy plant that can be planted in most situations. May be useful for stabilising banks.
Lomandra filiformis (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Epacridaceae
Dry sclerophyll forest, dry scrub and heath.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers sandy and rocky soils in part shade.
Shrub to 70 cm high. Leaves prickly to 1.5 cm long. White or pale pink, bell-shaped flowers.
Spring.
From cuttings and seed, but difficult to propagate.
300-1600 mm.
Attractive flowers and attractive to native birds and butterflies. Edible fruits.
Lomandra confertifolia (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Peach Heath
Woolly Mat-rush
Lomandraceae
Irongrass, White Mat-rush.
Sclerophyll forest and on sand dunes in Mallee communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers sandy and well-drained soils.
Tufted perennial herb with drooping, greyish-green leaves. Flowers white in round or
cylindrical, dense, woolly heads.
Spring to early summer, but can occur at any time.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1200 mm
Not known to be grazed by domestic stock.
Page 253
Lomandra longifolia (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Lomandraceae
Lomandra longifolia subsp. exilis, Lomandra longifolia subsp. longifolia, Lomandra longifolia
Labill. var. longifolia
Honey Reed.
Grows in a variety of habitats, prefers part shade.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Common along stream margins, but widespread in forests.
Tussock-forming, perennial herb. Leaves are bright-green and flat or slightly curved. Flowers are cream with purple centres.
Spring to early summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Good for stabilising banks of creeks and gullies. High wildlife value
for ground fauna.
Lomandra multiflora (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Spiny-headed Mat-rush
Many-flowered Mat-rush
Lomandraceae
Woodland and forest.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on a variety of soil types, including shallow soils on ridges and hillsides.
Tussock-forming perennial herb with either slender or robust form. Leaves are thick and dark
to greyish-green. Flowers yellow and bell-shaped, in open clusters on the inflorescence.
Spring to early summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
A hardy plant that can be used as a ground cover in revegetation. Seed- and insect-eating bird attractant.
Lomatia silaifolia (r)
Crinkle Bush
Proteaceae
Previous names:
Other names: Fern-leaved Lomatia, Parsley Bush.
Habitat:
Sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath.
Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET.
Site preference:
Tolerates a wide range of soil types.
Habit: Shrub to 2 m high. Leaves divided, with sharp-toothed margins.
Sprays of cream flowers to 30 cm long.
Flowering: Summer.
Seed collection: Autumn.
Propagation: From seed.
Rainfall: 600-1800 mm.
Values and uses: Hardy plant for most situations.
Lotus australis (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Australian Trefoil
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Austral Indigo, Poison Clover, Native Shamrock.
Woodlands and shrublands.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in sandy and loamy soils.
Rounded shrub to 50 cm high. Leaves with five leaflets, two close to the
stem and three together separately. Pale pink to white flowers.
Spring-autumn.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
300-1600 mm.
Nitrogen-fixing species.
Reports of stock poisoning from high levels of cyanide compounds that
are present sometimes.
Page 254
Maireana microphylla (i)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Apocynaceae
Native Pear
Apocynaceae
Woodland and scrub (Vine thickets).
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Grows on a variety of soil types.
Twining plant to 4 m high. Leaves somewhat thick and fleshy. Flowers green or yellow. Fruit is
a leathery or firm follicle, splitting to release hairy seeds.
Spring.
Collect seeds in early summer once the follicle has begun to split and store in paper bags to dry.
From seed.
600-1200 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source.
Useful if planted on a fence for a low windbreak.
Marsilea drummondii (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Doubah
Leichhardtia australis
Native Pear, Austral Doubah, Cogola Bush.
Woodland and scrub (Vine thickets).
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Prefers stony, red soils.
Twining shrub to 4 m high with thick/fleshy leaves. Flowers green to yellow. Fruits thickwalled and smooth, looking like a slender choko.
Late spring - summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
The fruit, leaves and flowers are edible.
Marsdenia viridiflora (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Chenopodiaceae
Kochia microphylla
Bluebush, Eastern Cottonbush.
Woodland and open woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Will grow in a wide range of soil types.
Perennial to 1 m high. Leaves are dark-green. Small green flowers form dense spikes.
Spring and autumn.
Summer.
From seed.
400-1600 mm.
Not known to be grazed by stock. Good pioneer species for eroded and degraded sites.
Will grow profusely in areas that were previously cultivated or overgrazed sites. Provides low
cover for wildlife.
Marsdenia australis (i)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Small-leaf Bluebush
Common Nardoo
Marsileaeceae
Southern Cross.
Margins of permanent water and in moist depressions in most floodplain vegetation
communities. Dominant plant on floodplains after and during flooding.
DRP, BBS, NAN (rare).
Grows in a wide variety of soil types.
A perennial fern with creeping growth habit. Leaves look similar to
a four-leafed clover. Reproduces via spores from fruiting bodies that
are slightly rounded or pointed at the tips. Sporocarps are borne on
stalks.
Sporocarps are seen in spring to autumn.
By division.
300-900 mm.
The sporocarps were ground up by Aborigines into a flour and mixed with water to form dough.
Good for revegetation of wetlands. The plant survives well after flooding and drying.
Page 255
Melaleuca bracteata (r)
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Violaceae
Native Mint
Lamiaceae
Creeping Mint, Native Pennyroyal.
Grassy woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers clay type soils and areas with more soil moisture.
Perennial forb to a maximum height of 15cm with smooth or hairy
stems. Flowers white and arranged in a whorl in the angles of the
leaves.
Summer – early autumn.
Seed, cuttings or division.
300-1200 mm.
Good ground cover. Potential to use as groundcover among pavers to form a scented walkway.
Microlaena stipoides (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Tree Violet
Hymenanthera dentata
Grows in many vegetation communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in rocky sites and can be common along streams. Tolerates most soil types.
Shrub to 4 m high. Leaves up to 5 cm long, margins sometimes toothed. Flowers small, bellshaped and cream to green in colour. Flowers are fragrant. Berry is purple-black.
Spring.
From cuttings.
600-1200 mm.
Good spiny hedge, moderately fast-growing. Considered by some to indicate elevated salinity
levels in streams.
Mentha satureioides (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Myrtaceae
Honey Myrtle, White Cloud Tree.
Along streams and in depressions where soil is heavy or damp.
DRP (rare), BBS, NAN, NET (rare).
Usually found on black or red alluvial soils.
Shrub or tree to 15 m high with very dense canopy. Twisted leaves to 2 cm long. White or
cream flowers in cylindrical spikes. Spring.
Throughout the year. Collect capsules and dry in the open air on newspaper or a sheet to catch
seeds.
From seed mixed with sand and sprinkled on seed raising mix.
300-1200 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. Also used as a species in shelter belts. Good for
stream bank stabilisation.
Oil is obtained from its leaves. Moderately frost-resistant.
Melicytus dentatus (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Black Tea Tree
Weeping Grass
Poaceae
Meadow Rice Grass.
Woodlands and open forest.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Damp or shaded areas on a variety of soils.
Perennial grass to 75 cm high. Leaves to 25 cm long. Flowerhead narrow
and slender to 17 cm long.
Early summer – autumn.
Autumn.
From seed.
300-1800 mm.
Produces high quality feed all year.
Tolerates drought, frost and acid soils.
Page 256
Micromyrtus grandis (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Polygonaceae
Western Boobialla
Myoporaceae
Water Bush, Bush Boobialla, Boomeralla, Native Myrtle.
Shrubby woodland and forest communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on red earths and on rocky hillsides, usually in loamy or welldrained soils.
Rounded shrub to 3 m high with narrow leaves. Fragrant flowers are
white with purple spots inside. Fruits are purple.
Late winter to early spring.
From cuttings and seed.
300-1200 mm.
Unpalatable to stock but has high wildlife habitat value. Also valuable for honey and shelter.
Often planted in windbreaks. Drought resistant.
Myriophyllum verrucosum (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Lignum
Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii.
Swamps, rivers and gilgai country on floodplain.
DRP, BBS.
Intermittently inundated areas.
Smooth, perennial shrub to 2.5 m high. Leaves do not persist on older
branches. Yellow flowers in a spike-like arrangement.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year.
From seed.
200-800 mm.
Can occur in thick, impenetrable stands. Not grazed by stock unless there is
a feed shortage. Can provide valuable waterfowl habitat.
May be a harbour for feral animals.
Myoporum montanum (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Myrtaceae
Heath and low woodland in rocky outcrops and in shallow soil.
NET.
In open and exposed situations
Shrub to 4 m high. Leaves 0.5-4.0 mm long with conspicuous oil dots. Flowers solitary, cream and rarely pink towards the tip.
July to September.
Fruit develops from August to September.
From seed.
800-1000 mm
A rare species, so its uses for revegetation are limited.
Rare, chiefly confined to the Severn River area. Listed as an endangered
species.
Muehlenbeckia florulenta (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Severn River Heath-myrtle
Red Water-milfoil
Haloragaceae
Water Milfoil, Duckweed, Red Milfoil.
Slow-moving or still water. Mostly only grows in water to 2 m deep, but can occasionally be
found in water 4 m deep.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Small streams, edges of rivers, wetlands, swamps and storage dams.
Perennial aquatic plant with stems that can reach 4 m in length.
Flowers small and pink. New leaves and those in bright light usually
red-coloured.
Spring - autumn.
By division and transplant.
200-1600 mm.
Can be used for wetland revegetation. However, the plants can
become a nuisance in dams where they clog pumps and taint the water
with a fishy odour.
Page 257
Neptunia gracilis forma gracilis (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection:
Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Native Olive
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Olacaceae
Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath.
NAN, NET.
Prefers sandstone or granite.
Shrub to 2 m high. Leaves 3-10 mm long. Solitary, white to yellowish
flowers in the angles of the yellow-green leaves.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Root parasite.
Ottelia ovalifolia (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Oleaceae
Dry sclerophyll woodland and open forest.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers rocky gullies and fertile soils.
Tree to 10 m high, sometimes with a multi-stemmed habit. Leaves are narrow and grow to a
length of 10 cm. Flowers are insignificant (greenish-yellow) in the angles of leaf and stem, and
fruits are dark-blue to purple.
June to December.
Berries can be collected, pulp washed off, and allowed to dry and stored for 3 months before propagating.
From cuttings and seed.
300-1200 mm.
Berries are eaten by many animals. Good species for planting in a shelterbelt. Will be eaten by sheep in the absence of other fodder.
Olax stricta (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)
Woodland and grassland on river and creek floodplains.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Favours heavy grey and brown clay soils.
Perennial, mainly prostrate, herb or small shrub. Phyllodes bipinnate and
persistent. Flower clustered, round and pale yellow.
Summer to autumn.
Late summer to late autumn.
From scarified seed.
300-1000 mm
Grazed by stock.
Most abundant after heavy summer rain or flooding.
Notelaea microcarpa (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Sensitive Plant
Swamp Lily
Hydrocharitaceae
Still or slow-moving water.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Found in any area of still water, including swamps, gilgais, streams, lagoons and dams.
Perennial aquatic plant with submerged and floating oblong, rounded
leaves. Flowers white, 3-petals with a purple, reddish base.
Late spring to autumn.
By division or transplant.
200-1600 mm
Valuable for revegetation as it seldom occurs in high enough numbers to
become a nuisance.
Page 258
Oxalis perennans (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Bignoniaceae
Hairy Panic
Poaceae
Poison Panic, Native Millet, Effuse Panic, Branched Panic.
Grassy forests, woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a range of soil types including heavy grey soils, quartz
gravelly soils and sandhills.
Greyish-green perennial grass to 60 cm high. Leaves and stems
with a cover of long, stiff white hairs arising from wart-like bumps.
Flowerhead large and many-branched, with spikelets borne near the
ends of the branchlets.
Throughout the year except winter.
Autumn.
From seed.
200-1200 mm.
A good summer feed, with the early growth being the most palatable.
Heavy consumption by sheep in the first 2-6 weeks following rain can cause ‘yellow bighead’.
Parsonsia eucalyptophylla (i)
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Wonga Wonga Vine
Inland Wonga Vine, Western Wonga Vine, Spearwood.
Sclerophyll forests and woodlands in moist gullies.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in thickets on skeletal soils.
Woody climber. Flowers are tubular and vary from white and maroon to
white and gold/brown. Fruit is a boat-shaped capsule.
Spring.
Collect pods before they open and place in a paper bag to catch the seeds once they open.
From cuttings or seed.
300-1600 mm.
High value wildlife species. Also a useful ornamental plant.
Aboriginal people used canes from this plant (or closely related species) for spear shafts.
Panicum effusum (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Oxalidaceae
Grows in a wide range of habitats as well as disturbed sites.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers heavy loamy soils and will grow in skeletal soils.
Perennial herb with spreading or erect branches. Leaves trifoliate,
flowers bright yellow. Seeds sticky when first matured.
May to December.
By division and seed. Seeds are released explosively so place in a bag.
300-1200 mm.
Rapid-growing groundcover.
Pandorea pandorana (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Gargaloo
Apocynaceae
Monkey Vine, Woodbine, Vinetree.
Woodland, forests and scrub.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Suitable for drier areas. Sandy red earths or sandy to loamy
textured shallow, stony soils.
Woody climber. Flowers are yellow in terminal clusters. Fruit is a
long, hairy pod that splits down both sides.
Spring-autumn.
Collect fruits and place in paper bags before they split.
From seed or cuttings. Use fresh seed.
300-800 mm.
High-value wildlife habitat and food source. Foliage eaten by sheep and cattle in dry times.
Page 259
Paspalidium jubiflorum (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Polygonaceae
Broad-leaved Geebung
Proteaceae
Persoonia cornifolia subsp. d
Woodland and dry sclerophyll forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on granite and sandstone sediments.
Erect or spreading shrub. Leaves broad and flat. Yellow flowers.
Spring.
Late summer.
From seed and cuttings (both seeds and cuttings are very slow to
strike).
500-800 mm.
Wildlife habitat and food source for native animals and insects.
Petalostigma pubescens (r) Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Pale Knotweed
Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum lanigerum
Pink Knotweed.
Found in a variety of vegetation types.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Stream banks and margins of wetlands, and also ephemeral ponds.
Perennial forb to 1 m high. Leaves around 20 cm long with short stalks. Flowers
dull-pink on spikes.
Summer.
Autumn.
From seed.
200-1200 mm.
Rarely grazed by stock.
Persoonia cornifolia (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Poaceae
Warrego Grass, Yellow-flowered Panic Grass, Vandyke Grass.
Grassy woodlands, savannah and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in heavy clay soils near permanent and ephemeral water.
Leafy perennial grass to 120 cm high. Leaves thin and lax.
Flowerhead very narrow.
Summer – autumn.
Autumn.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Very palatable to stock.
Tolerates inundation for short periods.
Persicaria lapathifolia (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Warrego Summer Grass
Bitter Bark
Euphorbiaceae
Strychnine Tree, Native Quince, Forest Quinine, Quinine Tree.
Open forest.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Sandy soils and sandhills on river flats.
Small tree to 5 m high. Leaves silky or woolly underneath. Flowers
are cream coloured but lack petals.
Autumn to winter fruiting.
Collect seeds as fruit begins to split and place in paper bag until
they release the seed.
From cuttings or seed. Modest results from seed.
400-1600 mm.
Attractive tree and good wildlife habitat but of no value for stock feed.
Aboriginal medicine plant.
Page 260
Petrophile canescens (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Rutaceae
Common Reed
Poaceae
Phragmites communis
Phragmites, Cane Grass.
Along stream banks, beside swamps and other areas that are
periodically flooded.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers standing water or wet soil.
Stout, perennial grass to 3 m high. Stems cane-like and leaves taper
to form a fine point. Flowerheads are dense and slightly nodding, in a
brown to purplish panicle. Has the appearance of small bamboo.
Spring - summer.
By division and cuttings of stems allowed to take root in damp soil.
200-1200 mm.
May help control erosion on stream banks, but can become a major weed in irrigation channels. Young plants will be grazed by stock.
Used extensively in Europe for thatching roofs.
Pittosporum angustifolium (i)
Previous names:
Other names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Long-leaf Wax Flower
Dry sclerophyll forest and heath.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types.
Shrub to 2 m high. Leaves variable, from narrow to wide. White flowers
in clusters in the angles of the leaves and stem.
Spring and autumn.
From cuttings.
300-1200 mm.
Source of nectar for birds and insects.
Moderately drought and frost tolerant.
Phragmites australis (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Proteaceae
Dry and wet heath and dry sclerophyll forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers deep, sandy soils.
Small, rounded shrub to 1.5 m high. Much-divided leaves to 10 cm
long. Flowers are creamy-yellow on the end of branches.
Spring.
Autumn, but anytime for fruit from earlier years. Collect fruit and
allow to dry to release seed.
From seed.
600-1200 mm.
Wildlife habitat and food source for native animals and insects.
Philotheca myoporoides (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Conesticks
Butterbush
Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum phillyraeoides auct. non (DC) Benth.
Berrigan, Butterwood, Native Willow, Cumby Cumby, Cattle Bush.
Grows in woodland and mallee communities.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers sandy soils.
Shrub or tree to 10 m in height. Leaves narrow to 12 cm long with a small hooked end. Flowers
yellow to cream.
Winter to spring.
Summer.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Very hardy and drought resistant. Aboriginal medicinal plant.
Page 261
Pittosporum spinescens (i)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Native Daphne
Pittosporaceae
Sweet Pittosporum, Snowdrop Tree, Mock Orange.
Wet sclerophyll forest and sheltered areas of dry sclerophyll forest and woodlands.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Will grow in most acidic soils where there is moisture.
Tree to 15 m with shiny leaves with wavy margins. Flowers are
creamy-white in terminal clusters.
Spring.
Summer.
From seed.
800-1200 mm.
Useful as a tall shrub/tree layer in a windbreak. Very hardy.
Serious weed in the Sydney region and other states mainly
because of the lack of fire which is its natural control. Can
withstand periods of drought and, unlike most other native
plants, will thrive in soils that are nutrient enriched.
Poa labillardierei (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Pittosporaceae
Citriobatus spinescens, Ixiosporum spinescens, Citriobatus pauciflorus in part.
Large-fruited Orange Thorn.
Dry sclerophyll forest woodland and shrubland.
NAN.
Grows on sandstone, basalt and in rocky gorges.
Small tree to 8 m high with spiny branches. Rounded leaves.
Flowers white and solitary. Round fruit dries to a yellow/orange
colour.
Spring – summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
600-800 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. Good low-level
windbreak species.
Pittosporum undulatum (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Wallaby Apple
Tussock Grass
Poaceae
Poa Grass.
Grassy woodlands, forests and grasslands.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers river flats and areas where it is likely to be moist. Also grows on sheltered hillslopes.
Perennial grass to a height of 120 cm. Stems round and rough just below the flowerhead.
Leaves to a length of 80 cm. Flowerheads narrow to a length of 25 cm.
Spring.
Summer.
From seed.
400-1200 mm.
Palatable to stock, particularly when young.
The Aborigines used the leaves and stems for string and basketmaking.
Page 262
Poa sieberiana (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Showy Copper-wire Daisy
Asteraceae
Scalia jaceoides, Podolepis robusta, Podolepis acuminata.
Showy Podolepis
Woodland and grassland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Heavy clay floodplains and sandhills in full sun.
Several stemmed perennial herb to 70 cm high, with rosette of leaves
at base. Flowers are yellow and around 4 cm in diameter.
Summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
200-1200 mm
Moderately palatable to stock.
Pomax umbellata (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Poaceae
Fine-leaf Tussock Grass
Grassy woodlands and forests.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a variety of soil types and situations, from hillsides to river banks.
Tufted perennial grass to 1 m high. Greyish-green to bluish-green in colour. Flowerhead to 20
cm long. Spikelets greenish or yellowish.
Mainly spring.
Summer – autumn.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Young growth and regrowth readily grazed by stock. Mature plants are not generally grazed.
Podolepis jaceoides (i)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Snow Grass
Pomax
Rubiaceae
Forests, woodlands and heath.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Rocky hilltops and scarps with shallow soils. Also found on quartz-rich or gravelly soils.
Erect perennial to 40 cm high. Stems downy. Leaves almost
stalkless. Reddish coloured flowers quite prominent on stalks
around 10 mm long.
Late winter – spring.
Trim stems with flowerheads in spring - summer and dry in
bags to collect seeds.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Thought to cause cyanide poisoning.
Page 263
Potamogeton crispus (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Curly Pondweed
Still or flowing streams to 4 m deep.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Permanent water required.
Perennial, aquatic forb with flattened stems to 4 m long. Leaves
green to brown with wavy edges. Flowers small and in spikes that
can be 7 cm above the water.
Summer – autumn.
By division or from cuttings.
200-1200 mm.
Can grow rapidly and cause obstruction in irrigation channels when
growing in shallow water.
Prostanthera cryptandroides
subsp. euphrasioides (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Snowy Mintbush
Lamiaceae
White Mintbush.
Sclerophylly forest, woodland and heath.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Occurs mainly on skeletal soils on hillsides. Will not tolerate
clay.
Erect/spreading shrub to 4 m in height. Leaves are light green.
Flowers are usually white, but occasionally blue.
Spring.
From cuttings or grafting.
300-1200 mm.
Not eaten by stock.
Moderately drought and frost tolerant.
Prostanthera staurophylla (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Lamiaceae
Prostanthera euphrasioides, Prostanthera odoratissima
Open, dry sclerophyll forest.
BBS, NAN.
Prefers sandy or loamy soils.
Bushy shrub to 1 m high. Strongly aromatic. Mauve flowers.
September to April.
From cuttings or by grafting.
300-800 mm.
A vulnerable species.
Prostanthera nivea (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Potamogetonaceae
Torrington Mintbush
Woodland and heath.
NET.
Grows in moist open patches and exposed sites on granite,
rocky areas.
Compact shrub to 2 m in height. Greyish-green leaves to 1.5
cm long. Flowers are blue to white or pink and borne in angles
of leaves.
Spring.
From cuttings or grafting.
800-1000 mm.
Good understorey shrub for windbreaks. Excellent wildlife
species for nectar and butterfly attractant.
Vulnerable species.
Page 264
Lamiaceae
Psydrax odoratum (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Wild Lemon
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Rubiaceae
Canthium oleifolium
Myrtle Tree.
Woodland and open forest.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Grows on sandy and loamy red earths, and on shallow stony soils on hillsides.
Shrub or small tree to 5 m high. Young plants have large thorns which disappear as the plant matures. Leaves bright green and the veins not prominent. Flowers white to pale green and
fragrant.
Spring-autumn.
Collect berries in late summer and autumn when fresh and black, remove flesh. Dry and store
for 3 months before sowing.
From seed or cuttings.
300-800 mm.
Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. Useful fodder and shelter species.
Pterostylis hamata (i)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Rubiaceae
Canthium odoratum Shiny-leaved Canthium.
Woodland on rocky hillslopes and ridges.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Rocky, shallow soils on hillslopes and ridges.
Tall shrub or tree to a height of 8 m. Leaves short-stalked, leathery, smooth and shiny, paler on
the underside. Flowers white or cream and fragrant.
Throughout the year, often in response to rain.
Throughout the year.
From seed or cuttings.
300-1200 mm.
Forage value or palatability not known. Often noted as being browsed by stock.
Psydrax oleifolia (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Iamboto
Orchidaceae
Oligochaetochilus hamatus
Open forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in rocky areas where it receives a lot of sun. Mainly in sandy loam or gritty loam soils.
Perennial herb to 45 cm high. Flowers 2 cm long, transparent
with green and brown markings.
September to November.
Nov - Dec.
Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact
Australasian Native Orchid Society for information.
600-1200 mm.
Tubers were used as a food source by Aborigines.
Page 265
Pterostylis reflexa (i)
Orchidaceae
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Diplodium reflexum
Sclerophyll forest.
NAN, NET.
Prefers to grow on ridges and slopes.
Perennial herb to 20 cm high. Leaves form a rosette. Flowers are white
and green with reddish-brown markings.
Flowering: February to May.
Seed collection: Around 6 weeks after flowering.
Propagation: Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact Australasian
Native Orchid Society for information.
Rainfall: 800-1200 mm.
Values and uses: Tubers were used as a food source for Aborigines.
Ptilotus exaltatus var. exaltatus (i)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Amaranthaceae
Trichinium burtonii, Trichinium nervosum, Trichinium exaltatum
Pussy Tails, Mulla Mulla. Lambs Tails.
Woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS.
Well-drained soil in full sun. Red sands and loamy sands.
Erect shrub to 1.5 m tall. Leaves around 20 cm long. Flowers are
lilac-grey.
Spring – early summer.
Late summer.
From seed, but germination rates are usually low. Cuttings can be
used but have a high failure rate.
200-500 mm.
Leaves and younger flower spikes provide good forage when other
annuals have died off.
An attractive plant, particularly if conditions favour a good flowering season.
Pultenaea microphylla (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Tall Mulla Mulla
Spreading Bush Pea
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Pultenaea microphylla var. microphylla
Dry sclerophyll woodland and forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on skeletal, gravelly soils, and occasionally on clay.
Erect to prostrate shrub 1-1.5 m high. Stems are white and downy. Flowers orange-yellow with
red or crimson and pea-like.
Spring.
Summer.
From scarified seed.
400-1200 mm.
Not known to be grazed.
Page 266
Pycnosorus globosus (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Ranunculaceae
Common Buttercup
Ranunculaceae
Australian Buttercup, Native Buttercup.
Open forests, woodlands and grasslands, often in dry sites.
DRP (rare), BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers moist areas on clay soils, but tolerates a wide range of
soils.
Soft, perennial forb to 50 cm high. Leaves divided with toothed segments. Flowers golden-yellow.
Spring – summer.
By division and seed.
300-1200 mm.
Good for planting in areas that are seasonally damp. A good nectar source for insects.
Rhynchosia minima (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: River Buttercup
Along and within streams, wetlands and permanent water.
NAN, NET.
Areas that are semi-permanently wet.
Perennial forb to 30 cm high. Spreads by underground stems or runners. Leaves divided. Flowers yellow, 5 – 7 petalled.
Spring.
By division.
400-1200 mm.
Good for planting in areas that are waterlogged. A good nectar source for insects.
Ranunculus lappaceus (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Asteraceae
Craspedia globosa
Drumsticks.
Grassy woodlands, grasslands and low saltbush shrublands.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Tolerates most soil types but grows mainly in moist areas on clay
soils and prefers full sun.
Silvery-white perennial plant to 120 cm high. Round, yellow flower heads up to 3 cm in diameter.
Early spring to summer.
Summer to autumn.
From seed.
300-1600 mm
Not often grazed by stock.
Has been suspected of stock poisoning if cut and fed to stock in damp weather or on dewy
mornings.
Ranunculus inundatus (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Billy Buttons
Ryncho
Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Rhynchosia.
Woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Grows mostly on loams and clays.
Trailing or twining perennial to 1-2 m long. Stems hairless or downy and sticky. Flowers
yellow, with a purple stripe on the main petal.
Spring-summer.
Late summer.
From scarified seed.
300-1600 mm.
Grazed heavily by stock when young. More salt tolerant than
other herbaceous legumes.
Page 267
Rostellularia adscendens (i)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Polygonaceae
River Club-Rush
Cyperaceae
Scirpus validus
Still or running water, including lakes, rivers, and roadside drains.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Seems to prefer heavy clay soils.
Perennial sedge that grows to 2 m in height. Stems are soft and easily flattened. Nuts greybrown to dark brown.
Autumn and spring.
By division.
300-1600 mm
Has creeping rootstock, so can rapidly colonise margins of water.
Schoenus apogon (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Swamp Dock
Rumex alcockii
Slender Dock, Brown Dock.
Woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates most soil types.
Perennial forb with erect or curving stems to 100 cm high. Leaves on slender stems. Whorls of flowers on leafless stems, followed by ‘hooked’ seeds.
Spring.
Summer.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Unpalatable and usually only occurs as isolated plants.
Schoenoplectus validus (i)
 
Previous names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Acanthaceae
Justicia procumbens
Mainly in woodlands, and sometimes along streams and in rocky sites.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers full sun.
Herb to 40cm high with leaves to 4 cm long. Lower branches often have a woody base.
Flowers are small and pink borne in a spike. Flowers have a prominent lip.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year.
From cuttings and possibly seed.
300-1600 mm.
Rumex brownii (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Pink tongues
Fluke Bog-rush
Schoenus apogon var. reductus, Schoenus apogon var. laxiflorus
Common Bog-rush.
Grows in swampy, moist pastures and roadside drains.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Moist areas.
Slender, perennial sedge to 25 cm high. Flowers in 2-3 flowered
spikelets.
Spring-autumn and sometimes winter.
By division.
400-1600 mm
Page 268
Cyperaceae
Sclerolaena bicornis (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Variable Groundsel
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Chenopodiaceae
Asteraceae
Fireweed
Woodlands, grasslands and shrublands.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Can be grown in most situations.
Perennial herb/shrub to 75 cm high. Leaves variable. Yellow, daisylike flowers.
Summer to autumn.
From cuttings.
300-1600 mm
Grazed occasionally, but see comments below.
Cattle poisoning has been known to occur with this plant in coastal
areas.
Sida corrugata (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Black Roly Poly
Bassia quinquecuspis
Five-spined Saltbush, Spiny Roly Poly, Prickly Roly Poly, Electric Burr.
Woodlands, low shrublands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Prefers clay and clay loams, but will grow on a wide range
of soils.
Perennial shrub to around 1.5 m tall. Branches slightly hairy.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year.
From seed.
300-1200 mm.
Rarely grazed by stock but can act as a pioneer species.
Older plants break off at ground level and are blown around by the wind. Can be a problem if it contaminates wool. Pioneering species that can colonise areas of degraded or overgrazed land.
Senecio lautus (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Chenopodiaceae
Bassia bicornis
Woolly Copperburr, Bullhead.
Woodlands, low shrublands and grasslands.
DRP.
Prefers clay or clay loam soils and river flats.
Shrub to 60 cm. Branches white and hairy. Flowers singular in leaf angles.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year.
From seed.
300-800 mm.
Will be grazed by sheep in the absence of other forage. Good for colonising bare areas to
prepare for secondary colonisation.
Burrs can be a problem in wool.
Sclerolaena muricata (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Goathead Burr
Corrugated Sida
Malvaceae
Variable Sida, Dwarf Sida, Sage Weed.
Woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerates a wide range of soil types.
Low-growing, perennial, prostrate herb of variable form. Leaves
about twice as long as wide to a length of 2 cm. Flowers yellow and five petalled.
Spring, but also after good rains in summer.
From cuttings and seed.
300-1200 mm.
Highly drought tolerant. Will be grazed by stock.
Page 269
Sida cunninghamii (i)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Solanaceae
Kangaroo Apple
Poroporo, Gunyang, Koonyang, Mookich, Mayakich, Meakich.
A wide variety of habitats, particularly disturbed sites.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Can become a weed of disturbed areas where it prefers to grow.
Shrub to 2 - 4 m high. Leaves lobed or entire. Flowers purple, on long
stalks. Fruit an orange-red to scarlet berry.
Summer.
Late summer.
From seed or cuttings. Wash seeds before sowing.
300-1200 mm.
Fruits are edible, but because it looks similar to other toxic species
care should be taken.
Species is grown overseas as a source of steroid drugs.
Solanum brownii (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Glossy Nightshade
Solanum nodiflorum subsp. nutans, Solanum americanum subsp. nodiflorum.
Found in many habitats, usually as a weed in disturbed areas.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Tolerance of a wide range of soil types.
Spreading shrub to around 1 m high. Leaves large on young plants; entire or weakly lobed.
Flowers white or pale purple, with green centres. Fruit is a purple-black berry.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year.
From seed or cuttings.
200-1200 mm.
Considered a weed in some habitats.
Fruits contain a high concentrations of solanine when mature and should be considered dangerous.
Solanum aviculare (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Malvaceae
Sida pedunculata
Woodlands and grasslands.
DRP (rare), BBS, NAN.
Occurs on loamy red earth and shallow soils on ridges.
Perennial, small shrub with trailing stems. Flowers yellow to paleyellow, borne in a cluster or occasionally solitary.
Summer to autumn.
From cuttings.
300-800 mm.
Readily grazed by stock.
Solanum americanum (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Ridge Sida
Violet Nightshade
Eucalypt woodland or forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Common in habitats that have been disturbed.
Shrub to 2 m high. Leaves soft and grey. Some spines present on
stems and leaf surfaces. Purple flowers.
Spring.
From cuttings.
600-1200 mm.
Low-level windbreak species. Wildlife habitat and food source for
birds and insects.
Sometimes grown as an ornamental, but not popular due to its
spines.
Page 270
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Solanum esuriale (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Quena
Solanaceae
Tomato Plant, Potato Bush, Tomato Weed, Oondoroo, Comyn.
Open forest and woodland.
DRP, BBS.
Prefers loamy or clay soils.
Perennial forb to 30 cm high. Stems and leaves with a greyish, velvety
covering. Leaves stalked and rounded at the tip. Flowers purple,
sometimes white. Fruit a round, yellow berry.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year.
From seed and cuttings.
300-800 mm.
Solanum parvifolium (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence: Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Solanaceae
Woodland.
DRP, BBS, NAN.
Shrub to 1 m high. Dark green with scattered prickles on branches. Flowers pale blue or white.
Fruit is a round, bright red berry.
Mainly in winter and spring.
Late spring.
From seed and cuttings.
400-800 mm.
Sorghum leiocladum (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Poaceae
Sarga leioclada
Grassy woodland, grassland and occaionally forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on a variety of soils.
Perennial grass to 1 m high. Leaves flat to 4 cm wide. Flowerheads open, around 15 cm long.
Summer.
Autumn.
From seed.
600-1200 mm.
Re-sprouts after fire. Can be easily lost through overgrazing and pasture improvement.
Sporobolus creber (r)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Wild Sorghum
Rat’s-tail Grass
Poaceae
Slender Rat’s-tail Grass.
Open forests, woodlands and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Along sandy creek beds but also on heavy grey soils.
Erect perennial grass to 140 cm high. Stems hairless and leaves broad
and flat to 30 cm long. Flowerheads narrow with spikelets irregularly
spaced.
Late summer to autumn.
Late autumn.
From seed.
400-1200 mm.
Often grazed by stock.
Can be abundant in certain places.
Page 271
Stypandra glauca (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Fabaceae (Faboideae)
Kangaroo Grass
Poaceae
Themeda triandra
Native Kangaroo Grass.
Open forest, woodland and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on red and brown soils.
Leafy perennial grass to 150 cm high. Stems smooth and hairless, flowerheads loose with irregularly spaced spikelets.
Spring – summer.
Autumn.
From seed.
200-1200 mm.
Will be grazed, particularly the young shoots.
Cannot withstand heavy, continual grazing.
Thysanotus tuberosus (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Smooth Darling Pea
Woodlands, open forests and grasslands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows on a wide variety of soils.
Perennial to around 1 m high. Stems can be trailing or erect. Flowers
pink and all shades of mauve, rarely red.
Late spring – summer.
Late summer – autumn.
From scarified seed.
300-1600 mm.
Can be grazed by stock, but can be poisonous at certain times. Fixes
nitrogen in the soil.
Themeda australis (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Phormiaceae
Stypandra latifolia
Graceful Blue-lily, Grass Lily.
Sclerophyll forest and woodland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Skeletal red earths on ridges and hills, shallow, stony soils.
Tufted perennial with stems to 1 m high. Sheathing leaves to 20 cm
long. Flowers are purple with yellow anthers.
Spring.
By division.
300-1200 mm.
Swainsona galegifolia (r)
Swainsona queenslandica (r)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Nodding Blue Lily
Common Fringe-lily
Anthericaceae
Fringed Violet.
Sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Well-drained soil in the sun. Grows in most soil types.
Erect plant to 20 cm in height. Flowering stem branches to produce clusters of mauve flowers.
Spring - early summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1600 mm.
Page 272
Trachymene incisa (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Native Lace
Sclerophyll forest and cleared areas on sandy soils or in crevices.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers sandy soils and rock crevices.
Perennial herb to 80 cm high. Leaves generally at the base of the plant. Umbels of white
flowers.
September to April.
Summer.
From seed.
500-1200 mm.
Triglochin multifructa (r)
Alternate names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Juncaginaceae
Triglochin mulitfructum
Swamp Arrowgrass.
Irrigation channels, lagoons, swamps and creeks.
BBS, DRP.
Permanent streams and wetlands, and the surrounding area.
Perennial aquatic plant with thick rhizomes and roots. Strap-like, fleshy leaves. Pale to dark
maroon flowers on an erect stem.
Spring – autumn.
By transplant or division, but probably also seed.
1200-1600 mm.
Good for revegetating wetlands where the water is permanent. Is not usually present in enough numbers to restrict flow.
The tubers were reportedly used by Aborigines as a source of food.
Typha domingensis (r)
Typha orientalis (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Apiaceae
Narrow-leaved Cumbungi
Broad-leaved Cumbungi
(T. domingensis) Typha brownii
Bullrush, Cat’s-tail, Reed-mace, Wonga, Miranda.
Along streams and wetlands, in water-filled depressions and dams.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Fresh or brackish water to 1.5 m deep.
Semi-aquatic perennial to >2 m high. Leaves flat and tough.
Flowers in dense, cylindrical spikes at the end of stems.
Spikes are velvety, brown. T. orientalis is commonly taller
than T. domingensis.
Summer.
Late summer/autumn.
From seed or division.
300-1200 mm.
Main value is the provision of shelter and nest sites for water birds.
Can grow in high densities in irrigation channels.
Typhaceae
T. domingensis
T. orientalis
Page 273
Vallisneria gigantea (r)
Previous names:
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Goodeniaceae
Violaceae
Showy Violet
Purple Violet, Mountain Violet, Native Violet.
Woodland and forest.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Damp areas. Tolerates many soil types.
Perennial herb to 15 cm high. Leaves form a rosette at the base of the plant. Flowers bluish to purple and occasionally white.
Spring.
Late spring.
From seed and division of established plants.
600-1200 mm.
Often cultivated as a garden plant.
Wahlenbergia communis (r)
Habitat:
Spur Velleia
Sclerophyll forest, woodland and grassland.
BBS, NAN, NET.
Grows in well-drained, sandy soils, and on ridges with shallow
soils.
Rosette shaped plant with stems to 50 cm high. Leaves soft and
woolly. Yellow flowers.
Spring and summer.
Late summer.
From seed.
300-1600 mm.
Palatability to stock not known. Does not persist in hot conditions.
Viola betonicifolia (i)
Other names: Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Habit: Hydrocharitaceae
Vallisneria spiralis.
Ribbon Weed.
Permanent still or flowing water in swamps, streams, lakes etc.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Still to fast-flowing water.
Perennial aquatic plant with submerged strap-like leaves to
3 m long (sometimes more). Inconspicuous flowers, with
female flowers at the end of a slender, spiral-coiled stalk. Spreads via its creeping rhizome.
Late spring – autumn.
By division.
200-1600 mm.
Valuable for revegetation as it is very hardy and easily grown.
Can be a pest in irrigation channels when it grows rapidly in hot weather.
Velleia paradoxa (i)
Habitat:
Occurrence:
Site preference:
Eel Weed
Tufted Bluebell
Campanulaceae
Grassy woodland and grassland. Grows in most open sites, particularly
roadsides.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Stony ridges and sandy loam areas.
Perennial herb to 75 cm high. Flowers blue and bell-shaped.
Throughout the year.
Throughout the year.
From seed.
300-1600 mm
Palatable to stock but not present in pasture in high enough quantities to be
of importance.
Page 274
Wahlenbergia stricta (r)
Tall Bluebell
Campanulaceae
Alternate names:
Wahlenbergia consimilis, Wahlenbergia trichogyna
Other names: Australian Bluebell, Austral Bluebell, Common Bluebell.
Habitat:
Forests, woodlands, shrublands and grasslands.
Occurrence:
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Site preference:
Likes well-drained soil and plenty of sun.
Habit: Perennial herb 10-90 cm high. Light blue flowers on slender stems.
Flowering: Throughout the year but mainly spring-summer.
Seed collection: Summer.
Propagation: From seed.
Rainfall: 300-1600 mm
Values and uses: Palatable to stock but does not provide much bulk.
Wurmbea biglandulosa (i)
Early Nancy
Colchicaceae
Habitat:
Forest and disturbed grassy places, along creek banks and on rocky
ridges.
Occurrence:
BBS, NAN, NET.
Site preference:
Prefers full sun or part shade.
Habit: Herb to 30 cm high. White/pink flowers with two nectaries a third of
the way along each tepal.
Flowering: Spring - summer.
Seed collection: 6 - 8 weeks after flowering.
Propagation: From seed or by transplant.
Rainfall: 400-1600 mm
Xerochrysum bracteatum (i)
Golden Everlasting
Asteraceae
Previous names:
Helichrysum bracteatum, Bracteantha bracteata, Xeranthemum bracteatum, Bracteantha bracteatum.
Other names: Diamond Head, Yellow Paper Daisy, Strawflowers, Sungold.
Habitat:
Open woodland and forest.
Occurrence:
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Site preference:
Sandy and sandy-loam soils.
Habit: Perennial herb to 80 cm high. Foliage is soft and slightly hairy. Flower heads are bright yellow
and papery.
Flowering: Spring to summer.
Propagation: From cuttings.
Rainfall: 300-1600 mm
Values and uses: Quite palatable to stock. Used for dried flower arrangements.
Xylomelum cunninghamianum (r)
Previous names:
Habitat:
Occurrence: Site preference:
Habit: Flowering: Seed collection: Propagation: Rainfall: Values and uses: Comments:
Woody Pear
Proteaceae
Xylomelum salicinum
Vine thickets, smooth-barked apple woodlands.
DRP, BBS, NAN, NET.
Prefers deep sandy soils.
Shrub or tree to 20 m in height. Leaves narrow with up to five teeth
along each margin. Flowers brownish in colour, followed by distinctive
wooden, pear-shaped follicle.
Autumn.
Collect seed throughout the year and place in a cool place to release
from the follicle.
From fresh seed.
400-800 mm.
Good wildlife habitat. Timber can be used for craft and lathe work. Nuts are also attractive.
Good garden species for sandy soils. Not very frost tolerant.
Page 275
Page 276
Bibliography
Sources of information used in plant descriptions
Armitage, I. (1978) Acacias of New South Wales. New South Wales Region of The Society for
Growing Australian Plants, Sydney.
Aston, H.I. (1973) Aquatic Plants of Australia. Melbourne University Press.
Brooke, G. and McGarva, L. (1998) The Glove Box Guide to Plants of the NSW Rangelands. NSW
Agriculture.
Brooker, M.I.H. and Kleinig, D.A. (2006) Field Guide to Eucalypts, Volume 1, South-eastern
Australia, 3rd edition. Blooming Books Pty Ltd, Melbourne.
Carr, D. and Curtis, D. (2000) Plants in your Pants. Greening Australia, Northwest.
Cunningham, G.M., Mulham,W.E., Milthorpe, P.E., and Leigh, J.H. (1992) Plants of Western NSW.
Inkata Press, Melbourne.
George, A.S. (1996) The Banksia Book. Kangaroo Press in association with The Society for Growing
Australian Plants - NSW Ltd, Kenthurst.
Kahn, L., Heard, B., and Whalley, W. (1997) Pasture Plants of the Slopes and Tablelands of NSW:
A Field Guide to the Recognition and Attributes of 70 plants. Department of Land and Water
Conservation, Armidale.
Kelly, S. (1969) Eucalypts. Nelson, Melbourne.
Kent, K., Mullins, B., Lunt, I and Webster, R. (2002) Native Vegetation Guide for the Riverina.
Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt University
Harden, G. (2000) Flora of NSW Volume 1 - 4 (2000) Royal Botanic Gardens, University of NSW
Press.
Hodgson, M. and Paine, R. (1988) Field Guide to Australian Orchids. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.
Holliday, I. (2004) Melaleucas: A field and garden guide. Reed New Holland, Sydney.
Queensland Department of Primary Industries (1995) Trees and Shrubs. Forest Resources Division.
Rogers, F.J.C. Growing More Australian Native Plants. (1975) Nelson, Melbourne.
Stelling, F. (1994) Revegetation Guide for North-eastern Victoria. Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources, Wodonga.
Stelling, F. (1998) South West Slopes Vegetation Guide. Murray Catchment Management Committee
and Department of Land and Water Conservation, Albury, NSW. Wrigley, J.W. and Fagg, M. (1993) Bottlebrushes, Paperbarks and Tea Trees. Angus and Robertson,
Pymble
Page 277
Page 278
Index of scientific names
(Only those species included in the plant descriptions
in Part 3 are listed here, page numbers refer to the plant
description)
A
Abutilon
leucopetalum 191
oxycarpum 191
Acacia
amoena 191
atrox 191
binervata 192
buxifolia 192
cheelii 192
dealbata 193
deanei 193
debilis 193
decora 194
excelsa 194
fimbriata 194
harpophylla 195
homalophylla 195
implexa 195
leiocalyx 196
melanoxylon 196
neriifolia 196
obtusifolia 197
oswaldii 197
paradoxa 197
pendula 198
penninervis 198
rubida 198
spectabilis 199
stenophylla 199
triptera 199
viscidula 200
Actinotus helianthi 200
Ajuga australis 200
Alectryon oleifolius 200
Allocasuarina
inophloia 201
littoralis 201
luehmannii 201
Alphitonia excelsa 201
Alstonia constricta 202
Angophora
exul 202
floribunda 202
leiocarpa 202
subvelutina 203
Aotus subglauca 203
Apophyllum anomalum 203
Aristida
leptopoda 203
\
ramosa 204
Arthropodium minus 204
Arundinella nepalensis 204
Asperula conferta 204
Astrebla lappacea 205
Atalaya hemiglauca 205
Atriplex
leptocarpa 205
muelleri 206
Austrodanthoniabipartita 206
Austrostipa
scabra 206
verticillata 206
Azolla filiculoides 207
B
Banksia integrifolia 207
Boerhavia dominii 207
Boronia granitica 207
Bothriochloa macra 208
Brachychiton populneus 208
Brachyloma daphnoides 208
Brunoniella australis 208
Bulbine
bulbosa 209
semibarbata 209
Bursaria spinosa 209
C
Caladenia tentaculata 209
Callistemon
pallidus 210
pungens 210
viminalis 210
Callitris
endlicheri 210
glaucophylla 211
Calytrix tetragona 211
Capparis mitchellii 211
Carex
appressa 212
inversa 212
Carissa ovata 212
Cassinia laevis 212
Casuarina
cristata 213
cunninghamiana 213
Chenopodium
auricomum 213
pumilio 214
Chloris truncata 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 214
Chrysocephalum
apiculatum 214
semipapposum 215
Citrus glauca 215
Clematis
glycinoides 215
microphylla 216
Convolvulus erubescens 216
Coronidium scorpioides 216
Correa
glabra 216
reflexa 217
Corymbia
dolichocarpa 217
tessellaris 217
trachyphloia 217
Page 279
Craspedia variabilis 218
Crassula sieberiana 218
Crinum flaccidum 218
Crotalaria mitchellii subsp. laevis 218
Cullen tenax 219
Cyanicula caerulea 219
Cymbidium canaliculatum 219
Cymbopogon refractus 220
Cynodon dactylon 220
Cynoglossum australe 220
Cyperus
difformis 220
fulvus 221
D
Daucus glochidiatus 221
Daviesia genistifolia 221
Desmodium
brachypodum 221
varians 222
Dianella revoluta 222
Dicanthium sericeum 222
Dichondra repens 222
Dichopogon fimbriatus 223
Digitaria brownii 223
Dillwynia
sericea 223
sieberi 223
Diuris sulphurea 224
Dodonaea
sinuolata 224
viscosa 224
Drosera
peltata 224
spatulata 225
E
Einadia nutans 225
Eleocharis
cylindrostachys 225
pallens 225
Enchylaena tomentosa 226
Enteropogon acicularis 226
Epilobium billardieranum 226
Eremophila
bignoniiflora 226
debilis 227
longifolia 227
maculata 227
mitchellii 227
Erodium crinitum 228
Eucalyptus
acaciiformis 228
albens 228
andrewsii 229
banksii 229
blakelyi 229
bridgesiana 229
brunnea 230
caleyi 230
caliginosa 230
camaldulensis 231
campanulata 231
camphora subsp. relicta 231
chloroclada 232
conica 232
coolabah 232
crebra 233
dalrympleana subsp. heptantha 223
dealbata 233
laevopinea 234
largiflorens 234
macrorhyncha 234
mckieana 234
melanophloia 235
melliodora 235
microcarpa 236
moluccana 236
nicholii 236
nobilis 237
nova-anglica 237
obliqua 237
pauciflora 237
pilligaensis 238
populnea subsp. bimbil 238
prava 238
sideroxylon 239
stellulata 239
subtilior 239
viminalis 240
viridis 240
youmanii 240
Evolvulus alsinoides 240
F
Ficus rubiginosa 241
Fimbristylis dichotoma 241
G
Galium gaudichaudii 241
Galium migrans 241
Geranium
retrorsum 242
solanderi 242
Glossogyne tannensis 242
Glycine
clandestina 242
tabacina 243
Goodenia
bellidifolia 243
hederacea subsp. hederacea 243
Gossypium sturtianum 243
Grevillea
beadleana 244
floribunda 244
ramosissima 244
H
Hakea
decurrens 244
leucoptera 245
microcarpa 245
Page 280
Haloragis heterophylla 245
Hardenbergia violacea 246
Hibbertia
obtusifolia 246
vestita 246
Hibiscus sturtii 246
Homoranthus
flavescens 247
prolixus 247
Hovea lanceolata 247
I
Indigofera
adesmiifolia 247
australis 248
Isotoma
axillaris 248
fluviatilis 248
J
Jacksonia scoparia 248
Jasminum lineare 249
Juncus
continuus 249
ochrocoleus 249
subglaucus 249
subsecundus 250
K
Kunzea
bracteolata 250
opposita 250
L
Lepidosperma laterale 250
Leptospermum
arachnoides 251
brachyandrum 251
brevipes 251
novae-angliae 251
polygalifolium subsp. transmontanum 252
trinervium 252
Leucopogon
melaleucoides 252
muticus 252
Lissanthe strigosa 253
Lomandra
confertifolia 253
filiformis 253
leucocephala 253
longifolia 254
multiflora 254
Lomatia silaifolia 254
Lotus australis 254
M
Maireana microphylla 255
Marsdenia
australis 255
viridiflora 255
Marsilea drummondii 255
Melaleuca bracteata 256
Melicytus dentatus 256
Mentha satureioides 256
Microlaena stipoides 256
Micromyrtus grandis 257
Muehlenbeckia florulenta 257
Myoporum montanum 148, 257
Myriophyllum verrucosum 257
N
Neptunia gracilis forma gracilis 258
Notelaea microcarpa 258
O
Olax stricta 258
Ottelia ovalifolia 258
Oxalis perennans 259
P
Pandorea pandorana 259
Panicum effusum 259
Parsonsia eucalyptophylla 259
Paspalidium jubiflorum 260
Persicaria lapathifolia 260
Persoonia cornifolia 260
Petalostigma pubescens 260
Petrophile canescens 261
Philotheca myoporoides 261
Phragmites australis 261
Pittosporum
angustifolium 261
spinescens 262
undulatum 262
Poa
labillardierei 262
sieberiana 263
Podolepis jaceoides 263
Pomax umbellata 263
Potamogeton crispus 264
Prostanthera
cryptandroides subsp. euphrasioides 264
nivea 264
staurophylla 264
Psydrax
odoratum 265
oleifolia 265
Pterostylis
hamata 265
reflexa 266
Ptilotus exaltatus var. exaltatus 266
Pultenaea microphylla 266
Pycnosorus globosus 267
Page 281
R
Ranunculus
inundatus 267
lappaceus 267
Rhynchosia minima 267
Rostellularia adscendens 268
Rumex brownii 268
S
Schoenoplectus validus 268
Schoenus apogon 268
Sclerolaena
bicornis 269
muricata 269
Seneciolautus 269
Sida
corrugata 269
cunninghamii 270
Solanum
americanum 270
aviculare 270
brownii 270
esuriale 271
parvifolium 271
Sorghum leiocladum 271
Sporobolus creber 271
Stypandra glauca 272
Swainsona
galegifolia 272
queenslandica 272
T
Themeda australis 272
Thysanotus tuberosus 272
Trachymene incisa 273
Triglochin multifructa 273
Typha
domingensis 273
orientalis 273
V
Vallisneria gigantea 274
Velleia paradoxa 274
Viola betonicifolia 274
W
Wahlenbergia
communis 274
stricta 275
Wurmbea biglandulosa 275
X
Xerochrysum bracteatum 275
Xylomelum cunninghamianum 275 Page 282
Index of common names
A
Apple,
Broad-leaved 203
Gibraltar Rock 202
Rough-barked 202
Smooth-barked 202
Wallaby 262
Winter 227
Australian Stonecrop 218
B
Banksia, Honeysuckle 207
Bedstraw 241
Belah 213
Billy Buttons 218
Bindweed, Blushing 216
Bitter Bark 260
Bitter Pea, Broom 221
Black Roly Poly 269
Blue Storksbill 228
Blue Trumpet 208
Bluebell 274, 275
Bog-rush, Fluke 268
Boronia, Granite 207
Bottlebrush,
Lemon 210
Weeping 210
Box,
Apple 229
Bimble 238
Black 234
Fuzzy 232
Grey 236
Narrow-leaved Grey 238
Western Grey 236
White 228
Yellow 235
Brigalow 195
Budda 227
Buloke 201
Burr, Goathead 269
Buttercup, Common 267
C
Carbeen 217
Cobbler’s Tack 242
Conesticks 261
Coolibah 232
Correa, Common 217
Cough Bush 212
Cranesbill, Common 242
Crinkle Bush 254
Cumbungi,
Broad-leaved 273
Narrow-leaved 273
Currant Bush 212
Cypress Pine,
Black 210
White 211
D
Daphne, Native 262
Dirty Dora 220
Dogwood 248
Doubah 255
E
Eel Weed 274
Emu Bush 227
Emu-foot 219
Eurah 226
Everlasting,
Button 216
Common 214
Clustered 215
Golden 275
F
Flannel Flower 200
Fringe-myrtle, Common 211
G
Gargaloo 259
Geebung, Broad-leaved 260
Glycine,Twining 242
Goodenia
Daisy-leaved 243
Ivy 243
Grass
Barbed-wire 220
Common Reed 261
Cotton Panic 223
Couch 220
Curly Mitchell 205
Curly Windmill 226
Hairy Panic 259
Kangaroo 272
Purple Wiregrass 204
Queensland Bluegrass 222
Red 208
Reed 204
Slender Bamboo 206
Snow 263
Speargrass 206
Tussock 262
Wallaby 206
Warrego Summer 260
Weeping 256
White Speargrass 203
Wild Sorghum 271
Windmill 214
Green Mallee 240
Grevillea
Beadle’s 244
Fan 244
Seven Dwarfs Grevillea 244
Page 283
Guinea Flower
Hairy 246
Hoary 246
Gum
Blakely’s Red 229
Brown 230
Dirty 232
Forest Ribbon 237
Mountain 223
Orange 238
River Red 231
Ribbon 240
Tumbledown Red 233
H
Headache Vine 215
Heath
Blunt Beard 252
Daphne 208
Peach 253
Hill Hibiscus 246
Homoranthus, Granite 247
I
Iamboto 265
Indigo
Australian 248
Tick 247
Ironbark
Caley’s 230
Mugga 239
Narrow-leaved 233
Silver-leaved 235
Ironwood 194
K
Kangaroo Apple 270
Kidney Weed 222
Kurrajong 208
L
Lance-leaved Hovea 247
Lignum 257
Lily
Blueberry 222
Bulbine 209
Common Fringe 272
Darling 218
Nodding Blue 272
Nodding Chocolate 223
Small Vanilla 204
Swamp 258
Lime, Desert 215
Long-fruited Bloodwood 217
Long-leaf Wax Flower 261
M
Mat-rush 253
Mat-rush,
Many-flowered 254
Spiny-headed 254
Wattle 253
Woolly 253
Myall 198
N
Nardoo, Common 255
Native Blackthorn 209
Native Carrot 221
Native Daphne 262
Native Geranium 242
Native Jasmine 249
Native Lace 273
Native Mint 256
Native Olive 258
Native Orange 211
Native Pear 255
Needlewood, Bushy 244
New England Blackbutt 229
Nightshade
Violet 270
Glossy 270
O
Oak
Orchid
Bull 201
River 213
Blue Fingers 219
Hornet 224
Spider 209
Tiger 219
P
Pale Knotweed 260
Pale Spike-Rush 225
Peppermint
Narrow-leaved Black 236
New England 237
Wattle-leaved Black 228
Pomax 263
Pondweed, Curly 264
Port Jackson Fig 241
Q
Quena 271
Quinine Bush 202
R
Red Ash 201
Red Water Fern 207
Red Water-milfoil 257
Ridge Sida 270
River Buttercup 267
River Club-Rush 268
Page 284
Rough Bedstraw 241
Rough Raspwort 245
Rush, Finger 250
Ryncho 267
Trefoil
Australian 254
Slender Tick 222
Tufted Bluebell 274
S
V
Sally,
Black 239
Warra Broad-leaved 231
Saltbush,
Climbing 225
Mueller’s 206
Slender-fruit 205
Ruby 226
Sand Rattlepod 218
Sarsaparilla, False 246
Sedge,
Knob 211
Variable Sword 250
Tall 212
Sensitive Plant 258
Severn River Heath-myrtle 257
Sheoak, Black 201
Showy Copper-wire Daisy 263
Showy Isotome 248
Showy Parrot-pea 223
Showy Violet 274
Sida, Corrugated 269
Small-leaf Bluebush 255
Small-leaved Clematis 216
Smooth Darling Pea 272
Snowy Mintbush 264
Spike Rush 225
Spotted Fuschia Bush 227
Spreading Bush Pea 266
Spur Velleia 274
Sticky Hop Bush 224
Straggly Lantern Bush 191
Stringybark She-oak 201
Stringybark
Broad-leaved 230
McKie’s 235
Red 234
Silver-top 234
Youman’s 240
Sundew 225
Swamp Dock 268
Swamp Isotome 248
Variable Groundsel 269
W
Warrior Bush 203
Wattle,
Blackwood 196
Boomerang 191
Box-leaved 192
Brigalow 195
Curracabah 196
Green 193
Fringed 194
Hickory 195
Kangaroo Thorn 197
Miljee 197 Mudgee 199
Motherumbah 192
Mountain Hickory 198
Myall 198
Myall Creek 191
Red-leaved 198
River Cooba 199
Silver 193, 196
Spur-wing 199
Sticky 200
Stiff-leafed 197
Two-veined Hickory 192
Western Golden194
Yarran 195
Western Boobialla 257
Western Rosewood 200
White Bloodwood 217
Whitewood 205
Wild Lemon 265
Woodruff, Common 204
Y
Yarran 195
T
Tall Mulla Mulla 266
Tantoon 252
Tarvine 207
Tea Tree
Black 256
Grey 251
Needle-leaf 251
New England 251
Slender 252
Tenterfield Woollybutt 229
Tree Violet 256
Page 285
Page 286
Part Four
Appendices
Page 287
Page 288
Appendix 1
Taken from notes from a workshop developed by Liz Blair and Greg Steenbeeke of the Border
Rivers-Gwydir CMA entitled Propagating Local Native Plants
Page 289
Growing Native Trees and Shrubs
from Seed
Propagating your own locally native
plants can be a very rewarding activity,
providing benefits for local biodiversity and
saving money in the process.
Native plants can be propagated by a
variety of mechanisms, the most commonly
used ones being propagating from seed, or
striking from cuttings. Many other methods
are also practiced, refer to References and
Further Reading for additional information.
In addition, the advice of a local vegetation
specialist should be sought if plants are being
propagated for large revegetation projects.
Probably the two easiest forms of plant
propagation that can be done simply by the
home gardener and small-scale operator are
propagation by seed and cuttings
Seed propagation (Table A1.1)
Propagation of native plants from seed is
a great way to not only grow plants but for the
seed collector, it is a chance to get to know and
understand the Australian native bush through
careful observation and involvement.
Where to collect seed
The most important factor in choosing
which species of seed to collect is that they
are locally native to the area in which they will
ultimately be sown or planted.
Not only should local native species
be used, but local provenance (that is, seed
collected within 50 km of the revegetation site)
of these species should also be used. This is
important if the unique genetic characteristics
of the area’s local native vegetation are to be
maintained.
In parts of the State which have been
extensively cleared, it may be difficult to find a
suitable seed source, particularly for shrubs and
understorey plants.
Roadsides, stock routes and reserves
may have the greatest diversity of indigenous
plants and so can provide a good seed source
for revegetation projects.
Seed collection etiquette
Below are few important issues to
consider prior to collecting seed.
1. It is important to gain permission from the
landowner. Written permission must be
received from local councils, State Forests
and/or Livestock Health and Pest Authorities
for seed collection on some roadsides
and all reserves. Wherever a Government
agency owns or controls the land, a permit
from this agency must be obtained. Contact
Land and Property Information NSW if you
are unsure who owns the land.
2. Try to minimise disturbance to the site.
Avoid driving vehicles into areas of native
vegetation - leave vehicles on formed tracks
and walk into the site. Minimise trampling
of the site, so that damage to groundcover
and understorey plants is avoided. Collect
only as much seed as required, and minimise
lopping and pruning to the extent necessary.
Aim to remove no more than 20% of the
seed which is available from any one plant.
Always treat the site with care and respect.
3. Collect to maintain genetic integrity and
diversity. This can be done by collecting
from groups of plants rather than a single
plant. For each species which is being
collected, a good target is to collect from
at least five plants of this species, spread
100 metres apart. As a rule of thumb, 10
individuals will give about 75% of the genes
found in a population, while 50 individuals
Table A1.1 Benefits and drawbacks of seed propagation
Benefits
Drawbacks
Cost effective
Plants will not always be identical to parent plant
Efficient way to grow large numbers of plants
A large proportion of seed can be sterile
Less damage caused to parent plant
Some seeds are difficult or impossible to
germinate or need specialist knowledge
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will yield 98% of the genes.
Collect from the full range of plants that
are found in the area. That way, when
undertaking a vegetation project on a similar
site, the new planting will reflect what was
in the original vegetation.
4. Remember to check Threatened Species
and other legislation.
Apart from
recognised threatened species (as listed in
the Threatened Species Conservation Act
1995 and the Environment Protection and
Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the
collection of species defined as ‘protected’
under Part 8 of the National Parks and
Wildlife Act 1974 requires a permit from the
Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH),
regardless of where the plants are growing.
Check with OEH as to whether a permit for
seed collection is required. A useful website
for the list of species protected in the NPW
Act is http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/
nsw/consol_act/npawa1974247/sch13.html
Collecting fruits and seeds
Seeds can usually be collected directly off
the plant. It is often easier, however to collect
the fruit containing the seeds first, then extract
the seed.
Seeds are usually contained within
the fruit, although sometimes the fruit itself
looks like a seed (such as daisies and sheoaks). Different seed collection methods are
appropriate for different types of fruit. Table
A1.2 outlines the appropriate techniques.
Seed of most native plants is found in
woody or leathery fruits. It is important to
ensure that the fruit is ripe when picked, as
unripe fruit will most often contain immature
seed of low viability.
Generally, ripe fruit of most species is
available during summer in northern inland
NSW.
years from flowering to producing ripe seed).
See Table 1A.2 for description of fruit types
and extraction methods.
Once you have found a good site for
seed collection, it is very important for the
seed collector to carefully observe and monitor
plants where the seeds are to be collected from.
Methods for collecting fruit
From low branches
Shaking or gently beating branches (without
damaging the tree) can be effective for
collecting fruit from trees like casuarinas.
Climb the tree only when safe to do so, or
stand on the back of a ute and gently beat the
branches with a stout stick or rod. Collect seed
and fruit on a tarp spread out under the plant.
From higher branches
If branches are out of reach, a variety of longhandled tools can be used. These include ‘parrot
beak pruners’ and saws.
For tall trees, branches can be pulled
down with a rope. Often, a long-handled pruner
used from the back of a truck will be adequate
to reach the lower branches. However, one of
the best ways of collecting from taller trees
is by taking advantage of fallen limbs and
branches, especially after a windy day or storm
when branches are often broken from the trees.
Altenatively a tarpaulin can be spread beneath
the tree or shrub and over time ripe seed will
fall onto the tarpaulin. These techniques are
particularly appropriate for Acacia (wattle),
Melaleuca
(tea-tree)
and
Callistemon
(bottlebrush) species.
Often collecting seed from tall tree
species can be a problem. Where possible, seed
collection could be coordinated with pruning
work undertaken by agencies such as the
electricity authorities or the local shire.
Some plant species form fruits and seeds
very quickly (within 2-3 weeks) in response
to the right environmental conditions (e.g.
daisies). Other species form their fruit and
seeds over a longer period (several months to
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Table A1.2 Fruit types and extraction methods.
Fruit type
Picking fruit and extracting seeds
Berries
Berries change colour and become soft when ripe.
(e.g. Dianella) Berries are fleshy fruit with seed Pick ripe berries, squeeze and wash away the pulp to
embedded in a fleshy layer. Berries often contain obtain seeds. Seeds and pulp can be rinsed using a
more than 1 seed.
sieve or kitchen strainer to separate seeds.
Drupes
Drupes usually fall when ripe (i.e. when they have
Fleshy layer over woody case which encloses the turned from green to another color) and soften.
seed (usually a single seed). Many plants found
Freshly fallen fruit can often be collected off the
in wetter areas and rainforests have drupes.
ground. Fleshy outer layer can be removed by soaking
or chemical treatment.
Capsules and follicles
Fruit are dry and woody when seed is mature.
(Eucalyptus, Melaleuca, Leptospermum and
Seeds mature anywhere between 4-16 months after
Callistemon) Dry fruit which split when dry
flowering. Each fruit contains a number of seeds
(capsules mostly opening by valves at the top, which are released from the fruit when they are
follicles spitting down one side as in Hakea and mature, or in the case of some species (e.g. hakeas)
Grevillea) to reveal two to several seeds inside
may stay closed until after a fire. Some may contain a
high percentage of chaff together with seeds.
Cones Callitris, Casuarina and Allocasuarina
(Native Pines, Bulokes and She-oaks) The seed
develops inside the cone which upon ripening,
changes from green to brown, becoming hard and
woody. Casuarina and Allocasuarina don’t have
true cones, but cone-like structures holding fruit
which look like cones.
Pick when the valves (the slits in the top of the fruit
that open to release the seed) become visible and
pronounced, and may open slightly without releasing
the seed. Pick well developed cones off the plant.
Store dry in a paper bag until fruit splits to release
seeds.
Nut
These should be collected when they turn brown.
A dry fruit that does not split when ripe, outer shell Nuts can be collected directly off the plant.
with one seed inside. They change colour and
harden when ripe, e.g. rushes and sedges
Legume or pod
(Wattles, Cassias and Pea-flowers) are some of the
quickest to release their seed, so timing is critical.
It is a dry fruit that splits down one or two sides
when dry to reveal seeds.
The pods which contain the seed generally change
from green to brown upon ripening, becoming more
brittle and curling. When pods are well developed
and begin to split, collect and store in paper or cloth
bag until seeds are released.
Schizocarp
When these are mature and are ready to harvest, they
A dry fruit which when dry splits into several often turn a brownish colour. Seeds can be collected
segments, each containing one seed.
by gently tipping the branch and shaking into a bag
when just opening.
Achene and Cypsela
Seed heads can usually be collected whole, or
These are single seeded fruits which occur in tight shaken off into a paper bag.
clusters on a seed head. As the seed ripens, it
loosens from the head and is released (e.g. daisies)
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Seed extraction
Collection by removal of fruit
The plants in the table can be grouped
into 3 groups based on the way seed is released
from the fruit. The method of seed collection is
different for these 3 groups.
For species in which fruit ripens more
slowly prior to seed release, the ever-vigilant,
observant seed collector may be better off
collecting the fruit from the tree when ripe and
encouraging seed to be released from the fruit
in a more controlled environment.
Group 1.
Fruit forms and seeds are
released when ripe. After fertilisation of
the flower, fruit develops quickly and when
ripe, the seed is released (for example,
eucalypts, kurrajongs). Some plants’ seed
ripens quickly, others take longer.
Group 2.
Fruit forms, but seed is not
released (serotiny). Seed may be released
after a trigger, for example after the branch
or plant dies, or following a bushfire where
the intense heat stimulates fruit to open.
Group 3.
Fruit containing the seed falls
from the plant when the fruit is ripe (this
happens for many rainforest plants). Often,
the fruit will not open and the fleshy layer
must be removed from the seed before
germination can occur.
Seed extraction for Group 1.
(Fruit forms and seeds are released when
ripe)
These plants require the seed collector to
be particularly observant and employ a variety
of techniques to collect the seeds at the critical
time prior to seed release.
Collection on the plant
For those species which release their seed
very quickly upon ripening (such as Wattles and
Bush-Peas), it is worthwhile to tie paper bags or
nylon stockings around the branches before the
seed-pods ripen. This way you can be sure that
ripe seed will be collected.
Collecting natural seed fall
A drop-sheet or tarpaulin can be laid
under the plant and individual branches shaken
to shed seeds. A sheet such as this can be left for
several days. If the seeds are large, shadecloth
can also be used as this will allow moisture
to pass through the fabric and won’t spoil the
seeds.
Fruit collected can be stored in a warm,
dry, well-ventilated place free from seed-eating
insects, mice and birds. This can be on top of
plastic sheets or tarpaulins, in open calico bags,
or for smaller quantities, in paper bags. Avoid
high temperatures, particularly if the seed is
moist. Most fruit should open in about two
weeks. It is also possible to shake or thrash the
bags to hasten the process.
Seed extraction for Group 2.
(Fruit forms, but seed is not released)
These species require the fruit to be
collected off the plant and treated to encourage
seed release. Many of these species are adapted
to holding the fruit on the plant until it is
killed by fire, with the drying effects of the fire
causing the fruit to open, not so much the heat.
Hakeas are often treated this way, but they often
will reliably open their fruit if the branch is left
intact (with foliage and fruit attached) – the
drying out of the tissues of the fruit cause them
to split.
However, some species (such as many
Banksias) require high temperatures for
seed extraction as a temperature-dependent
resin glues the follicles shut. Opening can
be achieved through placing the cones in an
oven at 80-100°C for 30 minutes, leaving the
door partially open. The valves should open,
or repeat the procedure until they do. Be sure
to harvest out the seeds each time from those
follicles that have opened. Any seeds exposed
to the heat will be killed otherwise.
Seed extraction for Group 3.
(Fruit containing the seed falls from the
plant)
Seeds which are enclosed in a fleshy fruit
or ‘drupe’ should generally be soaked in water,
so that the fleshy fruit will start to ferment and
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separate from the seed. The seed should settle
to the bottom of the container, while the pulp
of the fruit should rise to the top. Some species,
however, require chemical separation of the
flesh from the seeds. Seek the advice of a local
specialist.
After collection care
Cleaning the seed
After drying, separate the seeds from
other debris. This can be done by shaking,
sieving or winnowing. The seed should now be
clean, dry and ready for storing.
Seed storage
If seed is not going to be planted
immediately it needs to be stored. After going
to the trouble of collecting seed, it is important
to store it so it stays in good condition. A few
tips for storing seed are listed below. These
tips are for dry seed. Fleshy seeds, berries and
drupes are best planted immediately.
• Always keep seed perfectly dry.
• Paper bags hanging in airy locations are a
good method for drying seed.
• Prior to storing seed, make sure no insects
or their larvae are present. Regularly check
seeds (especially from wattles and peas) to
ensure that the collection remains free of
larvae. Often they will not be visible within
the seed on first inspection. If concerned,
regular application of an insecticide should
be considered.
• Seed with hard seed cases (e.g. Kurrajongs)
are best separated. These may need to be
cracked open. This will ensure no insects
are present and will reduce the problem of
bulky storage.
• Paper envelopes, brown bags, self-seal
plastic bags, film canisters or screw-top jars
are all good storage containers but if plastic
or glass jars, or plastic bags are used, careful
attention needs to be paid to the seed being
dry before storing.
• Each container used to store the seed
should contain seed from only one species,
collected from the same area at about the
same time.
• Seeds should be labelled with plant name,
location and date of collection.
• In order to keep the seed dry, a sachet of
silica gel crystals could be included in the
container. These can be freshened up (after
taking them out of the pill bottle or shoe
box in which they occurred) by placing in a
warm oven (100°C) for 30 minutes.
• The optimum conditions for storing seeds
are a temperature of 1-5°C, with minimal
fluctuations, and a relative humidity of
4-8%, with minimal fluctuations. Eucalypt
seed has been known to remain viable for
20 years when stored at 4°C. Most seed can,
however, be stored at room temperature
(10-20°C) for several years, with some loss
of viability.
If seeds are stored carefully viability will
be maintained.
If storing for a long period, lime can be
added to the bag or container prior to storing to
assist protect from pests. A dessicant or silica
gel can be used to absorb moisture, alternatively,
use fresh dry wood ash (500g for every kg of
seed).
Seed viability
Approximately 30-40% of species will
be easily grown from seed, another 30% will
require specific treatment, the remaining 2030% will be difficult or impossible.
Sowing and growing from seeds
Seeds require certain conditions to grow.
In a home nursery situation these conditions can
be created and seeds of many native plants can
be grown successfully on a small or large scale.
The following section gives a basic
introduction into growing plants from seed.
Requirements for seed germination
Seeds require water, warmth and air for
successful germination.
Water: A constant supply of water is
required for germination. Some species will
have better germination if they are soaked in
water prior to sowing.
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Air: Good aeration in a potting mixture
will provide oxygen to stimulate germination.
If the growing medium becomes compacted or
waterlogged, reduced germination of seed will
occur.
Warmth: Most species will germinate
when average temperatures are between 2025 degrees. Some species have very particular
needs. Optimum germination temperatures
generally correspond to the season which
provides the best chance of survival.
Chemical treatments: Recent work
done with Australian species has shown an
increased germination rate of difficult species
(including many peas) can be achieved using
smoke-water. This is relatively easy to make
(just bubble smoke through water) and can be
applied at planting or seeds may be soaked in
the liquid.
For seedling growth, the germinated seed
will need to be grown in a suitable medium.
Growing medium
Commercial seed raising mixes are
available from nurseries and garden centres.
These mixes are suitable for small-scale seed
raising. Alternatively, commercial potting mix
(sieved to remove the large chunks) is a cheaper
alternative.
Plant growth of seedlings raised in these
mixtures will need to be stimulated by the
application of slow-release fertilisers on the soil
surface and by application of liquid fertiliser.
For large-scale seed-raising, most
nurseries will create their own mixes and
add fertilisers. Mixes can be modified to suit
particular plant species. Further advice for large
scale propagation can be obtained by following
up the references provided.
Seed dormancy issues
Seed from most native species will
germinate readily if conditions are favourable.
Others require special treatment to overcome
natural dormancy.
Under natural conditions, dormancy
helps the plant survive Australia’s variable
conditions. Dormant seeds will not germinate
until they experience particular environmental
stimuli (e.g. fire; repeated wetting and drying
cycles; animal digestion). To germinate native
seeds, the grower must break dormancy to aid
germination.
Common methods of seed preparation to
break dormancy
Seeds with hard coats (like wattles and
peas) should be scarified. This occurs naturally
during fires and can be achieved artificially
by soaking the seed in boiled water (just a
bit warmer than you can put your fingers
into) overnight or rubbing gently with coarse
sandpaper.
Boiling water treatment: Boil some
clean water equal to about 10 times the volume
of the seed. Pour in the seed when removed
from the heat (about 80o C) and soak in cooling
water between one and 24 hours before sowing.
After soaking, seeds will swell and become
lighter in colour. Seeds that do not swell can
be retreated. Seeds should be planted straight
after treatment.
Scarification: For small, hard-coated
seeds, gently rub the seed between 2 pieces of
sandpaper until seed coat is scratched. Larger
seeds can be nicked with a knife or file, but be
careful if you are handling the seed at the time!
Other methods of breaking dormancy
Some species are more difficult to
germinate as they have dormancy that needs to
be broken. These methods can be tried by the
more adventurous propagator.
For further information, reference
material provides a range of information and
advice.
Sowing time
When you sow should be directly related
to when you want to plant. Planning ahead
will ensure that when your site is ready and the
time is right, you have plants ready to go in the
ground. There is little point in growing a large
number of plants and having them ready at the
wrong season.
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Aim to produce plants that are actively
growing at the planting-out date. This means
that most seed is best sown when temperatures
are sufficiently warm and around four months
ahead of the planting-out date.
The ideal temperature for germination
varies between species, but most will germinate
when daily temperatures exceed 20°C. There
are some species, however, that have very
different requirements.
Pots and containers
A wide range of pots and containers can
be used for raising seeds, from commerciallyprepared seed trays to home-made trays from
recyclable material.
Whatever containers are used for sowing,
they must have adequate drainage holes in the
base. A 12cm pot can be used to raise up to
20 seedlings, and a 30 x 50cm seed tray will
provide space for several hundred seedlings.
Recycled margarine or ice-cream containers are
useful if they have adequate holes for drainage.
Fine or medium-sized seeds are best sown
into punnets or trays which are 50-70mm deep.
Sowing directly into tubes
Small plastic cells, called ‘speedlings’,
are also commercially available in a range of
sizes and shapes. Seeds can be directly raised
in these and will be ready to plant out without
need for transplanting.
Direct seeding into tubes tends to result
in better root development, as problems of
constricted roots caused by careless pricking
out are avoided.
For species with large seeds (e.g. Acacia),
sow 3-5 seeds into each tube. For species with
small seeds (e.g. Eucalyptus), place a pinch
of seed on the soil surface. When seedlings
germinate from seed sown directly into one
tube, surplus seedlings can be thinned out by
cutting them off, or pulling them out after a
thorough watering. This will leave one seedling
only in each tube.
This method is particulary good for
species which have a high germination rate and
are fast, vigorous growers.
Planting seeds
Method of sowing does not vary greatly
between species. The main difference will be
sowing depth.
1. Fill the container to within 1 cm of the top,
tap it gently to settle the soil and remove
large air pockets.
2. Level the surface and firm it by pressing it
lightly with a flat board (or the bottom of a
similar-sized pot).
3. Water the medium and allow it to drain.
4. Scatter the seed evenly over the surface of
the medium.
5. Seeds should be spread evenly on the
surface and covered with a layer of the seedraising mix that is about equal to the length
of the seed or about twice the width of the
seed. Many eucalypts fail to germinate
successfully because they are buried too
deep.
6. Place container in a propagating house with
controlled humidity or cover the container
with a sheet of glass, a sealed plastic bag
or a cut-open PET bottle and place in a
warm, shaded area. In many cases, seeds
which are viable will germinate without a
humidity controlled environment, but for
many fine seeds, this will assist to keep
the surface moist and enhance germination
rates.
7. Water gently with a fine rose spray. Keep the
medium moist but not wet. Bottom watering
can be an advantage as capillary action
draws water up into the pot. Remember to
change the water regularly (daily is good).
8. When seedlings appear, remove the glass
sheet or covering but keep watered.
Tips for sowing fine seeds
Be careful not to cover very fine seeds too
deeply. For these type of seeds, a better result
can often be obtained simply by watering in the
seeds with a fine mist.
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It can help to mix fine seeds with about
three times the volume of dry, fine sand. This
helps when sowing to see where seeds are
scattered
Seeds can be placed in an old spice
shaker and mixed with fine sand to assist even
distribution.
Heavy drops of water can disturb small
seedlings. It is easier on the plants to use a fine
mist.
Pricking out and potting on the seedlings
Fertiliser can be applied, but bear in mind
that native plants generally have low tolerance
to fertiliser - particularly phosphorous. Slowrelease native plant fertiliser can be added to
the surface of the soil for good results. Liquid
fertiliser can also be used to enhance growth of
the plants.
As they grow and develop mature leaves,
plants should gradually be exposed to stronger
sunlight, but kept watered.
Hardening off
If seed trays have been used to germinate
seedlings, there will come a stage when the
seedlings need to be moved to a larger pot.
Seedlings are said to be “pricked out” and
“potted on”.
Towards planting time, gradually reduce
the watering and remove all shade. Plants that
are put out into an exposed position need to
have been hardened off, or they will not cope
with the sudden change in environment and
may die after planting out.
This should happen when the plants are
1cm high, or have two true leaves.
Pot hygiene and disease prevention
The following method should be followed:
1. Water the seedlings thoroughly, hold the
seedling by the leaves and gently lever it out
of the mix. A flat-bladed knife or paddle pop
stick is a useful tool to gently lift seedlings.
2. Lay the seedling on a level surface –
preferably a damp cloth on the bench.
3. Suspend the seedling in the individual
container, fill the new mix around the roots,
and fill to within 0.5cm from the top of the
container.
4. The ‘pricked out’ seedlings should then be
placed in a shaded area and watered.
Pricking out needs extreme care to protect
the plant’s roots, and avoid `j-rooting’ (kinking
of the roots, which can cause the plant to fall
over when it is growing much later on).
Care of New Plants
Care should be taken when watering. A
fine mist watering is the best method – and it
is very important not to let the plants dry out.
In summer, check moisture levels every day.
Small pots dry out quickly and plants will take
a long time to recover if they become too dry.
Reusing old Pots
Re-used pots and trays should be soaked
in disinfectant for 5-10 minutes as a precaution.
If problems persist, seek advice. Disinfectants
can be bought from nurseries, or made up from
household bleach (20ml to 1L water).
Nursery hygiene
A few simple but effective hygeine
measures can prevent disappointment in losing
a crop of seedlings. Avoid situations of poor
ventilation, as fungal diseases require humidity
to become established. Seedlings should not be
overwatered, and potting mixes must be freely
draining.
Avoid spreading plant diseases in soil
attached to tools, benches, gloves and re-used
trays and pots. Make a habit of washing your
hands, tools, and work areas regularly. Table
A1.3 shows the four main kinds of fungal
disease which can affect propagation, their
symptoms, causes and treatments.
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Table A1.3 Four main types of fungal disease to be aware of for nursery maintenance.
Disease
Symptoms
Causes
Treatments
Damping off
Rotting of seeds
or seedling stems,
beginning in a patch and
spreading
Fungal species that
become active during
warm, moist conditions
Promptly soak the tray in
a soil fungicide. Repeat
if necessary. Avoid
watering late in the day
Root rot &
stem rots
Roots or lower stem
become soft and brown.
Seedlings may fall over.
Fungus species that
become active during wet,
misty conditions
As above
Leaf spots
Brown spots on dead
plant tissue or their
leaves. Growth slows.
Death may result
Fungus species that
become active during
humid conditions
Apply fungicide.
Isolate infected stock.
Reduce watering during
hot weather (lowers
humidity)
Mildew
Grey, powdery felt-like
covering or stain
Humid conditions
As above
Growing Native Trees and Shrubs from Cuttings
The other common method of plant propagation which will be covered is the use of stem
cuttings. Stem cuttings can be useful where seed material is unavailable and is another good way to
propagate a large number of plants quickly.
Table A1.4 Benefits and drawbacks of propagating from cuttings
Benefits
Drawbacks
Works with a wide variety of species
Different techniques have to be applied depending
on the available plant material for cuttings
Because this is a vegetative method of
propagation, plants propagated by cuttings
will have similar features to the parent plant
Will be more labour intensive than propagation by
seeds
Although most native plants are grown
easily from seed, some are more readily
grown from cuttings.
Requires careful monitoring of greenhouse
conditions – more so than seed raising
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Different types of stem cuttings
Semi-hardwood
There are several different types of stem
cuttings, described for the different types of
plant material that cuttings are derived from.
The three types are:
• The stem is changing colour, usually from
bright green to brown
• The stem will not snap cleanly when bent
backwards
• The uppermost leaves are fully expanded, a
terminal bud is often present
• Softwood
• Semi-hardwood
• Hardwood
Material availability
The time of year will often dictate what
type of cutting material is available, and therefore
what methods are used. Softwood material is
available in spring and at the beginning of the
growing season. Semi-hardwood material is
available from midsummer through to autumn,
while hardwood material is available toward
the end of the growing season.
Softwood cuttings
Softwood cuttings have the following
characteristics.
• Bright coloured stem, usually a brighter
green
• Stems snaps cleanly when it is bent
backwards
• The shoot tip is still actively growing, with
small and expanding leaves clearly visible.
Softwood cuttings are the most fragile.
They require careful control of all growing
conditions such as humidity and temperature.
This requires careful planning and setup of the
growing environment. They can also be the
fastest to grow if managed well.
Hardwood cuttings
• The stem is usually brown or dark in colour
• The stem does not snap cleanly when bent
This material is the ideal material for the
home nursery hobbyist just starting out. The
cutting material is hardier and will readily
strike as long as the basic method outlined in
the following section is followed.
Collection and storage of cuttings
It is desirable to prepare and establish
cuttings into pots as soon as possible after
collecting plant material.
If material for cuttings has to be stored,
this should be done with care to maintain
moisture levels within the cuttings. Softwood
and semi-hardwood cuttings can be wrapped in
damp newspaper and put into a plastic bag. This
material should be stored in a low temperature
environment such as the fridge. The more
fragile and softer the cuttings are, the less time
they can be successfully stored.
Potting mix for plant cuttings
For successful stem cuttings, and open
mix which provides excellent drainage and
aeration around the base of the cuttings is
essential. A good mix would include:
• 50 to 75% coarse materials (coarse river
stand, perlite, coarse compost or pine bark)
• 25 to 50% water holding materials (wellrotted compost, coconut fibre, or peat moss).
A good general mix that can be made
using readily available materials is:
• Stem tip will have a terminal bud present
1 part perlite
• For deciduous species, leaves will have
fallen.
1 part coarse river stand
Hardwood cuttings are hardier than
softwood cuttings, however they are much
harder to induce to grow and take longer to
strike.
1 part peat moss or coco-peat.
Alternately, live or dried sphagnum moss
can be used for striking cuttings, but then care
Page 299
needs to be exercised when potting on as the
moss may rot in the new mix.
Containers
Pots of any size are suitable, but it is
better if they are not too deep. A 10 cm deep
pot is ideal, providing room for root formation
while allowing easy re-potting as soon as
roots are formed. Species with fine or fragile
root systems should be grown in individual
containers to allow minimal damage to roots
when transplanting.
Methods for stem cuttings
For most stem cuttings, the tip of the stem
is usually the best material for cuttings.
The length of the cutting will depend on
the size of the internode (the stem between 2
leaves). Cuttings should contain at least three
nodes. For plants with very short internodes,
cuttings may be as short as 2 to 3 cm. This is
about the minimum length that a cutting can be
made and still be able to be handled. For plants
with long internodes, cuttings can be 15 cm or
longer.
Method
1. Cut the plant material off the plant with
secateurs, slightly longer than you need.
2. Carefully trim the cutting to the desired
length using a sharp knife, budding knife
or razor blade. Sharp scissors can be used
but they can have the effect of crushing the
branch and damaging the material.
3. The cut should be made directly below the
lowest appropriate node.
4. Make the cut on the diagonal to increase the
area of the stem exposed to the soil.
5. Carefully remove two thirds of the leaves,
retaining leaves towards the tip of the
cutting.
6. Dip cutting in hormone powder or solution
to promote root growth. This step can be
skipped, but it is recommended to increase
strike rate – see tips below. It is worth
experimenting with these to test their
effectiveness.
7. Place cutting into prepared hole in potting
medium until only one third remains above
the surface. It is important that cuttings not
be pushed into the potting mix. A hole can
be prepared for each cutting using a skewer,
pencil or something similar, and each
cutting should be placed so that it touches
the bottom of the hole.
8. Carefully firm potting mix around the
cutting and gently water in.
9. Keep the cuttings in a humid environment,
with the potting mix moist, not saturated.
Tricks of the trade
Some species are readily propagated
using this method. Other species will have a
much lower strike rate, even if the same method
is used.
There are several techniques which when
used can significantly increase the strike rate of
cuttings.
Root-promoting hormones
The roots may develop anywhere from 3
to 20 weeks, and once a sizeable root system
has developed, the cuttings can be ‘potted on’
or transplanted into their own pots.
Root growth can often be assisted by
use of hormone powder. These hormones are
commonly available in a talc-based powder
form or as a prepared solution and are applied
to the base of the cutting. Root development is
often enhanced using this method.
Wounding/stem preparation
This refers to the practice of scraping
a narrow strip of bark from the base of the
cutting. The wound is made by using a sharp
knife or razor blade. The cut exposes the green
sappy tissue (vascular tissue) just inside the
bark. This is where roots will arise from.
This gives a greater surface area for root
formation and makes it easier for roots to arise
from the stem.
Bottom heat
The application of bottom heat, through
an electric heatpad or another method can
Page 300
sometimes help strike rate. In combination
with light foliar spray, this setup can induce
root formation by keeping the roots warmer
than the stem and leaves.
Humidity and light foliar spray
Maintaining a high humidity of the air near
the shoots reduces water stress and encourages
root development.
If cuttings are set in a well-drained
rooting medium, and are repeatedly moistened
by fine mist produced through special mist jets,
strike rate can be increased. The continual
presence of water cooling the leaves stimulates
root growth under the soil. In addition, when
the leaves and stems are covered by many small
drops of water, evaporation from the cutting is
reduced.
Watering of potting mix
It is better if the rooting medium is not
watered unless it is starting to dry off. The mix
should stay moist from:
• the moisture added when it was originally
prepared;
• the water lying beneath it;
Common questions and answers: Growing
by cuttings
Q: Why do you select a “young” shoot?
A: It is vigorous, probably with no virus or
other infection
Q: What is the importance of selecting a
“non-flowering” shoot?
A: All resources go into growth, they are not
diverted into seeds, etc
Q: Why are the lower leaves stripped off?
A: They will eventually be under the soil, and
may rot in water
A: This will reduce water loss by transpiration
Q: What is the reason for trimming below a
leaf node?
A: This is where roots will (most likely) grow
out from.
Q: What is the purpose of the cover?
A: To reduce water loss by evaporation/
transpiration (also warmer, and protects against
pests)
• fine spraying of water on the leaves of the
cuttings; and/or
Q: Why can’t I just stand the cuttings in
water?
• drops from condensation on the plants or
cover.
A: A few tree species can be rooted this way,
but:
A very freely-drained rooting medium is
best because it does not become waterlogged
from the mist plus rainfall.
• gums, latex or air bubbles, can block entry
of water;
Other methods of propagation
There are several other methods for plant
propagation. These include:
• Leaf and root cuttings
• Division and separation
• Layering
• Budding and grafting
• Plant tissue culture or micropropagation.
• the water may quickly go foul, unless
aerated or replaced regularly;
• such root systems can be difficult to transfer
successfully to soil.
Q: Won’t all the moisture and humidity
make the cuttings rot?
A: Moisture does create the added risk of fungal
attack. However most rotting is not of healthy
cuttings, but of those that have been damaged,
leaves that have been shed, etc. It is important to
remove shed leaves and dead cuttings promptly.
Page 301
References and Further Reading
Bloombery, A.M. and Malony, B. (1994)
Propagating Australian Plants. Kangaroo Press,
Kenthurst.
Native Plants. M. Ralph, 15 King William St.,
Fitzroy, Vic.
Stewart, A. (1999) Lets Propagate ! ABC Books,
Sydney.
Boland, D.J., Brooker, M.L, & Turnbull, J.W. (1980)
Eucalyptus Seed. CSIRO, Melbourne.
Venning, J. (1990) Growing Trees for Farms, Parks
and Roadsides. Lothian Press, Melbourne.
Cremer, K. (1990) Trees for Rural Australia. Inkata
Press, Melbourne.
Wilkinson, T. (1994) NSW Revegetation Directory
Greening Australia, Sydney.
Greening Australia (1995) Local Greening Plans.
Greening Australia, Canberra.
Wrigley, J.W & Fagg, M. (1979) Australian Native
Plants: a manual for their propagation, cultivation
and use in landscaping. Collins, Sydney.
Handreck, K. (1993) Gardening Down Under Better Soils and Potting Mixes. CSIRO Publications
Langkamp, P.J. (1987) Germination of Australian
Native Plant Seed. Inkata Press, Melbourne.
Molyneux, B. and Forrester, S. (1993) The Austflora
guide to choosing and growing Australian Plants.
Kangaroo Press.
Murray Catchment Management Committee and
Department of Land & Water Conservation. (1998)
VegNotes Series. Editor M. Sheahan.
Websites
Try the following websites for more information:
Australian Plants Online:
APOL23/sep01-1.html
http://asgap.org.au/
Harvest Seeds & Native Plants: http://harvestseedsnativeplants.com.au/
Australian National Botanic Gardens: http://www.
anbg.gov.au/
Plumridge, J. (1982) How to propagate plants.
Lothian Publishing, Melbourne.
Association of Societies for Growing Australian
Plants: http://asgap.org.au/
Ralph, M. (1993) Seed collection of Australian
Flora bank: http://www.florabank.org.au/
Page 302
Appendix 2
Identifying plants
Notes from a workshop run by Greg Steenbeeke to train participants in the ‘tricks of
the trade’ when identifying plants.
Page 303
Page 304
Plant Identification Techniques
Plants are an enormous group of
organisms, and like everything else they
have adapted to cope with the conditions
in which they live. As a result, many plants
show common characters that can be used to
aid in their identification. Some of the more
common groups, such as daisies, the general
lily groups, and orchids immediately stand
out, while others may require a more persistent
approach to determining their name from their
characteristics.
Few general statements can be made
about all plants. However, most plant groups
have distinctive characteristics that can be used
to hasten their identification. Firstly though,
it is necessary to know how plants (and other
living organisms) are named, as that provides
a few rules.
Naming Conventions
Like almost all things, taxonomists
(people who apply names to things) work with
known materials, and arrange things into a
hierarchical order that yields information about
the relationships they show. The basic units,
and how they fit together, are shown below.
The name used for a plant is usually only
the last two levels – genus and species. These
relate to our family name and personal name
– although they are used by convention with
the more inclusive one (the genus) first. Where
several different species occur in a genus, the
convention is also to use only the first initial of
the genus name unless it would be confusing.
So if you were talking about the Knapweed
and thistle group (the genus Centaurea), you
might write it (or often say it too) as Centaurea
melitensis for the first species you are talking
about, but if at the same time you are talking
about cornflower you would only need to
name it as C. cyaneus. Other species in the
genus include C. nigra (Black Knapweed),
C. solstitialis (St. Barnaby’s Thistle) and C.
calcitrapa (Star Thistle). If you were to name
all of the species in this genus it would be a
long paragraph – there are many hundreds to
choose from!
Other conventions you will have noticed
are the use of italic print face for scientific
names. You can also underline the name, as
Angiospermae - flowering plants
Magnoliopsida .......................... dicots
Asterales (order)............................ daisy relatives
Asteraceae (family).............................................. daisies
Centaurea (genus)................................................ corn flowers or star thistles
melitensis (species)........................................................................................ Malta thistle
Figure A2.1 Hierarchical order and relationships of the species Centaurea melitensis (Malta Thistle)
Page 305
in Centaurea solstitialis, although this is now
usually only used when handwriting names as
then they stand out. Other conventions, such
as not naming a family or citing the author,
are generally accepted, although for absolute
clarity these can be included. Family names are
distinctive in that for plants they always finish
in the letters –aceae (usually pronounced ay-see
or ay-see-ay and sometimes ay-see-ee).
Plant families are groups of closely related
species that share common characters. Typically,
characters relate to the flower structure and the
presentation, form and appearance of foliage.
Like many things in taxonomy, the influence
of modern genetic studies is showing new
(and sometimes surprising) arrangements and
relationships. This can mean that some of the
‘old’ family relationships have been altered.
A good example in the Australian flora is the
relegation of the native heaths (Epacridaceae)
into a sub-family of the Rhododendron family
(Ericaceae). Another surprising outcome was
that the Proteaceae (the family that includes
waratahs, banksias and grevilleas) is an ancient
family with closest ties to the Platanaceae (Plane
trees), and then next to the Nelumbonaceae (the
sacred lotus).
As mentioned above, all family names
in plants end with the character string –aceae.
Within a family you find genera (such as Poa,
or Melia or Eucalyptus), and within genera,
species. Species are typically the level at
which plants are identified, but subtaxa such as
subspecies, varieties and forma may sometimes
be used to distinguish distinct types, which may
be separated by space, characteristics or habitat.
When broken into a hierarchy, this
looks like the following for Leptospermum
polygalifolium
subsp.
transmontanum
(Tantoon)
Family ...... Myrtaceae
Genus ...... Leptospermum
Species ...... polygalifolium
Infraspecies ...... subsp. transmontanum
Many families have a set of characters
that tie all the members together. More common
families in the BR-G catchment are given below
in Table A2.1.
Table A2.1 Common plant families within the BR-G catchment and their characteristics.
Family
Characters
Example genera
Poaceae
(Gramineae)
(grasses)
Typically tufted or running growth forms, with
specialised flowers consisting of several green or
brown parts in overlapping sequence. Stems (culms)
have leaves that sheath at their base, the sheath split
lengthwise to the node from which the leaf comes. The
top of the sheath has a rim of hairs or membranous
tissue (the ligule).
Austrodanthonia,
Austrostipa, Poa,
Cymbopogon, Chloris,
Hyparrhenia, Pennisetum,
Dichanthium, Themeda,
Bambusa
Juncaceae
(rushes)
Tufted plants with long slender stems bearing an
inflorescence near the top. The leaves maybe reduced
to sheathing scales (cataphylls) near the base of the
stems, and the shape, colour and arrangement of these
cataphylls is often important to identification. Flowers
are at first glance similar to grasses (brown and wind
pollinated), but actually have two whorls of segments
like a lily.
Juncus, Luzula
Cyperaceae
(sedges)
Similar to grasses, with tufted forms usually arising in
clumps. Stems typically triangular in section (‘rushes
are round, and sedges have edges’), and leaves arise
from a stem-sheathing collar that is not split. Flowers
look similar to grasses, and again have several
overlapping segments.
Cyperus, Bulbostylis,
Fimbristylis, Eleocharis,
Lepidosperma, Schoenus,
Gahnia
Page 306
Table A2.1 continued
Family
Characters
Example genera
Lamiaceae
(Labiatae)
(mints)
Herbs and shrubs with strongly scented, opposite
leaves that are decussate (pairs are rotated at 90
degrees to the next). Stipules are absent. Flowers are
zygomorphic and have 5 lobes, 2 upper and 3 lower.
Stamens come off the petal tube, the ovary is superior,
and the fruit is a 4-seeded, dry nutlet that separates into
1-seeded parts.
Mentha, Westringia, Ajuga,
Plectranthus, Prostanthera,
Scutellaria
Myoporaceae
(Emu bushes)
Herbs and shrubs with (usually) alternate leaves.
Stipules are absent. 5 sepals and 4 or 5 petals, usually
formed into a tube, and usually zygomorphic (one
line of symmetry). Fruit a succulent drupe with a hard
‘stone’ developing from a superior ovary.
Myoporum, Eremophila
Convolvulaceae
(Morning
Glories)
Slender plants, herbs and shrubs, sometimes twining
or climbing. The leaves are alternate, without stipules.
Flowers regular (more than one line of symmetry),
usually tubular but widely opening at the outer tips
(‘Morning Glory’). Fruit is a capsule formed from the
superior ovary.
Convolvulus, Ipomoea,
Dichondra, Evolvulus
Solanaceae
(Tomatoes and
Potatoes)
Herbs, shrubs and sometimes small trees, with
alternate leaves and no stipules. Flowers are regular,
ovary superior, followed by a fruit that is a capsule or a
berry with many seeds, often in a pulp.
Physalis, Solanum , Cestrum,
Lycium, Datura, Duboisia,
Petunia
Asteraceae
(Compositae)
(Daisies)
Herbs, shrubs and trees, usually with alternate leaves,
and sometimes with latex, usually without stipules.
Head of individual flowers, combined to form a
capitulum. Sometimes heads compound. Ovary of each
flower inferior. Fruit a cypsela (dry fruit with a single
seed), often topped by a pappus of hairs, bristles or
scales.
Xanthium, Centaurea,
Centipeda, Cotula,
Tanacetum, Bidens, Conyza,
Senecio, Helichrysum,
Taraxacum, Olearia,
Cassinia
Goodeniaceae
(Sky Flowers)
Herbs or slender shrubs with alternate leaves, on the
stem or in a basal rosette. Flowers zygomorphic, 5
petals separate to the base, ovary inferior, followed by
a dry capsule.
Goodenia, Scaevola,
Dampiera
Rubiaceae
(Coffee family)
Herbs, trees and shrubs with opposite leaves having
stipules on the stem between the petioles of a leaf pair.
Stipules sometimes enlarged and leaf-like in form,
making leaves appear whorled. Flowers regular, with
an inferior ovary. The fruit is a berry, capsule or drupe.
Coprosma, Galium,
Asperula, Coffea, Psydrax,
Opercularia
Apiaceae
(Carrots)
Herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves that are often
dissected. Stipules may be present. Flowers arranged
in an umbel, usually each flower separate from the
others, and with each flower having 5 petals and an
inferior ovary divided into 2 equal parts that usually
separate at maturity
Actinotus, Daucus, Conium,
Trachymene, Hydrocotyle
Apocynaceae
(now includes
Asclepiadaceae)
Milkworts
Herbs, shrubs and climbers, usually with milky latex.
Leaves simple, opposite and entire. Flowers regular
with a superior ovary and stamens and style separate
or fused to form the corona. Fruit a capsule, singular or
paired follicle, or a berry.
Parsonsia, Vinca, Nerium,
Plumeria, Marsdenia,
Araujia, Tylophora,
Leichhardtia, Gomphocarpus
Page 307
The common names of a plant should not
be used if you are wanting to be precise with
what you are talking about. These are variable
and not tied to a particular plant source. They are
often indicative of particular regions too, and
may change throughout the distribution limits
of the plant. For instance the grass Arundinella
nepalensis is known as reed grass in most of
NSW (indeed, most of Australia), but in the
Inverell area it is often known as Darby’s oats
(after a local landholder on whose land it was
obviously common), while in other parts of its
distribution (which extends across Senegal to
Guinea; Zambia to South Africa; Madagascar;
India to China and through Indonesia to
Australia) it is known among other things as
minireed (Hong Kong), river grass (Africa
and Queensland), garali (Pakistan) and shi
mang cao (China). Many common names are
already built upon a scientific name (examples
include camellia, rhododendron, sorghum and
grevillea), so attempting to know the scientific
name should not be seen as a task only for the
well trained.
Key characteristics
A few characteristics of plants can be used
to rapidly reduce the number of options you
have to consider. Structural characters of the
plant, as well as particular features of flowers
and fruit can often be indicative of a particular
family. Main characteristics, and the things to
take note of, are given below in Table A2.2.
Table A2.2 Some plant characteristics used in identifying plants.
Character
Options
Leaf arrangement
Opposite or alternate on the stem; in a whorl; along the stem (cauline) or in
a cluster at the base (rosette); or absent altogether.
Leaf shape
Ranges from linear (like grasses) through lanceolate to ovate and circular;
base of leaf ranges from cuneate (v-shaped) to cordate (heart-shaped); apex
may be acuminate (drawn into a fine tip), acute (pointed), obtuse or rounded or even emarginate (notched).
Leaf form
Simple leaves have a blade and a petiole; compound leaves have separate
blades each with a petiolule, attached to a rachis. To distinguish a compound leaf from a simple leaf, look for buds in the axil (‘fork’) nearest the
leaf blade. If a bud (or buds) are present, it is the base of the leaf.
Leaf hairiness
The surface of a leaf may be naked (glabrous) or hairy, and the hairiness
ranges from scattered to dense. The shape of the hairs (straight, curled,
crinkled, star-shaped) and any glands that may be present are often also
important.
Leaf glands
There may be oil-glands in the leaf. These can usually be seen by holding
the leaf up against the light and pale spots will be evident. The smell of the
oil that is released when it is crushed can also lend clues towards the likely
family (e.g. minty, cineole or citrus).
Leaf venation
The way in which veins are arranged in the leaf can be a quick clue to
a family. The general rule is that parallel veins occur in monocots (e.g.
grasses, lilies, orchids, sedges, palms) while reticulated veins (‘net’-like
vein branching) occur in dicots (most woody plants, most herbs). Some
exceptions occur, and these are usually quite distinctive. Parallel veins on
woody plants occurs commonly in epacrids (Ericaceae section Styphelioideae = Epacridaceae), although some wattles also have parallel veins in the
phyllodes. Reticulated veins mainly occur in dicots, but some monocots will
have them, particularly some of the orchids, yams (Dioscorea) and Smilax.
Page 308
Keys are the basic tool used to identify a
taxon (a group of related organisms identified at
one level in the hierarchical structure - see table
below). In most modern texts keys are usually
divided into couplets (pairs) with one or a few
characters separating the different options, a
style termed dichotomous. It is worthwhile
reading both options before making a decision!
Sometimes a character is not immediately
identifiable (e.g. a floral character when the
plant is not in flower), so there may be a number
of possible options developed to find the likely
candidate (or candidates). A key is usually
numbered, with typical schemes being 1/1* or
1a/1b as the identifying characters. When only
two options are presented at each selection
point it is known as a dichotomous key. While
most keys are dichotomous, it is not uncommon
to see some keys use multiple selection options
for characters such as flower colour (maybe
white/yellow/blue/red as options). Pictorial
keys are also sometimes used.
It is wise to check both of the options
in the key, as one might give a better idea
than the other (or be clearer on which option
to select anyway). To be sure that you are
correct it is always a good idea to look at
photographs or drawings of the plant named in
the key to make sure that you haven’t made a
mistake somewhere along the way, and if you
are directed to an answer, check it out in the
description (if available) before committing to
it. Some keys have illustrations to show what
the character should look like at each pair, or
a glossary in the back of the book will assist
with technical terms. You will find that when
you are using keys that you will have to ‘back
track’ occasionally to double-check characters,
because you may get an answer that doesn’t
make sense.
Following a key is a case of selecting
the option most applicable to the material at
hand. If you are inclined to get easily confused
when following a puzzle (and who isn’t?), it
is worthwhile writing each selection down as
you make it. That also allows you to backtrack or to check other options. In this way,
you will work your way through the key until
you have no choices left and you will hopefully
have the identity of your plant. The level of
identification will depend on your key. Some
are based on Family level characteristics and
others are dedicated to individual families. You
will probably need a couple of keys to get to
the species level (one for family and another for
genus).
The path to identify something like
Centipeda cunninghamii might look like
1*/2*/3 if the online key to Centipeda is used
(note that the online keys in Flora Online are
usually the same as the published ones in the
printed volumes)
Key to the genus Centipeda
1 Heads in terminal racemes
1* Heads mostly solitary, axillary, not in racemes
2 Prostrate, slender annual; heads less than 4 mm diam
2* Ascending to erect robust perennial; heads more than 4 mm diam
3 Heads round-topped with florets at different heights
3* Heads flat-topped with florets all at the same height
Centipeda racemosa
2
Centipeda minima
3
Centipeda cunninghamii
Centipeda thespidioides
(After Brown E.A. (2007) Genus Centipeda. NSW Flora Online, accessed online 19/02/2007 at http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?pa
ge=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Centipeda)
The tabular key shown above could also be represented graphically as shown below.
_________1_____________________
|__1*_____2______________
|__2*______3_______
|___3*_______
Centipeda racemosa
Centipeda minima
Centipeda cunninghamii
Centipeda thespidioides
Page 309
Often, a key will only allow a single number to be used once, so at a separation point 1 might
lead to 2, 3, 4, and 5, while 1* will lead to 6, 7, 8, and 9. Some of the more complex keys may have a
multi-branched structure and could be very confusing - Calotis is given as an example below in Table
A2.3.
Table A2.3 Key to the genus Calotis.
Key to the genus Calotis
1
2
3
4
4*
3*
2*
5
5*
1*
6
7
8
8*
7*
9
9*
6*
10
10*
11
12
12*
13
14
14*
13*
11*
15
15*
16
17
18
18*
17*
16*
19
19*
Pappus of scales alternating with rigid awns
Awns barbed towards apex, smooth at the base
Faces of the achenes with a few minute tubercles; pappus scales broader
than long
Plants sparingly branched; leaves linear to oblanceolate; pappus scales
lacerate towards apex
Plants much-branched; leaves cuneate with basal auricles; pappus scales
infolded towards apex
Faces of the achenes densely tuberculate; pappus scales longer than broad
Awns densely barbed over whole length
Heads appearing sessile; pappus awns erect, scales entire or slightly lobed
Heads on slender peduncles; pappus awns spreading, scales deeply
dissected, often obscured by hairs
Pappus of awns only
Achenes winged
Body of achenes hairy
Awns stout and barbed
Awns fine and plumose
Body of achenes glabrous
Achene wings very broad, anchor-shaped with long hairs on the margins;
leaves mainly cauline
Achene wings narrow, glabrous; leaves in a basal rosette
Achenes without wings
Awns fine, flexible and plumose
Awns stout and rigid
Pappus awns 2--5, equal in length
Leaves in a basal cluster; plant stoloniferous; pappus awns free at the base
Leaves cauline; plant sometimes stoloniferous; pappus awns expanded and
united at the base
Body of the achene strongly tuberculate; plants hairy with septate hairs
Awns 2, diverging at right angles to the plane of the body, deeply ridged at
the base
Awns 3 or more, diverging at various angles to the plane of the body
Body of the achene smooth; plants glabrous
Pappus awns more than 4, unequal in length
Major pappus awns 2, at right angles to the plane of the body; secondary
awns 4--8 in 2 groups; body of the achene tuberculate and glabrous
Major pappus awns 4 or more
Non-stoloniferous herbs; basal leaves soon withering
Heads solitary; apex of the achenes flat
Plants glabrous; body of achenes smooth
Plants septate hairy; body of achenes tuberculate
Heads in a cymose panicle; apex of the achenes projecting as a hairy cone
within the circle of the awns
Stoloniferous herbs; basal leaves conspicuous, tufted or in a rosette
Awns in 1 ring
Awns in 2 rings, the inner fine and plumose
2
3
4
Calotis dentex
Calotis cuneifolia
Calotis glandulosa
5
Calotis squamigera
Calotis hispidula
6
7
8
Calotis porphyroglossa
Calotis plumulifera
9
Calotis ancyrocarpa
Calotis anthemoides
10
Calotis inermis
11
12
Calotis scapigera
13
14
Calotis cymbacantha
Calotis moorei
Calotis erinacea
15
Calotis lappulacea
16
17
18
Calotis erinacea
Calotis moorei
Calotis latiuscula
19
Calotis scabiosifolia
Calotis cuneata
(After Everett J. (2007) Genus Calotis. NSW Flora Online, accessed online 19/02/2007 at http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=n
swfl&lvl=gn&name=Calotis)
Page 310
Graphically, the key on the previous page would look like this:
________1_______2_____3______4___________________________
|
|
|
|__4*____________________________
|
|
|__3*__________________________________
|
|___2*__________5____________________________
|
|__5*____________________________
|__1*____6______7______8___________________________
|
|
|__8*____________________________
|
|__7*_____9____________________________
|
|__9*____________________________
|__6*____10__________________________________
|_10*____11____12______________________
|
|_12*____13_____14________
|
|
|__14*________
|
|__13*______________
|__11*___15_____________________
|_15*____16_____17_____18
|
|
|__18*
|
|__17*________
|__16*____19________
|__19*________
Some modern computer based keys,
such as the Lucid system used in the Wattles,
Eucalypts and Australian Plant Families keys,
use multivariate selections, presented in freeform. This allows the user to make selection
of the characters available on the specimen to
minimise the pool of likely species.
Resources
There are a number of resources, both
printed and electronic, that can be used to
identify plants. Each has advantages and
disadvantages, but together should allow you
to identify the plants you have collected or
photographed.
1. Floras
Floras are books (or increasingly both
electronic and printed documents) that detail
the plants for a region, and provide a key to
identify the species. Floras are available for the
whole of NSW (as 4 printed volumes and also
as an online version), for south-east Queensland
(3 printed volumes only, getting dated now)
and for some particular areas including Northeastern NSW (very dated) and the Sydney Basin
(recently printed 4th edition).
Calotis dentex
Calotis cuneifolia
Calotis glandulosa
Calotis squamigera
Calotis hispidula
Calotis porphyroglossa
Calotis plumulifera
Calotis ancyrocarpa
Calotis anthemoides
Calotis inermis
Calotis scapigera
Calotis cymbacantha
Calotis moorei
Calotis erinacea
Calotis lappulacea
Calotis erinacea
Calotis moorei
Calotis latiuscula
Calotis scabiosifolia
Calotis cuneata
2. Picture books
The most useful books for the plants
of the Border Rivers – Gwydir region are the
following.
- Grasses of the Border Rivers-Gwydir
Catchments Field Guide - an excellent resource
for many of the grasses occurring in the BR-G
area. Species are well illustrated and described.
- Weed Management Guide for North West NSW
Comprehensive guide to weeds and potential
weeds in the catchment and surrounding areas.
- Native Plants of the NW Slopes of NSW
Traprock Country - A pictorial, colour organised
guide to about 140 species in the northern end
of the northern slopes.
- Native Wildflowers of the New England
Tablelands of New South Wales - subtitled a
simple illustrated key, this book covers many
of the genera, and sometimes the species, of
plants in the tablelands, although it is strongly
directed towards groundcover.
Page 311
- Plants of Western NSW – getting dated, and
with some errors of identification and old names.
Has not maintained the modern divisions of
some taxa, and this can be a problem. Really
only ideal for areas in the westernmost part of
the catchment
prior arrangement. Some arrangements can
also be made for access to the herbarium at the
University of New England, but they will not
handle material unless you arrange something
first with the curator (at time of writing this is
Jeremy Bruhl).
- The Glove Box Guide to Plants of the NSW
Rangelands
Collecting and Processing Specimens
- Pasture Plants of Southern Inland Queensland
Many of these books are available for free or
to purchase, from the BR-G CMA office in
Inverell.
3. Online resources
The best resources are the online floras
(as mentioned above) and the Google Images
site (http://images.google.com). When looking
on the Google site, make sure to enclose
the scientific name in inverted commas
(“Leptospermum
polygalifolium”,
which
returns 62 results as opposed to the 63 without
inverted commas) to ensure that species comes
at the top of the list of returned imagery.
4. Electronic resources
A number of groups have had electronic
resources developed for them. The most
important for us are the Eucalypts (Euclid), the
wattles (Wattle) and the Australian Flowering
Plant Families as well as the AusGrass CD.
Other electronic resources have been
developed in the past, and have some useability
in the area, including The Plants Directory CD
put together some years ago by Greg Steenbeeke.
5. People
These can be your greatest resource, but
there aren’t many around. Government staff at the
offices in Armidale, Inverell and Moree can often
assist, or the Botanical Information Service at
the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney. Be aware
though, the latter do charge for their services.
6. Herbaria
There are herbaria to which you
should have some access. There is one at the
Public Reference Library at the Royal Botanic
Gardens in Sydney which can be visited by
Collection of specimens on anywhere
other than private lands (where the permission
of the owner needs to be obtained), and any
collection of threatened or protected plants,
needs to be covered by a licence from the
appropriate authority (this also applies to private
land and at the time of writing the Wildlife
Licensing and Management Unit of the Office
of Environment and Heritage NSW).
The collection of specimens is something
that needs to be done well, if the results are to be
unambiguous and the material is to be suitable
for identification. Specimens have to meet
certain criteria to allow you to identify the plant
(or to allow someone else, if you are uncertain).
The minimum amount of material that
should be collected to allow an unambiguous
identification is a length of representative stem,
with foliage, flowers and / or fruit. If possible,
collect newer (younger) and older stem sections.
Some groups, especially the eucalypts, require
notes or pictures of the bark at the base, middle
and top of the trunk, and along the branches,
the juvenile and adult leaves, the inflorescences
preferably with buds, and fruit.
Anything small and having only a few
leaves is best described as an eco-scrap, and
the compost heap is usually the best place for
them. After a long time the material may be
identifiable, but not always. How you preserve
and maintain the specimen will be important for
its future use.
Labelling is covered below, but it is wise
to label your specimen before you collect it /
pick it, as then you aren’t trying to hold sheets
and presses and labels etc. Depending on
your experience and the available equipment,
specimens are either stored in a plastic bag (for
no longer than a day) or are slipped immediately
into the press.
Page 312
A simple press can be made that consists
of a pair of 5-ply sheets slightly larger than a
normal newspaper, with a handle on each board
and a pair of Velcro strips to join one board to
the other, two on each of the long sides. This
makes a handy press that can be used in the field
as a work-space or writing table as much as a
press, and specimens are slipped straight into
the newspaper in the press as each is collected.
This means each is separated from the others
(a tangle can be guaranteed when putting
specimens together in a bag), and is usually
pressed flat, immediately reducing withering,
wilting and loss of parts that may be critical for
identification. It also hastens the activities after
the field day when sorting or identification are
the next tasks.
One of the best things to do nowadays
with the advent of quite good digital cameras
is to take photos of the whole plant, as well as
close-up shots of the foliage, leafy / flowering
/ fruiting stems / branches and (particularly for
trees) the bark. Remember to use the ‘macro’
setting for the camera. If you don’t know where
it is on your camera or how to set it, ask someone
who might. A fuzzy picture is not worth looking
at in most cases, and may only serve to confuse.
Labelling
It is most important to label the specimen
with an identifiable number that can be related
to a field site or to a known location. The
minimum standard used during the vegetation
mapping program had the specimen labelled
with the site number and the number of the
specimen. Depending on how you label your
site, this can also be used to identify the date
on which the material was collected. During
the Western Blue Mountains work, sites were
labelled in reverse-date format with the number
of the site assessed on that day (e.g. 070221-3
is the third site assessed on the 21st of February
2007). Each specimen collected is then written
on the field sheet in an increasing order. The
5th specimen collected at the above site would
be 070221-3/5. Usually this was written onto
a string tag (‘jeweller’s tag’) and the tag tied
around the specimen in such a way as it couldn’t
fall off.
Ideally,
the
specimen
should
accompanied by notes detailing the habit of the
plant, its height and other dimensions and its
reproductive state (was it flowering, fruiting,
dormant and colour of flowers).
Storing
It is important to ensure your press papers
are kept as dry as possible. If this requires the
regular changing of newspaper so be it, but
it is also advisable to change the newspaper
surrounding a specimen at least once within the
first few days. Fungal hyphae on a specimen
can form really quickly, and even the best of us
have sometimes confused them for hairs on a
specimen when those shouldn’t be there!
Once the material has been used for
identification you have the choice of either
keeping the material; forwarding to the
herbarium at Armidale or Sydney; or destroying
the material. Of all the options, the latter is the
least preferable, as then the material is lost
forever. Maintaining a reference collection is
one of the best things to do with your material,
as it not only gives you a record of your
activities, but will allow you to cross-check
material collected later on. If you store the dried
material in plastic sleeves with a paper sheet
behind each one, taped down to the paper and
sealed with tape across the top of the sleeve,
it can form a good collection in a set of ring
binders. Threatened species are one of the few
exceptions to this suggestion. To allow good
records, the material should be sent to the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Sydney, for lodging into the
collection there. They don’t charge for rare and
threatened plant specimens, as they are usually
a bonus for the collection. In addition, include
the exact location, and details of the community
it was in and the soil it was growing on, as this
data will be added to the Atlas of NSW Wildlife
to improve predictive models about the species.
Just Remember…
The coloured pages in the Flora of NSW
are a vital part of any assessment or identification.
If there’s a term you don’t understand then it
is always wise to check the glossary. It is also
available on the PlantNet website.
be
Page 313
Information Sources
Clarke, I and Lee, H (2003) Name That
Flower: The identification of flowering plants
2nd edition, Melbourne University Press. (This
is a good book for identifying Australian native
plants to the family level.)
NSW Flora Online (PlantNET) website
(http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/floraonline.
htm) is the complete treatment of native
and naturalised plants in NSW and is often
more current than the printed volumes. It
does require a good level of familiarity with
technical terms and expects that you will
have a fairly comprehensive specimen with
notations (flowers, fruit, plant form, foliage and
arrangement, locality).
There are many books and interactive
keys available for all families of flowering
plants; these are usually available at your local
library. If you cannot identify your plant, speak
to your local agronomist, CMA officer, weeds
officer or local native plant community group
representative. Local or state herbaria are also
a source of information if all other avenues are
exhausted.
Page 314
Appendix 3
Native Plant and Seed Suppliers
Page 315
Page 316
Native Plant Suppliers
This table shows suppliers of native plants in this area, as well as some from nearby regions. These
businesses did not ask to be listed but are reputable suppliers that can be utilised when looking for
good quality seedlings. Please note that if you purchase from suppliers outside your area you may be
purchasing stock that is not suited to your region. Always ask for advice and also about the possibility
of the nursery growing seedlings from local provenance seeds that you supply.
Town / Nursery
Address
Telephone
ARMIDALE
Armidale Tree Group Nursery
80 Mann Street
Armidale, NSW, 2350
(02) 6771 1620
Cedar Wholesale Nursery and Design
21 Kentucky Street,
Armidale, NSW, 2350
(02) 6772 7273
Cool Natives
Mail order (02) 6775 1139
BLACK MOUNTAIN
Black Mountain Nursery
New England Highway
Black Mountain, NSW, 2350
(02) 6775 0166
DUBBO
Forests NSW Nursery
Wellington Road,
Dubbo, NSW, 2830
(02) 6884 5319
GUNNEDAH
Forests NSW Nursery
Bennett Road
Gunnedah, NSW, 2380
(02) 6742 3126
INVERELL
Tree Tenders
Warialda Road
Inverell, NSW, 2360
(02) 6722 4200
MOREE
Gwydir Valley Turf Supply
“Ellerslea”
Pallamallawa, NSW, 2399
(02) 6754 9351
MUSWELLBROOK
Forests NSW Nursery
New England Highway
Muswellbrook, NSW, 2333
(02) 6543 2866
TENTERFIELD
Mole Station Native Nursery
Mole Station
Tenterfield, NSW, 2372
(02) 6737 5429
URALLA
Fields Native Nursery 25 Rowan Avenue
Uralla, NSW, 2358
(02) 6778 3111
KENTUCKY
Kentucky Tree Nursery
“Danidoo” Kentucky, NSW, 2354
(02) 6778 7342
WAGGA WAGGA
Forests NSW Nursery
NSW Soil Conservation Research
Centre, Olympic Way
Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650
(02) 6931 2600
* Please ensure that you purchase plants that are suitable for your area. It is best to buy local plants that have been
grown from local seeds (ideally collected from an area close to you).
Page 317
Native Seed Suppliers
There are many native seed suppliers and this list represents only a few of them. The suppliers will be
able to provide you with a list of their seeds. If you are doubtful about the locality of where the seed
was collected, or think that the seed would not be suitable for your needs, think about collecting your
own seed from plants that are growing on your property or from areas close by. See Appendix 1 for
seed collection information.
*
Town / Nursery
Address
Telephone
Arianda Pty. Ltd. (incorporating
A.E. O’Connor Pty. Ltd.)
1 Wilkins St. Newport, VIC 3015
(03) 9398 0609
AustraHort Pty Limited - Seed
Merchants
PO Box 595, Cleveland, QLD 4163
(07) 3821 0745
Australian Seed Company
PO Box 67, Hazelbrook NSW 2779
(02) 4758 6132
Diversity Native Seeds
‘Sarana’ Timor Rd Coonabarabran NSW
(02) 6842 2959
Ellison Horticultural Pty Ltd
267 Rous Rd, Alstonville, NSW 2477
(02) 6629 5788
Goozeff Seeds
PO Box 3022, North Nowra NSW 2541
Harvest Seeds & Native Plants
281 Mona Vale Road Terrey Hills NSW 2084
(02) 4421 0731
Hortmac Pty Ltd t/as
Queensland Seed Services
PO Box 2785 Bundaberg, QLD 4670
(07) 4159 4730
H G Kershaw Pty Ltd
PO Box 2057, Bathurst NSW 2975
(02) 6331 7136
Kylisa Seeds Pty Ltd
PO Box 3175, Weston Creek ACT 2611
(02) 6288 7408
Royston Petrie Seeds Pty Ltd
PO Box 1152, Mudgee NSW 2850
(02) 6372 7800
Seedworld Australia Pty Ltd
PO Box 1408, Nowra, NSW 2541
(02) 4423 0894
(02) 9450 2699
Try to access local provenance seed. These suppliers should know where the seed was collected from, but it is
advisable to speak to the BR-G CMA, your local community native plant group or nursery to find out if there are
locally collected seeds available.
Page 318
Appendix 4
Vertebrate Fauna of the Border Rivers-Gwydir Catchment
Page 319
Page 320
Vertebrate fauna of the Border Rivers - Gwydir catchment
(Includes introduced species)
This list includes all vertebrate fauna ever sighted in each Local Government Area within the
Border Rivers-Gwydir catchments and is sourced from the NSW Bionet (http://www.bionet.nsw.
gov.au/). Fish information was sourced from the book by Mark Lintermans, Fishes of the Murray
Darling basin. An Introductory Guide (Murray - Darling Basin Commission) (GI=Glen Innes,
GY=Guyra, GW=Gwydir, IN=Inverell, MP=Moree Plains, TF=Tenterfield, UR=Uralla).
Scientific name
AMPHIBIANS
Family Hyalidae
Cyclorana alboguttata
Cyclorana brevipalmata
Cyclorana brevipes
Cyclorana novaehollandiae
Cyclorana platycephala
Cyclorana verrucosa
Litoria aurea
Litoria caerulea
Litoria castanea
Litoria chloris
Litoria dentata
Litoria fallax
Litoria freycineti
Litoria gracilenta
Litoria latopalmata
Litoria lesueuri
Litoria nasuta
Litoria pearsoniana
Litoria peronii
Litoria phyllochroa
Litoria piperata
Litoria revelata
Litoria rubella
Litoria subglandulosa
Litoria tyleri
Litoria verreauxii
Family Myobatrachidae
Adelotus brevis
Assa darlingtoni
Crinia parinsignifera
Crinia signifera
Crinia sloanei
Lechriodus fletcheri
Limnodynastes dumerilii
Limnodynastes fletcheri
Limnodynastes ornatus
Limnodynastes peronii
Limnodynastes salmini
Limnodynastes tasmaniensis
Limnodynastes terraereginae
Mixophyes balbus
Mixophyes fasciolatus
Mixophyes fleayi
Mixophyes iteratus
Common name
Striped Burrowing Frog
Green-thighed Frog
Short-footed Frog
New Holland Frog
Water-holding Frog
Rough Frog
Green and Golden Bell Frog
Green Tree Frog
Yellow-spotted Tree Frog
Red-eyed Tree Frog
Kefersteins Tree Frog
Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog
Freycinet’s Tree Frog
Dainty Tree Frog
Broad-palmed Frog
Lesueur’s Frog
Rocket Frog
Pearson’s Green Tree Frog
Peron’s Tree Frog
Green Stream Frog
Peppered Frog
Whirring Tree Frog
Desert Tree Frog
Glandular Frog
Tylers Tree Frog
Verreaux’s Tree Frog
Tusked Frog
Pouched Frog
Eastern Sign-bearing Froglet
Common Eastern Froglet
Sloane’s Froglet
Fletcher’s Frog
Bullfrog
Long-thumbed Frog
Ornate Burrowing Frog
Striped Marsh Frog
Salmon-striped Frog
Spotted Marsh Frog
Northern Banjo Frog
Stuttering Frog
Great Barred Frog
Fleay’s Barred Frog
Giant Barred Frog
Page 321
GI
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
Neobatrachus sudelli
Notaden bennetti
Philoria kundagungan
Philoria loveridgei
Philoria pughi
Pseudophryne bibronii
Pseudophryne coriacea
Uperoleia fusca
Uperoleia laevigata
Uperoleia marmorata
Uperoleia rugosa
FISH
Family Ambassidae
Ambassis agassizi
Family Atherinidae
Craterocephalus amniculus
Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum
fulvus
Family Clupeidae
Nematalosa erebi
Family Cyprinidae
Cyprinus carpio
Carassius auratus
Family Eleotridae
Mogurnda adspersa
Hypseleotris spp.
Family Gadopsidae
Gadopsis marmoratus
Family Galaxiidae
Galaxias olidus
Family Melanotaeniidae
Melanotaenia fluviatilis
Family Percichthyidae
Maccullochella peelii peelii
Macquaria ambigua ambigua
Family Percidae
Perca fluviatilis
Family Plotosidae
Tandanus tandanus
Family Poeciliidae
Gambusia holbrooki
Family Retropinnidae
Retropinna semoni
Family Salmonidae
Oncorhynchus mykiss
Family Terapontidae
Bidyanus bidyanus
Leiopotherapon unicolor
BIRDS
Family Acanthizidae
Acanthiza apicalis
Acanthiza chrysorrhoa
Acanthiza lineata
Acanthiza nana
Acanthiza pusilla
Acanthiza reguloides
Painted Burrowing Frog
Holy Cross Toad
Mountain Frog
Loveridge’s Frog
GI
x
x
Bibrons Toadlet
Red-backed Toadlet
Dusky Toadlet
Smooth Toadlet
Marbled Toadlet
Wrinkled Toadlet
x
x
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Olive Perchlet
UR
x
x
x
Darling River Hardyhead
x
x
Fly-specked Hardyhead
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bony Herring
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
European Carp
Goldfish
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Purple-spotted Gudgeon
Carp Gudgeons
x
x
x
River Blackfish
x
x
Mountain Galaxias
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Murray-Darling Rainbowfish
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Murray Cod
Golden Perch
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Redfin Perch
x
x
x
x
Freshwater Catfish
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Mosquitofish
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Australian Smelt
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rainbow Trout
x
Silver Perch
Spangled Perch
x
x
Inland Thornbill
Yellow-rumped Thornbill
Striated Thornbill
Yellow Thornbill
Brown Thornbill
Buff-rumped Thornbill
Page 322
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
Acanthiza uropygialis
Aphelocephala leucopsis
Calamanthus pyrrhopygius
Dasyornis brachypterus
Gerygone fusca
Gerygone mouki
Gerygone olivacea
Pyrrholaemus sagittatus
Sericornis citreogularis
Sericornis frontalis
Sericornis magnirostris
Smicrornis brevirostris
Family Accipitridae
Accipiter cirrocephalus
Accipiter fasciatus
Accipiter novaehollandiae
Aquila audax
Aviceda subcristata
Circus approximans
Circus assimilis
Elanus axillaris
Erythrotriorchis radiatus
Haliaeetus leucogaster
Haliastur sphenurus
Hamirostra melanosternon
Hieraaetus morphnoides
Lophoictinia isura
Milvus migrans
Family Aegothelidae
Aegotheles cristatus
Family Alaudidae
Mirafra javanica
Family Alcedinidae
Alcedo azurea
Family Anatidae
Anas castanea
Anas gracilis
Anas rhynchotis
Anas superciliosa
Aythya australis
Biziura lobata
Chenonetta jubata
Cygnus atratus
Dendrocygna arcuata
Dendrocygna eytoni
Malacorhynchus membranaceus
Nettapus coromandelianus
Oxyura australis
Stictonetta naevosa
Family Anhingidae
Anhinga melanogaster
Family Anseranatidae
Anseranas semipalmata
Family Apodidae
Apus pacificus
Chestnut-rumped Thornbill
Southern Whiteface
Chestnut-rumped Heathwren
Eastern Bristlebird
Western Gerygone
Brown Gerygone
White-throated Gerygone
Speckled Warbler
Yellow-throated Scrubwren
White-browed Scrubwren
Large-billed Scrubwren
Weebill
GI
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Collared Sparrowhawk
Brown Goshawk
Grey Goshawk
Wedge-tailed Eagle
Pacific Baza
Swamp Harrier
Spotted Harrier
Black-shouldered Kite
Red Goshawk
White-bellied Sea-Eagle
Whistling Kite
Black-breasted Buzzard
Little Eagle
Square-tailed Kite
Black Kite
x
x
x
x
x
Australian Owlet-nightjar
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Horsfield’s Bushlark
Azure Kingfisher
x
Chestnut Teal
Grey Teal
Australasian Shoveller
Pacific Black Duck
Hardhead
Musk Duck
Australian Wood Duck
Black Swan
Wandering whistling-Duck
Plumed Whistling-Duck
Pink-eared Duck
Cotton Pygmy-Goose
Blue-billed Duck
Freckled Duck
x
x
x
x
x
Darter
x
Magpie Goose
Fork-tailed Swift
Page 323
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
Hirundapus caudacutus
Family Ardeidae
Ardea alba
Ardea ibis
Ardea intermedia
Ardea pacifica
Botaurus poiciloptilus
Butroides striatus
Egretta garzetta
Egretta novaehollandiae
Ixobrychus flavicollis
Ixobrychus minutus
Nycticorax caledonicus
Family Artamidae
Artamus cinereus
Artamus cyanopterus
Artamus leucorynchus
Artamus minor
Artamus personatus
Artamus superciliosus
Cracticus nigrogularis
Cracticus torquatus
Gymnorhina tibicen
Strepera graculina
Family Atrichornthidae
Atrichornis rufescens
Family Burhinidae
Burhinus grallarius
Family Cacatuidae
Cacatua galerita
Cacatua sanguinea
Calyptorhynchus banksii
Calyptorhynchus funereus
Calyptorhynchus lathami
Eolophus roseicapillus
Nymphicus hollandicus
Family Campephagidae
Coracina maxima
Coracina novaehollandiae
Coracina papuensis
Coracina tenuirostris
Lalage leucomela
Lalage tricolor
Family Caprimulgidae
Eurostopdus mystacalis
Family Casuariidae
Dromaius novaehollandiae
Family Centropodidae
Centropus phasianinus
Family Charadriidae
Charadrius australis
Charadrius ruficapillus
Elseyornis melanops
Erythrogonys cinctus
Pluvialis dominica
Vanellus miles
White-throated Needletail
Great Egret
Cattle Egret
Intermediate Heron
White-necked Heron
Australasian Bittern
Striated Heron
Little Egret
White-faced Heron
Black Bittern
Little Bittern
Nankeen Night Heron
Black-faced Woodswallow
Dusky Woodswallow
White-breasted Woodswallow
Little Woodswallow
Masked Woodswallow
White-browed Woodswallow
Pied Butcherbird
Grey Butcherbird
Australian Magpie
Pied Currawong
Rufous Scrub-bird
GI
x
x
x
x
x
x
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Bush Stone-curlew
x
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo
Little Corella
Red-tailed Black Cockatoo
Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo
Glossy Black-Cockatoo
Galah
Cockatiel
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Ground cuckoo-shrike
Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike
White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike
Cicadabird
Varied Triller
White-winged Triller
x
x
x
x
x
x
White-throated Nightjar
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Emu
Pheasant Coucal
x
Inland Dotterel
Red-capped Plover
Black-fronted Dotterel
Red-kneed Dotterel
Lesser Golden Plover
Masked Lapwing
x
Page 324
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
x
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
Vanellus miles novaehollandiae
Vanellus tricolor
Family Ciconiidae
Ephippiorhyncus asiaticus
Family Climacteridae
Climacteris affinis
Climacteris erythrops
Climacteris picumnus
Cormobates leucophaeus
Family Columbidae
Chalcophaps indica
Columba leucomela
Columba livia
Geopelia cuneata
Geopelia humeralis
Geopelia placida
Geopelia scripta
Leucosarcia melanoleuca
Lophalaimus antarcticus
Macropygia amboinensis
Ocyphaps lophotes
Phaps chalcoptera
Phaps elegans
Phaps histrionica
Ptilinopus magnificus
Ptilinopus regina
Ptilinopus superbus
Streptopelia chinensis
Family Coraciidae
Eurystomus orientalis
Family Corcoracidae
Corcorax melanorhamphos
Struthidea cinerea
Family Corvidae
Corvus bennetti
Corvus coronoides
Corvus mellori
Corvus orru
Corvus tasmanicus
Family Cuculidae
Cacomantis flabelliformis
Cacomantis variolosus
Chalcites basalis
Chalcites lucidus
Chalcites minutillus
Chalcites osculans
Cuculus pallidus
Eudynamys orientalis
Scythrops novaehollandiae
Family Dicaeidae
Dicaeum hirundinaceum
Family Dicruridae
Dicrurus bracteatus
Grallina cyanoleuca
Monarcha melanopsis
Spur-winged Plover
Banded Lapwing
UR
x
Black-necked stork
x
x
x
x
x
White-browed Treecreeper
Red-browed Treecreeper
Brown Treecreeper
White-throated Treecreeper
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
GI
Emerald Dove
White-headed Pigeon
Rock Dove
Diamond Dove
Bar-shouldered Dove
Peaceful Dove
Squatter Pigeon
Wonga pigeon
Topknot Pigeon
Brown Cuckoo-dove
Crested Pigeon
Common Bronzewing
Brush Bronzewing
Flock Bronzewing
Wompoo Fruit Dove
Rose-crowned Fruit-dove
Superb Fruit-dove
Spotted Turtle-Dove
x
x
Dollarbird
x
White-winged Chough
Apostlebird
x
Little Crow
Australian Raven
Little Raven
Torresian Crow
Forest Raven
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Fan-tailed Cuckoo
Brush Cuckoo
Horsfield’s Bronze-Cuckoo
Shining Bronze-Cuckoo
Little Bronze-Cuckoo
Black-eared Cuckoo
Pallid Cuckoo
Pacific Koel
Channel-billed Cuckoo
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Mistletoebird
x
x
Spangled Drongo
Magpie-lark
Black-faced Monarch
x
x
x
x
x
Page 325
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
Monarcha trivergatus
Myiagra cyanoleuca
Myiagra inquieta
Myiagra rubecula
Rhipidura albiscapa
Rhipidura leucophrys
Rhipidura rufifrons
Family Estrildidae
Lonchura castaneothorax
Neochmia modesta
Neochmia temporalis
Poephila cincta cincta
Stagonopleura guttata
Taeniopygia bichenovii
Taeniopygia guttata
Family Eupetidae
Cinclosoma punctatum
Psophodes olivaceus
Family Falconidae
Falco berigora
Falco cenchroides
Falco hypoleucos
Falco longipennis
Falco peregrinus
Falco subniger
Family Glareolidae
Stiltia isabella
Family Fringillidae
Carduelis carduelis
Family Gruidae
Grus rubicunda
Family Halcyonidae
Dacelo novaeguineae
Todiramphus macleayii
Todiramphus pyrrhopygia
Todiramphus sanctus
Family Hirundinidae
Cheramoeca leucosternus
Hirundo neoxena
Petrochelidon ariel
Petrochelidon nigricans
Family Jacanidae
Irediparra gallinacea
Family Laridae
Childonias hybridus
Larus novaehollandiae
Sterna caspia
Sterna nilotica
Family Maluridae
Malurus cyaneus
Malurus lamberti
Malurus leucopterus
Malurus melanocephalus
Stipiturus malachurus
Family Megapodiidae
Alectura lathami
Spectacled Monarch
Satin Flycatcher
Restless Flycatcher
Leaden Flycatcher
Grey Fantail
Willie Wagtail
Rufous Fantail
GI
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Chestnut-breasted Mannikin
Plum-headed Finch
Red-browed Finch
Black-throated Finch
Diamond Firetail
Double-barred Finch
Zebra Finch
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Spotted Quail Thrush
Eastern Whipbird
Brown Falcon
Nankeen Kestrel
Grey Falcon
Australian Hobby
Peregrine Falcon
Black Falcon
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Australian Pratincole
x
Brolga
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Comb-crested Jacana
x
x
Whiskered Tern
Silver Gull
Caspian Tern
Gull-billed Tern
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Superb Fairy-wren
Variegated Fairy-wren
White-winged Fairy-wren
Red-backed Fairy Wren
Southern Emu-wren
x
x
Australian Brush-turkey
x
Page 326
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
White-backed Swallow
Welcome Swallow
Fairy Martin
Tree Martin
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
European Goldfinch
Laughing Kookaburra
Forest Kingfisher
Red-backed Kingfisher
Sacred Kingfisher
UR
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Family Meliphagidae
Acanthagenys rufogularis
Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris
Anthochaera carunculata
Anthochaera chrysoptera
Certhionyx niger
Entomyzon cyanotis
Epthianura tricolor
Grantiella picta
Lichenostomus chrysops
Lichenostomus fuscus
Lichenostomus leucotis
Lichenostomus melanops
Lichenostomus penicillatus
Lichenostomus virescens
Lichmera indistincta
Manorina flavigula
Manorina melanocephala
Manorina melanophrys
Meliphaga lewinii
Melithreptus albogularis
Melithreptus brevirostris
Melithreptus gularis gularis
Melithreptus lunatus
Myzomela sanguinolenta
Philemon citreogularis
Philemon corniculatus
Phylidonyris nigra
Phylidonyris novaehollandiae
Plectorhyncha lanceolata
Xanthomyza phrygia
Family Menuridae
Menura alberti
Menura novaehollandiae
Family Meropidae
Merops ornatus
Family Motacillidae
Anthus australis
Family Muscicapidae
Zoothera heinei
Zoothera lunulata
Family Neosittidae
Daphoenositta chrsoptera
Family Oriolidae
Oriolus sagittatus
Sphecotheres vieilloti
Family Orthonychidae
Orthonyx temminckii
Family Oriolidae
Oriolus sagittatus
Family Otididae
Ardeotis australis
Family Pachycephalidae
Colluricincla harmonica
Colluricincla megarhyncha
Common name
Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater
Eastern Spinebill
Red Wattlebird
Little Wattlebird
Black Honeyeater
Blue-faced Honeyeater
Crimson Chat
Painted Honeyeater
Yellow-faced Honeyeater
Fuscous Honeyeater
White-eared Honeyeater
Yellow-tufted Honeyeater
White-plumed Honeyeater
Singing Honeyeater
Brown Honeyeater
Yellow-throated Miner
Noisy Miner
Bell Miner
Lewin’s Honeyeater
White-throated Honeyeater
Brown-headed Honeyeater
Black-chinned Honeyeater
White-naped Honeyeater
Scarlet Honeyeater
Little Friarbird
Noisy Friarbird
White-cheeked Honeyeater
New Holland Honeyeater
Striped Honeyeater
Regent Honeyeater
GI
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Albert’s Lyrebird
Superb Lyrebird
x
x
Rainbow Bee-eater
x
x
x
x
Australian Pipit
x
x
x
x
Russet-tailed Thrush
Bassian Thrush
x
Varied Sittella
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Olive-backed Oriole
Australasian Figbird
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Logrunner
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Australian bustard
x
Page 327
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Olive-backed Oriole
Grey Shrike-thrush
Little shrike-thrush
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
Falcunculus frontatus
Oreoica gutturalis
Pachycephala olivacea
Pachycephala pectoralis
Pachycephala rufiventris
Family Paradisaeidae
Ptiloris paradiseus
Family Pardalotidae
Pardalotus punctatus
Pardalotus rubricatus
Pardalotus striatus
Family Passeridae
Passer domesticus
Family Pelecanidae
Pelecanus conspicillatus
Family Petroicidae
Eopsaltria australis
Melanodryas cucullata
Microeca fascinans
Petroica boodang
Petroica phoenicea
Petroica goodenovii
Petroica rosea
Tregellasia capito
Family Phaethonitidae
Phaethon lepturus
Family Phalacrocoracidae
Phalacrocorax carbo
Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
Phalacrocorax sulcirostris
Phalacrocorax varius
Family Phasianidae
Coturnix chinensis
Coturnix pectoralis
Coturnix ypsilophora
Family Pittidae
Pitta versicolor
Family Podargidae
Podargus strigoides
Family Podicipedidae
Podiceps cristatus
Poliocephalus poliocephalus
Tachybaptus novaehollandiae
Family Pomatostomidae
Pomatostomus superciliosus
Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis
Family Psittacidae
Alisterus scapularis
Aprosmictus erythropterus
Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni
Barnardius zonarius
Barnardius zonarius barnardi
Glossopsitta concinna
Glossopsitta pusilla
Lathamus discolor
Melopsittacus undulatus
Eastern Shrike-tit
Crested Bellbird
Olive Whistler
Golden Whistler
Rufous Whistler
GI
x
x
x
x
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
x
x
Paradise Riflebird
x
Spotted Pardalote
Red-browed Pardalote
Striated Pardalote
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
House Sparrow
x
Australian Pelican
x
x
x
x
x
Eastern Yellow Robin
Hooded Robin
Jacky Winter
Scarlet Robin
Flame Robin
Red-capped Robin
Rose Robin
Pale-yellow Robin
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
White-tailed Tropicbird
Great Cormorant
Little Pied Cormorant
Little Black Cormorant
Pied Cormorant
x
x
x
x
Noisy Pitta
x
Tawny Frogmouth
x
x
x
White-browed Babbler
Grey-crowned Babbler
Australian King-Parrot
Red-winged Parrot
Double-eyed Fig-parrot
Australian Rickneck
Mallee Ringneck
Musk Lorikeet
Little Lorikeet
Swift Parrot
Budgerigar
Page 328
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
King Quail
Stubble Quail
Brown Quail
Great Crested Grebe
Hoary-headed Grebe
Australasian Grebe
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
Neophema pulchella
Northiella haematogaster
Platycercus adscitus
Platycercus adscitus adscitus x eximius
Platycercus adscitus eximius
Platycercus elegans
Psephotus haematonotus
Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus
Trichoglossus haematodus
Family Ptilonorynchidae
Ailuroedus crassirostris
Chlamydera maculata
Ptilonorhynchus violaceus
Sericulus chrysocephalus
Family Rallidae
Fulica atra
Gallinula tenebrosa
Gallinula ventralis
Gallirallus phillipensis
Porphyrio porphyrio
Porzana fluminea
Porzana pusilla
Rallus pectoralis
Porzana tabuensis
Family Recurvirostridae
Himantopus himantopus
Recurvirostra novaehollaniae
Family Rostratulidae
Rostratula benghalensis
Family Scolopacidae
Actitis hypoleucos
Calidris acuminata
Calidris melanotos
Gallinago hardwickii
Limosa lapponica
Numenius minutus
Tringa glareola
Tringa nebularia
Tringa stagnatilis
Family Strigidae
Ninox boobook
Ninox connivens
Ninox strenua
Family Sturnidae
Acridotheres tristis
Sturnus vulgaris
Family Sylviidae
Acrocephalus australis
Acrocephalus australis australis
Acrocephalus orientalis
Cincloramphus cruralis
Cincloramphus mathewsi
Cisticola exilis
Megalurus gramineus
Megalurus timoriensis
Turquoise Parrot
Blue Bonnet
White Cheeked Rosella
GI
x
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Eastern/Pale-headed Rosella
Eastern Rosella
Crimson Rosella
Red-rumped Parrot
Scaly-breasted Lorikeet
Rainbow Lorikeet
x
x
Green Catbird
Spotted Bowerbird
Satin Bowerbird
Regent Bowerbird
x
x
x
x
Eurasian Coot
Dusky Moorhen
Black-tailed Native-hen
Buff-banded Rail
Purple Swamphen
Australian Spotted Crake
Baillon’s Crake
Lewin’s Rail
Spotless Crake
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Black-winged Stilt
Red-necked Avocet
x
x
x
x
x
Painted Snipe
Common Sandpiper
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
Pectoral Sandpiper
Latham’s Snipe
Bar-tailed Godwit
Little Curlew
Wood Sandpiper
Common Greenshank
Marsh Sandpiper
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Southern Boobook
Barking Owl
Powerful Owl
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Common Myna
Common Starling
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Page 329
x
x
Australian Reed-Warbler
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Oriental Reed-Warbler
Brown Songlark
Rufous Songlark
Golden-headed Cisticola
Little Grassbird
Tawny Grassbird
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Family Threskiornithidae
Platalea flavipes
Platalea regia
Plegadis falcinellus
Threskiornithidae molucca
Threskiornithidae spinicollis
Family Turnicidae
Turnix melanogaster
Turnix pyrrhothorax
Turnix varia
Turnix velox
Family Tytonidae
Tyto alba
Tyto capensis
Tyto novaehollandiae
Tyto tenebricosa
Family Zosteropidae
Zosterops lateralis
MAMMALS
Family Acrobatidae
Acrobates pygmaeus
Family Burramydiae
Cercartetus nanus
Family Canidae
Canis lupus
Vulpes vulpes
Family Dasyuridae
Antechinus flavipes
Antechinus stuartii
Antechinus swainsonii
Dasyurus maculatus
Dasyurus viverrinus
Phascogale tapoatafa
Planigale maculata
Phascogale tapoatafa
Sminthopsis macroura
Sminthopsis murina
Family Emballonuridae
Saccolaimus flaviventris
Family Felidae
Felis catus
Family Leporidae
Lepus capensis
Oryctolagus cuniculus
Family Macropodidae
Lagorchestes leporides
Macropus dorsalis
Macropus fuliginosus
Macropus giganteus
Macropus parma
Macropus parryi
Macropus robustus
Macropus rufogriseus
Macropus rufus
Petrogale penicillata
Thylogale stigmatica
Common name
Yellow-billed Spoonbill
Royal Spoonbill
Glossy Ibis
Australian White Ibis
Straw-necked Ibis
GI
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Barn Owl
Grass Owl
Masked Owl
Sooty Owl
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Silvereye
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Feathertail Glider
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Eastern Pygmy-possum
x
x
Dingo/domestic dog
Fox
x
x
x
x
Yellow-footed Antechinus
Brown Antechinus
Dusky Antechinus
Spotted-tailed Quoll
Eastern Quoll
Brush-tailed Phascogale
Common Planigale
Brush-tailed Phascogale
Stripe-faced Dunnart
Common Dunnart
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
x
x
x
Black-breasted Button-quail
Red-chested Button-quail
Painted Button-quail
Little Button Quail
x
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Cat
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Brown Hare
Rabbit
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Eastern Hare-wallaby
Black-striped Wallaby
Western Grey Kangaroo
Eastern Grey Kangaroo
Parma Wallaby
Whiptail Wallaby
Common Wallaroo
Red-necked Wallaby
Red Kangaroo
Brush-tailed Rock-Wallaby
Red-legged Pademelon
Page 330
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
Thylogale thetis
Wallabia bicolor
Family Molossidae
Mormopterus planiceps
Mormopterus sp.
Tadarida australis
Family Muridae
Hydromys chrysogaster
Melomys cervinipes
Mus musculus
Pseudomys gouldii
Pseudomys gracilicaudatus
Pseudomys novaehollandiae
Pseudomys oralis
Rattus fuscipes
Rattus lutreolus
Rattus rattus
Rattus tunneyi
Family Ornithorhyncidae
Ornithorhynchus anatinus
Family Peramelidae
Isoodon macrourus
Perameles nasuta
Family Petauridae
Petaurus australis
Petaurus breviceps
Petaurus norfolcensis
Family Phalangeridae
Trichorus caninus
Trichosurus vulpecula
Family Phascolarctidae
Phascolarctos cinereus
Family Potoroidae
Aepyprymnus rufescens
Potorous tridactylus
Family Pseudocheiridae
Petauroides volans
Pseudocheirus peregrinus
Family Pteropodidae
Pteropus poliocephalus
Pteropus scapulatus
Family Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophus megaphyllus
Family Suidae
Sus scrofa
Family Tachyglossidae
Tachyglossus aculeatus
Family Vespertilionidae
Chalinolobus dwyeri
Chalinolobus gouldii
Chalinolobus morio
Chalinolobus nigrogriseus
Falsistrellus tasmaniensis
Kerivoula papuensis
Chalinolobus picatus
Miniopterus australis
Red-necked Pademelon
Swamp Wallaby
Little Mastiff-bat
Mastiff-bat
White-striped Freetail-bat
GI
x
x
x
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
Water-rat
Fawn-footed Melomys
House Mouse
Gould’s Mouse
Eastern Chestnut Mouse
New Holland Mouse
Hastings River Mouse
Bush Rat
Swamp Rat
Black Rat
Pale Field-rat
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Platypus
x
x
Northern Brown Bandicoot
Long-nosed Bandicoot
x
x
x
Yellow-bellied Glider
Sugar Glider
Squirrel Glider
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Mountain Brushtail Possum
Common Brushtail Possum
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Koala
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Rufous Bettong
Long-nosed Potoroo
x
x
x
Greater Glider
Common Ringtail Possum
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Grey-headed Flying-fox
Little Red Flying-fox
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Eastern Horseshoe-bat
x
x
x
x
x
x
Pig
x
x
x
x
x
Short-beaked Echidna
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Large-eared Pied Bat
Gould’s Wattled Bat
Chocolate Wattled Bat
Hoary Wattled Bat
Eastern False Pipistrelle
Golden-tipped Bat
Little Pied Bat
Little Bentwing-bat
Page 331
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis
Myotis adversus
Nyctophilus geoffroyi
Nyctophilus gouldi
Nyctophilus timoriensis
Scoteanax rueppellii
Scotorepens balstoni
Scotorepens greyii
Scotorepens orion
Vespadelus darlingtoni
Vespadelus pumulus
Vespadelus regulus
Vespadelus troughtoni
Vespadelus vulturnus
Family Vombatidae
Vombatus ursunis
REPTILES
Family Agamidae
Amphibolurus muricatus
Amphibolurus nobbi
Diporiphora australis
Hypsilurus spinipes
Lophognathus burnsi
Physignathus lesueurii
Pogona barbata
Tympanocryptis tetraporophora
Family Boidae
Antaresia maculosa
Morelia spilota
Morelia spilota variegata
Family Chelidae
Eastern Bentwing Bat
Large-footed Myotis
Lesser Long-eared Bat
Gould’s Long-eared Bat
Eastern Long-eared Bat
Greater Broad-nosed Bat
Inland Broad-nosed Bat
Little Broad-nosed Bat
Eastern Broad-nosed Bat
Large Forest Bat
Eastern Forest Bat
Southern Forest Bat
Eastern Cave Bat
Little Forest Bat
Chelodina expansa
Chelodina longicollis
Elseya belli
Emydura macquarii
Emydura macquarii signata
Family Colubridae
Boida irregularis
Dendrelaphis punctulatus
Family Elapidae
Acanthophis antarcticus
Australeps ramsayi
Brachyurophis australis
Cacophis harriettae
Cacophis krefftii
Cacophis squalmulosus
Demansia psammophis
Denisonia devisi
Drysdalia coronoides
Furina diadema
Furina dunmalli
Hemiapsis damelii
Hemiapsis signata
Hoplocephalus bitorquatus
GI
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Common Wombat
x
x
Jacky Lashtail
Nobbi Lashtail
Eastern Two-line Dragon
Southern Forest Dragon
x
x
x
x
Eastern Water Dragon
Eastern Bearded Dragon
Long-tailed Earless Dragon
x
x
Eastern Small-blotched Python
Carpet/Diamond Python
Carpet Python
Broad-shelled Snake-necked
Turtle
Eastern Snake-necked Turtle
Bell’s Turtle
Murray Short-necked Turtle
Brisbane River Short-necked
Turtle
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Eastern Brown Tree Snake
Green Tree Snake
x
x
Southern Death Adder
Highlands Copperhead
Eastern Shovel-nosed Snake
White-crowned snake
Dwarf Crowned Snake
Golden Crowned Snake
Yellow-faced Whipsnake
De Vis’s Banded Snake
White-lipped Snake
Red-naped Snake
Dunmall’s Snake
Grey Snake
Marsh Snake
Pale-headed Snake
x
Page 332
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
Hoplocephalus stephensii
Notechis scutatus
Parasuta dwyeri
Parasuta spectabilis
Pseudechis australis
Pseudechis guttatus
Pseudechis porphyriacus
Pseudonaja textilis
Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens
Suta suta
Vermicella annulata
Family Gekkonidae
Diplodactylus steindachneri
Diplodactylus tessellatus
Diplodactylus vittatus
Gehyra dubia
Gehyra variegata
Heteronotia binoei
Oedura lesueurii
Oedura robusta
Oedura tryoni
Saltuarius swaini
Strophurus intermedius
Strophurus williamsi
Underwoodisaurus milii
Underwoodisaurus sphyrurus
Family Pygopodidae
Delma plebeia
Delma tincta
Lialis burtonis
Pygopus lepidopodus
Pygopus schraderi
Family Scincidae
Acritoscincus platynota
Anomalopus leuckartii
Anomalopus mackayi
Anomalopus verreauxii
Calyptosis ruficauda
Calyptosis scutirostrum
Carlia foliorum
Carlia tetradactyla
Carlia vivax
Coeranoscincus reticulatus
Cryptobleparus carnabyi
Cryptoblepharus plagiocephalus
Cryptoblepharus virgatus
Stephens’ Banded Snake
Mainland Tiger Snake
Variable Black-naped Snake
Spectacled Hooded Snake
Mulga Snake
Spotted Black Snake
Red-bellied Black Snake
Eastern Brown Snake
Small-eyed Snake
Curl Snake
Eastern Bandy-bandy
Ctenotus eurydice
Ctenotus ingrami
Ctenotus robustus
Ctenotus strauchii
Ctenotus taeniolatus
Egernia cunninghami
Egernia frerei
Box-patterned Gecko
Tesselated Gecko
Eastern Stone Gecko
Dubious Dtella
Varied Dtella
Prickly Gecko
Lesueur’s Velvet Gecko
Robust Velvet Gecko
Southern Spotted Velvet Gecko
Southern Leaf-tailed Gecko
Southern Spiny-tailed Gecko
Eastern Spiny-tailed Gecko
Thick-tailed Gecko
Border Thick-tailed Gecko
Leaden Delma
Excitable Delma
Burton’s Snake-lizard
Southern Scaly-foot
Eastern Hooded Scaly-foot
Red-throated Cool-skink
Two-clawed Worm-skink
Five-clawed Worm Skink
Three-clawed Worm Skink
Red-tailed Calyptosis
Scute-snouted Calyptotis
Tree-base Litter-skink
Southern Rainbow-skink
Tussock Rainbow-skink
Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink
Shiny-palmed Shinning-skink
Callose-palmed Shinning-skink
Cream-striped Shinning-skink
Brown-backed Yellow-lined
Ctenotus
Yellow-sided ctenotus
Robust Ctenotus
Eastern Barred Wedge-snout
Ctenotus
Copper-tailed Ctenotus
Cunningham’s Spiny-tailed
Skink
Major Skink
Page 333
GI
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Scientific name
Common name
Egernia major
Egernia mcpheei
Egernia modesta
Egernia saxatilis
Egernia saxatilis intermedia
Egernia striolata
Egernia whitii
Eremiascincus richardsonii
Eulamprus quoyii
Eulamprus heatwolei
Eulampreus kosciuskoi
Eulamprus martini
Eulamprus murrayi
Eulamprus quoyii
Eulamprus tenuis
Eulamprus tenuis/martini
Harrisoniascincus zia
Hemiergis decresiensis
Lampropholis delicata
Lamphropholis guichenoti
Lerista bougainvillii
Lerista muelleri
Lerista punctatovittata
Menetia greyii
Morethia boulengeri
Ophioscincus truncatus
Saiphos equalis
Saproscincus challengeri
Saproscincus galli
Saproscincus mustelina
Saproscincus rosei
Tiliqua rugosa
Tiliqua scincoides
Family Typhlopidae
Ramphotyphlops ligatus
Ramphotyphlops nigrescens
Ramphotyphlops proximus
Ramphotyphlops wiedii
Family Varanidae
Varanus gouldii
Varanus tristis
Varanus varius
Land Mullet
Eastern Crevice Skink
Eastern Ranges Rock-skink
Black Crevice-skink
Tree-crevice Skink
White’s Rock-skink
Broad-banded Sand-swimmer
Eastern Water-skink
Warm-temperate Water-skink
Alpine Meadow-skink
Dark Barsided Skink
Blue-speckled Forest-skink
Eastern Water-skink
Bar-sided Forest-skink
Barred-sided Skink
Rainforest Cool-skink
Three-toed Earless Skink
Dark-flecked Garden Sunskink
Pale-flecked Garden Sunskink
South-eastern Slider
Wood Mulch-slider
Eastern Robust Slider
Common Dwarf Skink
South-eastern Morethia Skink
Short-limbed Snake-skink
Yellow-bellied Three-toed Skink
Orange-tailed Shadeskink
Gully Shadeskink
Weasel Shadeskink
Orange-tailed Shadeskink
Shingleback Lizard
Common Bluetongue
Robust Blind Snake
Blackish Blind Snake
Proximus Blind Snake
Brown-snouted Blind Snake
Sand Monitor
Black-tailed Monitor
Lace Monitor
Page 334
GI
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Local Government Area
GY GW IN MP TF
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
UR
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x