Download Biology A Final Review - Lewis

iology A
Finals Review
Answers to this review packet can be found in both the textbook and course notes. Please know that some of the responses to
the short answer questions can only be found in the notes (Review all notes please). Also, you need to know more than just
definitions of biological terms; you must be able to apply them in different situations and give examples when appropriate.
Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of Life
Section 1.1 What is Biology?
1) ______________________
is the study of life.
2) ______________________
is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
3) ______________________
includes the air, water, weather, temperature, any organisms in the area and other factors.
4) ______________________
enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive in an environment.
5) What are the five characteristics of living things?
Section 1.2 The Methods of Biology
1) _______________________
is an explanation/answer for a question or a problem that can be formally tested. It does
not have a large body of evidence to support it.
2) _______________________
is the group in which all conditions are kept the same.
3) _______________________
is the group in which a condition is tested/changed.
4) _______________________
is the condition in the experiment that is changed.
5) _______________________
is the condition in the experiment that is dependent on the changed variable and is
measured by the scientist.
6) _______________________
are explanations of natural phenomena that are supported by a large body of evidence.
7) _______________________
are certain facts or descriptions of natural phenomena.
8) _______________________
the results of the experiment are talked about here.
9) If the data from repeated experiments do not support the hypothesis, what is the scientist’s next step?
10) Science uses both experimental and descriptive forms of research. What are the major differences between the two types of
research?
Chapter 6 The Chemistry of Life
Section 6.1 Atoms and Their Interactions
1) _________________________ is a substance that can’t be broken down into simpler substances.
2) _________________________ are the four elements that make up more than 96% of the mass of a human
3) _________________________ are elements that are present in living things in very small amounts.
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4) _________________________ is the smallest particle of an element that still has the characteristics of that element.
5) _________________________ is the center of the atom and contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.
6) _________________________ are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
7) _________________________ are found in orbitals around the nucleus and are negatively charged particles.
8) _________________________ are found in the nucleus and are positively charged particles. This particle gives an atom
its identity.
9) _________________________ is the bond that is formed when atoms share electrons.
10) ________________________ is a group of atoms held together by a covalent bond.
11) ________________________ is a charged particle.
12) ________________________ is a bond that is formed between two or more ions.
13) ________________________ refers to all chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
14) ________________________ is a mixture in which one or more substances (solutes) are distributed evenly in another
substance (solvent).
15) ________________________ is any substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in water.
16) ________________________ is any substance that forms hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.
17) ___________________ ____ the bond where energy is stored.
18) Why do you take an antacid when you have heartburn?
19) What is the pH of a strong base? Strong acid? Water?
Section 6.2 Water and Diffusion
1) _________________________ is a molecule with an unequal distribution of charge. Each molecule has a positive and
negative end.
2) _________________________ is the weak bond that forms between the hydrogen of one water molecule to the oxygen of
another water molecule.
3) _________________________ is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
4) List and explain the three important characteristics of water.
5) Explain how water can stick to itself and other substances.
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Section 6.3 Life Substances
1) ________________________
is an element that has four electrons available for bonding.
2) ________________________
is a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together.
3) ________________________
is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom to every carbon atom.
4) ________________________
is the simplest type of carbohydrate. (Examples include; glucose and fructose)
5) ________________________
is composed of two monosaccharides. (Examples include; sucrose or table sugar)
6) ________________________
is composed of many monosaccharides. (Examples include; glycogen, starch, and
cellulose)
7) ________________________
are organic compounds that have a greater proportion of C-H bonds and less oxygen atoms
than carbohydrates.
8) ________________________
is a large organic polymer that stores energy and provides for cell structure.
9) ________________________
are the basic building blocks of proteins.
10) _______________________
is the covalent bond formed between two amino acids.
11) _______________________
is a protein that changes the rate of chemical reactions.
12) _______________________
an enzyme that increased the rate of reaction without being used up itself.
13) _______________________
is a large macromolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.
14) _______________________
are smaller subunits that comprise nucleic acids.
15. _______________________
the sugar that circulates in animals bloodstreams.
16. ______________________
the lipid that bad for you and can clog your arteries – has all the hydrogens it can get.
17. _______________________
the lipid that is healthier and has one or more double bonds between the carbons.
18) _______________________
what occurs when the body maintains proper pH, temperature, electrolytes, etc.
19) _______________________
the 8 amino acids that humans cannot produce.
20) _______________________
glucose stored in muscle cells when there is too much in the bloodstream.
21) Describe the functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
22) Explain why lipids are non-polar.
23) Explain why water can dissolve so many different substances, by not oils and fats.
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Chapter 7 A View of a Cell
Section 7.1 The Discovery of Cells
1) ________________________ are the basic units of living things.
2) ________________________
are cells that do not possess membrane bound structures and/or organelles.
3) ________________________
are cells that possess membrane bound structures and/or organelles.
Section 7.3 Eukaryotic Cell
1) ________________________
forms an inflexible barrier that protects the cell and gives it support. This structure is only
found in plants and is made up of cellulose.
2) ________________________
is a membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions.
3) ________________________
is a flattened system of membranes used to modify and package proteins.
4) ________________________
are used for temporary storage of materials.
5) ________________________
is a series of highly folded membranes that provide a large surface area for chemical
reactions. Proteins are transported through this membrane structure.
6) ________________________
is a cellular organelle whose only function is to synthesize protein using DNA as a
template.
7) ________________________
are sacks of digestive enzymes that digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles,
and viruses and bacteria.
8) ________________________
are short hair-like organelles that move in a wave-like motion.
9) ________________________
are long organelles that move in a whip-like motion.
10) ________________________ capture light energy and converts it to chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates.
11) _______________________
is a pigment found in chloroplasts that harness the sun’s light energy.
12) _______________________
is an organelle found in plant and animal cells that transforms energy so it can be stored in
other molecules and used be other organelles quickly and easily.
13) _______________________
is a clear gelatinous fluid inside the cell.
14) _______________________
are strands of genetic material that contain the master set of directions for making proteins.
15) _______________________
is an organelle located inside the nucleus and makes proteins.
16) ________________________ are membrane bound structures in eukaryotic cells that perform specialized functions.
Section 7.2 The Plasma Membrane
1) _________________________ is the boundary between the cell and its environment.
2) __________________________ a process in the plasma membrane that allows some molecules into the cell and others out.
3) _________________________ allow needed substances or waste materials to move through the plasma membrane.
4) _________________________ is the name for the model of the plasma membrane
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5) _________________________ is the process of maintaining the cell’s environment.
6) List the three main tenets of cell theory.
7) Explain the “bilayer” structure of the plasma membrane.
8) How does the structure of the plasma membrane allow materials to move across it in both directions?
9) How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?
10) Name one difference between animal cells and plant cells
11) What is the advantage of highly folded membranes in a cell?
Chapter 8 Cellular transport and the Cell Cycle
Section 8.1 Cellular Transport
1) ________________________
is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
2) ________________________
is the movement of particles across a membrane by diffusion. Examples of substances that
can do this are water, lipids, and lipid-soluble substances.
3) ________________________
is the passive transport of materials across the plasma membrane with the aid of transport
proteins. Moves sugars and amino acids.
4) ________________________
is the movement of materials through the membrane against the concentration gradient.
5) ________________________
is a process by which a cell surrounds and takes in larger molecules from its environment.
6) ________________________
is the expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell.
7) ________________________
the movement of larger pieces of food into the cell.
8) Explain the process of active transport.
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Chapter 9: Energy in A Cell
Section 9.1 and 9.2
1) _________________________ is composed of one adenosine molecule and two phosphate molecules.
2) _________________________ is composed of one adenosine molecule and three phosphate molecules.
3) _________________________ is the process by which radiant energy is converted into carbohydrates.
4) _________________________ uses the fuel produced in light dependent reactions along with carbon dioxide to make
carbohydrates.
5) _________________________ is a molecule whose electrons become excited when struck by energy from the sun.
6) _________________________ is a set of reactions that convert light energy into usable chemical energy. This energy is
needed to fuel the light independent reactions.
7) _________________________ transfers energized electrons along from protein to protein forming ATP and NADPH.
8) __________________________ stores and transports energized electrons for use in light independent reactions.
9) __________________________ supplies an electron back to the chlorophyll molecule by splitting a water molecule into
hydrogen and oxygen. This is the process by which plants give us the oxygen we breathe.
10) _________________________ is the specific name given to a series of reactions that use carbon dioxide to produce
glucose.
11) How is energy stored and released by ATP?
12) During photosynthesis, how does ADP get energy to form ATP?
13) How does the electron transport chain transfer light energy in photosynthesis?
Section 9.3: Cellular Respiration
1) ________________________ means “without oxygen”.
2) ________________________
means “with oxygen”.
3) ________________________
is the overall process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce a total
of 38 ATP molecules. (Carbon dioxide and water are released as waste products.)
4) ________________________
breaks down glucose to form pyruvic acid, NADH (electron carrier), and net production of
two ATP. This is the first stage of cell respiration.
5) ________________________
is a series of chemical reactions that use a transformed molecule of pyruvic acid to form
electron carriers (3 NADH and 1 FADH2) and ATP. This is the second stage of cellular
respiration.
6) ________________________
uses the electron carriers from the citric acid cycle (NADH and FADH2) to form 32 ATP
molecules
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7) ________________________
accepts the final e- in the electron transport chain and produces water. If this molecule is
not present, the chain becomes blocked and will not function – in humans, lactic acid
fermentation ensues.
8) ________________________
is an anaerobic (without oxygen) process that produces small amounts of ATP.
9) ________________________
occurs when cells become starved for oxygen. Carbohydrates are converted to energy (2
ATP) with lactic acid as a waste product.
10) _______________________
is an anaerobic process that is used by yeast and other organisms to produce energy (2
ATP), carbon dioxide, and ethyl alcohol.
11) How is energy stored and released by ATP?
12) During photosynthesis, how does ADP get energy to form ATP?
13) How does the electron transport chain transfer light energy in photosynthesis?
14) Why is it beneficial for an organism to combine glycolysis with the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain to
form ATP instead of relying solely on energy produced by glycolysis?
15) How do alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation differ?
16) When is lactic acid fermentation important to the cell?
17) Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration.
Cell Reproduction
Section 8.2 Cell Growth and Reproduction
1) _________________________ is the sequence of growth and division of a cell; is controlled by enzymes.
2) _________________________ is the growth period where a cell spends the majority of its life.
3) _________________________ is the process by which a cell replicates and produces two identical daughter cells.
4) _________________________ is a duplicated chromosome that is made up of two halves.
5) _________________________ is the structure that holds the sister chromatids together.
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6) _________________________ are small, dark, cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules and are located just
outside the nucleus. They allow the sister chromatids to be pulled away from each other.
7) ________________________ is the process by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides.
8) ________________________
is a group of cells that work together to perform a specialized function.
9) ________________________
is a group of tissues that perform a certain function.
10) _______________________
is a group of multiple organs that work together to perform a certain function.
11) _______________________
the uncontrolled division of cells.
12) _______________________
when sister chromatids align themselves up on the equatorial plane.
Section 10.2
1) ________________________
is the kind of cell division which produces gametes containing ½ the
numbers of chromosomes as the parent’s body cell.
2) ________________________
is the kind of cell division which produces somatic (body) cells containing the same
numbers of chromosomes as the original parent cell.
3) _______________________
are identical strands of genetic material and held together by a centromere, which result in
a chromosome.
4) _______________________
occurs when non-sister chromatids overlay and exchange genetic information.
5) ________________________
is a major source of genetic variation among organisms. Example of this is crossing over.
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