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Part 2, Vos Guides de Révision de Grammaire
L’impératif
The imperative forms are used to give commands, orders, or to extend invitations. The three
forms to be used are 1.) second person singular, 2.) first person plural, and 3.) second
person plural.
1.) Second Person Singular
parler =Parle!
finir = Finis!
vendre = Vends!
2.) First Person Plural
parler = Parlons!
finir = Finissons!
vendre = Vendons!
3.) Second Person Plural
parler =Parlez!
finir = Finissez!
vendre = Vendez!
Common Irregular Forms:
Avoir: Aie! Ayons! Ayez!
Être: Sois! Soyons! Soyez!
Savoir: Sache! Sachons! Sachez!
C’est vs Il est
Il (elle) est is typically followed by an adjective, while C’est is typically followed by a noun, but
can also be used to refer to a previously mentioned idea.
Ex. Il est sympathique. (Il est, followed by an adjective)
C'est un Américain. (C’est, followed by a noun)
Passé Composé
The passé composé is used to explain what happened in the past and is utilized by using two
parts 1.) the present indicative form of either avoir or être and 2.) the past participle of the
main verb.
While most verbs use avoir for passé composé, all reflexive verbs and verbs of motion
use être. ***Important*** When using être, the past participle must agree in gender and number
with the subject.
The past participle differs between “er”, “ir”, and “re” verbs.
er= parler - parlé
ir= finir - fini
re= vendre - vendu
Ex: J’ai mangé des bonbons.
Je suis sorti de la maison.
Tout
Tout can be used as both an adjective and a pronoun, taking different forms.
As an adjective:
Masculine Singular
Feminine Singular
Masculine Plural
Feminine Plural
Tout
Toute
Tous
Toutes
The adjective tout means the entire, the whole, all, or every.
Ex: Je suis fatiguée de toutes ces histoires!
Il veut toujours tout faire.
As a pronoun:
Masculine Singular
Feminine Singular
Masculine Plural
Feminine Plural
Tout
——————————
Tous
Toutes
The pronoun tout only has one singular form, meaning everything. The plural forms mean
everyone or all of them.
Ex: Mes enfants sont tous adorables.
Faire Causatif
Faire causatif is used to indicate that the subject is having something done.
It is used by conjugating the verb faire + an infinitive.
Ex: Le prof fait signer le bulletin par les parents.
(The teacher has the parents sign the report card)
Comparative Adjectives
Used to compare objects in saying that one is equal to, superior to, or inferior to
the other.
Equality
Superiority
Inferiority
aussi + adjective + que
plus + adjective + que
moins + adjective + que
Ex: Le chien est aussi grand que le chat.
The dog is as big as the cat.
Superlative Adjectives
To describe something as being better or worse than all others
Most
Least
le/la/les plus + adjective (+ de)
le/la/les moins + adjective (+ de)
Ex: Ma mère est le plus sympathique.
My mother is the nicest.
Interrogatives
Questions that require a simple affirmative or negative answer: 1. Est-ce que: simply add est-ce que in front of the statement. Ex: Est-ce que tu
aimes ton prof?
2. Inversion: (formal way to ask a question) inversion of the subject pronoun
and verb. Ex: Aimes-tu ton prof?
3. Addition of n’est-ce pas: N’est-ce pas goes at the end of a phrase and asks
the question “Don’t you?” Ex: Tu aimes ton prof, n’est-ce pas?
4. Intonation: Informal and conversational. While asking a question this way, the
phrase remains as a statement, but your intonation rises, especially near the
end.
Questions that ask for specific information:
Begin with an interrogative word:
1. Interrogative adverbs: Combien, comment, où, pourquoi, quand
2. Interrogative adjectives: Quel, quelle, quels, quelles
3. Interrogative pronouns: (invariable): Qui, Que, Quoi (Variable): lequel,
laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles
Imparfait
Used to describe conditions that were taking place when another action referred,
as well as habitual actions. Often used in conjunction with passé composé.
To conjugate the imparfait:
the stem of the first person plural
+ -ais
of the present indicative (the nous stem)
-ais
-ait
-ions
-iez
-aient
Ex:
Stem: -er
Je restais
nous restions
Nous restons
tu restais
vous restiez
il/elle/on restait
ils/elles/ restaient
Stem: -ir
je finissais
nous finissions
Nous finissons
tu finissais
vous finissiez
il/elle/on finissait
ils/elles finissaient
Stem -re
j’entandais
nous entendions
Nous entendons
tu entendais
vous entendiez
il/elle/on entendait
ils/elles entendaient
Pluperfect (Plues-que-parfait)
The pluperfect is used when one action precedes another in the past, the verb
describing the first action will be in the pluperfect and the second verb will be in
either the passé composé or the imperfect.
Formation: imperfect of the auxiliary verb (either avoir or être) and the past
participle of the main verb. It is very similar as to the formation of passé
composé, but the auxiliary verb is conjugated in the imperfect rather than the
present.
Ex:
J'étais déjà sorti quand tu as téléphoné.
I had already left when you called.
Direct and Indirect Objects
Direct Object Pronouns
me, me
nous, we/us
te, you
vous, you (plural)
le/la, him/her/it
les, them
Direct object pronouns replace nouns that are receiving the direct action of the
verb.
Ex: Je le mange.
I eat it.
Indirect Object Pronouns
Singular
Plural
First person
me
nous
Second Person
te
vous
Third Person
lui
leur
Indirect objects are also acted upon by the verb and is preceded by à. If the
object is a person or persons than the indirect object pronoun is used.
Ex:
Nous leur parlons.
We talked to them.